@prefix rdf: . @prefix owl: . @prefix rdfs: . @prefix xml: . @prefix xsd: . rdfs:label a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:ObjectProperty . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:comment "It connects individuals of any class to a reified literal."@en; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; rdfs:label "has literal"@en; owl:inverseOf ; rdfs:range . a owl:Ontology; "Silvio Peroni", "Aldo Gangemi", "Fabio Vitali"; """Recently within the Semantic Web community a new topic has been actively discussed: whether and how to allow literals to be subjects of RDF statements (http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/Literals as Subjects). This discussions failed to provide a unique and clear indication of how to proceed in that regard. Although one of the suggestions coming out of the discussion was to explicitly include the proposal in a (future) specification of RDF, this topic is not actually new, particularly in ontology modelling. The needs to describe “typical” literals (specially strings) as individuals of a particular class has been addressed by a lot of models in past, such as Common Tag (through the class Tag), SIOC (through the classes Category and Tag), SKOS-XL (through the class Label), and LMM (through the class Expression). After considering the above-mentioned models and other related and inspiring ones, we have developed a pattern called literal reification to address this issue. It allows to express literal values as proper ontological individuals so as to use them as subject/object of any assertion within OWL models."""@en, ; """SELECT DISTINCT ?entity ?property WHERE { ?literal a litre:Literal . { ?literal ?property ?entity } UNION { ?entity ?property ?literal } }"""@en; "http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/region.owl"^^xsd:anyURI; "Literal Reification pattern"; "This pattern promotes any literal as “first class object” in OWL by reifying it as a proper individual of the class litre:Literal."@en; "2011-03-23"; "http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/region.owl"^^xsd:anyURI; """What is the context in which entities refer to a particular literal value? What is the meaning of a particular value considering the context in which it is used?"""@en; owl:imports , ; rdfs:comment "The pattern literal reification is a modelling technique to address scenarios in which we need to bless particular literals, usually when applying data properties, in order to use them as subjects and/or full-fledged objects of semantic assertions."@en; "http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/region.owl"^^xsd:anyURI; """Modelling domains concerning descriptive tags, in which each tag may have more than one meaning depending on the context in which it is used. Extending quickly the capabilities of a model by adding the possibility to make assertions on values, previously referred through data properties, without modifying it."""@en . _:genid-30d046aca2b8444099191a258e53ac534198-75DF83E918BCB08344D7C981C533E730 a ; ; ; . a owl:FunctionalProperty, owl:DatatypeProperty; rdfs:domain ; rdfs:comment "It is used to specify the literal value that an individual of litre:Literal represents."@en; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; rdfs:range rdfs:Literal; rdfs:label "has literal value"@en . a owl:SymmetricProperty, owl:ObjectProperty, owl:TransitiveProperty; rdfs:subPropertyOf owl:topObjectProperty; rdfs:range ; rdfs:comment "It relates the reified literal to another one that has the same literal value."@en; rdfs:label "has same literal value as"@en; rdfs:domain . _:genid-30d046aca2b8444099191a258e53ac534198-35D356FAB9B96CD11CD5F5330FD40798 a ; ; ; . _:genid-30d046aca2b8444099191a258e53ac534198-3C80AE0B4A5854407F4EC64EC362CD1F a ; ; ; . _:genid-30d046aca2b8444099191a258e53ac534198-B309F8884F2FC6366918FBE1D8F66126 a ; rdf:first _:genid-30d046aca2b8444099191a258e53ac534198-35D356FAB9B96CD11CD5F5330FD40798; rdf:rest rdf:nil . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is literal of"@en; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; rdfs:domain ; rdfs:comment "It connects the reified literal to the individuals that are using it."@en . a . _:genid-30d046aca2b8444099191a258e53ac534198-8A6F87ABE34A739963AB3D1B381DC982 a ; rdf:first _:genid-30d046aca2b8444099191a258e53ac534198-3C80AE0B4A5854407F4EC64EC362CD1F; rdf:rest _:genid-30d046aca2b8444099191a258e53ac534198-2A0D50F5354C6CD7D95F05F5E576110A . _:genid-30d046aca2b8444099191a258e53ac534198-2A0D50F5354C6CD7D95F05F5E576110A a ; rdf:first _:genid-30d046aca2b8444099191a258e53ac534198-75DF83E918BCB08344D7C981C533E730; rdf:rest rdf:nil . rdfs:comment a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:Class; rdfs:comment "It describes reified literals, where the literal value they represent is speficied through the property litre:hasLiteralValue. Each individual of this class must always have a specified value."@en; rdfs:label "literal"@en; owl:equivalentClass _:genid-30d046aca2b8444099191a258e53ac534198-2F63B83E9EEE9E7971093514BF1F2F88; rdfs:subClassOf . _:genid-30d046aca2b8444099191a258e53ac534198-2F63B83E9EEE9E7971093514BF1F2F88 a owl:Restriction; owl:cardinality "1"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger; owl:onProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:ObjectProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:Class . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . _:genid-30d046aca2b8444099191a258e53ac534198-A073618FF61107403D8E885ADB3B0063 a ; _:genid-30d046aca2b8444099191a258e53ac534198-8A6F87ABE34A739963AB3D1B381DC982; _:genid-30d046aca2b8444099191a258e53ac534198-B309F8884F2FC6366918FBE1D8F66126 . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a . a . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:DatatypeProperty . owl:topObjectProperty a owl:ObjectProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty .