@prefix rdf: . @prefix owl: . @prefix rdfs: . @prefix xml: . @prefix xsd: . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "contains assertion from"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:containsAssertionFrom :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity contains a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) originally present in the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; """ Example: We think that to stand on the top of giants [X] is a valuable principle to follow for our own research. This object property is designed to be used to relate a separate abstract, summary or nanopublication to the cited entity upon which it is based. """@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "cites as potential solution"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsPotentialSolution :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity cites the cited entity as providing or containing a possible solution to the issues being discussed."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; "Example: This risk could be avoided using the approach shown in [X]."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "parodies"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:parodies :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity imitates the characteristic style or content of the cited entity for comic effect, usually without explicit citation."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; ; "Example: We act as giants on the shoulders of dwarfs [X]!"@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "derides"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:derides :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity express derision for the cited entity, or for ideas or conclusions contained within it."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; "Example: The ideas published in [X] are incredibly stupid."@en . a owl:Class; rdfs:label "affilation self citation"@en; """ # The following cito:AffiliationSelfCitation resource :my-citation a cito:AffiliationSelfCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b . # can be alternatively described as follows :paper-a cito:extends :paper-b . :paper-a cito:sharesAuthorInstitutionWith :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment """A citation in which at least one author from each of the citing and the cited entities is affiliated with the same academic institution. """@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Like the ancestor class `cito:Citation`, `cito:AffiliationSelfCitation` and its accompanying object properties `cito:hasCitingEntity`, `cito:hasCitedEntity` and `cito:hasCitationCharacterization` can be employed to reify direct citation statements made using the CiTO citation object property `cito:cites` or one of its sub-properties, accompanied by an additional statement using `cito:sharesAuthorInstitutionWith` for linking the citing paper and the cited paper."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is citation characterization of"@en; """ cito:extends cito:isCitationCharacterizationOf :my-citation . :my-citation a cito:Citation . """; rdfs:comment "A relation between the characterization of a citation, made by using a CiTO citation characterization property, and that citation."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; owl:inverseOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "has cited entity"@en; """ :my-citation a cito:Citation ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation between a citation and the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:domain ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "documents"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:documents :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity documents information about the cited entity."; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; "Example: Herein we report in detail the complete set of ontological rules defined in the Overlapping Ontology [X]."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "cites for information"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesForInformation :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity cites the cited entity as a source of information on the subject under discussion."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; "Example: The grammar of Pascal was introduced in [X]."@en . a owl:Ontology; rdfs:label "Citation Typing Ontology (CiTO)"@en; "Paolo Ciccarese (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5156-2703)", "Sebastian Barzaghi (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0799-1527)", "Tim Clark (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4060-7360)"; "David Shotton (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5506-523X)", "Silvio Peroni (http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-4305)"; "2026-09-03"; "The Citation Typing Ontology (CiTO)"@en; "Peroni, S., Shotton, D. (2012). FaBiO and CiTO: ontologies for describing bibliographic resources and citations. In Journal of Web Semantics, 17: 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.websem.2012.08.001. Open Access at: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3198992"@en; "2017-10-30"; """ The **_Citation Typing Ontology (CiTO)_** is an ontology written in OWL 2 DL to enable characterization of the nature or type of citations, both factually and rhetorically, and to permit these descriptions to be published on the Web. It makes it possible for authors (or others) to mark citation links and to capture their citation intent (e.g., `cito:extends`, `cito:usesMethodIn`, `cito:supports`) when someone cites a particular publication. In particular, CiTO allows one to create metadata describing citations that are distinct from metadata describing the cited works themselves, and permits the motives of an author when referring to another document to be captured. CiTO contains just two main object properties, `cito:cites` and its inverse `cito:isCitedBy`, each of which has forty-one sub-properties, plus four additional generic object properties – i.e. `cito:shareAuthorWith`, `cito:sharesAuthorInstitutionWith`, `cito:sharesFundingAgencyWith` and `cito:likes` – that may be used even outside a citation. Note that all the domain and range constraints from these properties are not defined, so that this ontology could be easily integrated with other models, e.g., [FaBiO](http://purl.org/spar/fabio). CiTO makes available a mechanism that permits the citation itself to be reified, so that it can become the subject or object of other RDF statements. In particular, the reifying class is `cito:Citation`, and its accompanying object properties, i.e., `cito:hasCitingEntity`, `cito:hasCitationCharacterization` and `cito:hasCitedEntity`, can be employed to reify direct citation statements made using the CiTO citation object property `cito:cites` or one of its sub-properties. ![The architecture of the citation reification mechanism in CiTO.](cito.png) ## Examples of use In the following subsections, we introduce some examples to showcase how to use CiTO. The prefixes that are used in all the examples provided below are defined as follows: @prefix : . @prefix c4o: . @prefix cito: . @prefix cnt: . @prefix oa: . @prefix per: . ### Defining citation links and their functions CiTO allows one to link two papers – or, more generally, two generic resources – where one (i.e., the citing paper) cites another one (i.e., the cited paper) according to a particular citation function (e.g., `cito:extends`, `cito:usesMethodIn`, `cito:supports`). CiTO makes available two different approaches for creating such links. In the direct approach, we can use any of the CiTO properties as predicate of statements for defining citations. In the reified approach, we can define the citation as a proper individual of the class `cito:Citation`, in order to use it as subject/object of other statements. # Direct form for a citation :paper-a cito:extends :paper-b . # Reified form for a citation sharing the same # citation function of the above one :citation a cito:Citation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b . ### Annotating a citation with an additional text-defined citation function Despite the extensive list of CiTO properties, there could be situations in which the purpose of making a citation cannot be adequately expressed using these CiTO properties. It is now possible to use the [Open Annotation Data Model](http://www.openannotation.org/spec/core/) to define the reason for, or the nature of, the citation. In the [Open Annotation Data Model Ontology](http://www.w3.org/ns/oa), an annotation is described as a member of the class `oa:Annotation`, which has a body containing the annotation itself defined by `oa:hasBody`, and an annotation target (the thing to which the annotation relates) defined by `oa:hasTarget`. In order to express a more precise justification of a citation, the target of the annotation should be an individual of the class `cito:Citation`, while the body, i.e. the textual content of the annotation itself, is described using the [W3C Content Vocabulary](http://www.w3.org/TR/Content-in-RDF10/) as an individual of the class `cnt:ContentAsText`, which the property `cnt:chars` relates to the text string actually providing the annotation. In addition, an OA annotation can be further characterized by the motivation for making such annotation, defined by `oa:motivatedBy`. In this case, the appropriate motivation is `oa:commenting`, an instance of the class `oa:Motivation`. The whole example has been extracted from the blog post 'Extending CiTO to enable use of the Open Annotation Data Model to describe citations'. :annotation a oa:Annotation; oa:motivatedBy oa:commenting ; oa:hasBody :comment ; oa:hasTarget :citation . :comment a cnt:ContentAsText ; cnt:chars 'I'm citing that paper because it initiated this whole new field of research.' . :citation a cito:Citation; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:cites ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b . ### Annotating an in-text reference pointer with a citation function Several citations to the same article could exist in the same text, and such citations could express different functions depending on the author's view. Usually, in a scientific paper, each of these citations is actually described by means of an in-text reference pointers, i.e., a textual device (e.g., '[6]') denoting a single bibliographic reference (referring to the cited paper) that is embedded in the text of a document within the context of a particular sentence. One of the SPAR Ontologies, i.e., [C4O](https://www.sparontologies.net/ontologies/c4o), defines the entities for describing in-text reference pointers (individuals of the class `c4o:InTextReferencePointer`) and to link them to the related bibliographic references included in the paper. The [Open Annotation Data Model Ontology](http://www.w3.org/ns/oa) can be used to annotate each in-text reference pointer of a paper with the particular citation it conveys. In particular, we can create an annotation (i.e., an individual of the class `oa:Annotation`) with a body (object property `oa:hasBody`) containing a specific citation among the citing paper and the cited paper, and with the in-text reference pointer as target (object property `oa:hasTarget`) of the annotation. In addition, it is also possible to specify (through the object property `oa:annotatedBy`) the agent who created such annotation – who can be the author of the paper containing the in-text reference pointer, a reader or a software agent. :annotation a oa:Annotation ; oa:hasBody :citation ; oa:hasTarget :in-text-ref-pointer ; oa:annotatedBy per:silvio-peroni . :citation a cito:Citation; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ; cito:hasCitationEvent cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b . :in-text-ref-pointer a c4o:InTextReferencePointer ; c4o:hasContent '[6]' . ## Competency Questions CiTO can be used for answering several questions related to citations, their intent and their overall context. In the following subsections, some of them are introduced together with their respective SPARQL queries. The prefixes that are used in all the SPARQL queries provided below are defined as follows: PREFIX : PREFIX c4o: PREFIX cito: PREFIX cnt: PREFIX oa: PREFIX per: ### CQ1 Which papers directly extend other papers? SELECT ?citingPaper ?citedPaper WHERE { ?citingPaper cito:extends ?citedPaper . } ### CQ2 What are the reified citations originated by a specific paper, and what are their citation functions? SELECT ?citation ?citedPaper ?characterization WHERE { ?citation a cito:Citation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ; cito:hasCitedEntity ?citedPaper ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization ?characterization . } ### CQ3 What is the text of the motivational comment associated with a citation? SELECT ?citation ?commentText WHERE { ?annotation a oa:Annotation ; oa:motivatedBy oa:commenting ; oa:hasTarget ?citation ; oa:hasBody ?comment . ?comment a cnt:ContentAsText ; cnt:chars ?commentText . } ### CQ4 Which in-text reference pointers have been annotated by a specific agent? SELECT ?pointer ?textValue WHERE { ?annotation a oa:Annotation ; oa:annotatedBy per:silvio-peroni ; oa:hasTarget ?pointer . ?pointer a c4o:InTextReferencePointer ; c4o:hasContent ?textValue . } ### CQ5 Which citations are linked to an in-text reference pointer, and what are the papers involved? SELECT ?pointer ?citation ?citingPaper ?citedPaper WHERE { ?annotation a oa:Annotation ; oa:hasTarget ?pointer ; oa:hasBody ?citation . ?pointer a c4o:InTextReferencePointer . ?citation a cito:Citation ; cito:hasCitingEntity ?citingPaper ; cito:hasCitedEntity ?citedPaper . } """; "2017-10-30"; ; "2026-09-03"; ; ; "https://doi.org/10.25504/FAIRsharing.b220d4"; ; "cito"; "http://purl.org/spar/cito/"^^xsd:anyURI; ; ; ; "bibliometrics"@en, "citation networks"@en, "scholarly publishing"@en, "scientometrics"@en, "semantic publishing"@en; rdfs:seeAlso ; owl:backwardCompatibleWith ; owl:imports ; owl:priorVersion ; owl:versionIRI ; owl:versionInfo "2.9.0"; . a owl:Class; rdfs:label "journal self citation"@en; """ # The following cito:AffiliationSelfCitation resource :my-citation a cito:AffiliationSelfCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b . # can be alternatively described as follows :paper-a cito:extends :paper-b . :paper-a cito:sharesAuthorInstitutionWith :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment """ A citation in which the citing and the cited entities are published in the same journal. """@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; """ Like the ancestor class `cito:Citation`, `cito:JournalSelfCitation` and its accompanying object properties `cito:hasCitingEntity`, `cito:hasCitedEntity` and `cito:hasCitationCharacterization` can be employed to reify direct citation statements made using the CiTO citation object property `cito:cites` or one of its sub-properties, accompanied by an additional statement using `cito:sharesJournalWith` for linking the citing paper and the cited paper. Derived from the blog post \"Journal self-citations are increasingly biased toward impact factor years\" by Ludo Waltman and Caspar Chorus (https://www.cwts.nl/blog?article=n-q2x264). """@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "agrees with"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:agreesWith :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity agrees with statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; "Example: We share Galileo's opinion: the Earth moves [X]."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "cites as related"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsRelated :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity cites the cited entity as one that is related."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; "Example: An analysis similar to what we proposed here is presented in [X]."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is credited by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCreditedBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity makes contributions that are acknowledged by the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is extended by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isExtendedBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity presents facts, ideas or understandings that are extended by the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "ridicules"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:ridicules :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity ridicules the cited entity or aspects of its contents."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; ; "Example: Galileo said that the Earth 'moves' [X]; really? And where is it going?"@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is cited as source document by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsSourceDocumentBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity is cited as being the entity from which the citing entity is derived, or about which the citing entity contains metadata."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "updates"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:updates :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity updates statements, ideas, hypotheses or understanding presented in the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; ; "Example: Earth moves, said Galileo [X]; in addition, we can say now it moves very fast."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "discusses"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:discusses :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity discusses statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; "Example: We now examine if Galileo is right when he writes [X] that the Earth moves."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "provides data for"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:providesDataFor :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity presents data that are used in work described in the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "obtains support from"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:obtainsSupportFrom :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity obtains intellectual or factual support from the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; ; "Example: Our ideas were also shared by Doe et al. [X]."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "qualifies"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:qualifies :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity qualifies or places conditions or restrictions upon statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; ; "Example: Galileo's masterpiece 'Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo' [X] is formally a dialog and substantially a scientific pamphlet."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is cited as potential solution by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsPotentialSolutionBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity is cited as providing or containing a possible solution to the issues being discussed in the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:DatatypeProperty; rdfs:label "has citation creation date"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:hasCitationCreationDate '2025-06-16'^^xsd:date . """; rdfs:comment "The date on which the citation was created. This has the same numerical value as the publication date of the citing bibliographic resource, but is a property of the citation itself. When combined with the citation time span, it permits that citation to be located in history."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "extends"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:extends :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity extends facts, ideas or understandings presented in the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; "Example: We add to Galileo's findings concerning the Earth [X] that also the Moon moves."@en . _:genid-32bcfa2bb3d54030a1e0e8b5464777361407-D586784B3A4DED4A017BCFC065EFFAB8 rdf:first _:genid-32bcfa2bb3d54030a1e0e8b5464777361407-D63E8C6B68A9D2E167F8AA6059777BCC; rdf:rest rdf:nil . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is qualified by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isQualifiedBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are qualified or have conditions placed upon them by the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "provides conclusions for"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:providesConclusionsFor :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity presents conclusions that are used in work described in the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; . _:genid-32bcfa2bb3d54030a1e0e8b5464777361407-A38BE523AF41670150458E289014D942 rdf:first ; rdf:rest _:genid-32bcfa2bb3d54030a1e0e8b5464777361407-53E6602569F99C242BEBEF9A37E7B47A . owl:priorVersion a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "obtains background from"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:obtainsBackgroundFrom :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity obtains background information from the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; ; "Example: There is a need for more observational studies and studies using narrative causation to describe the potential contribution of information in problem-solving and decision-making [X]; our work addresses these needs."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "has citing entity"@en; """ :my-citation a cito:Citation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a . """; rdfs:comment "A relation between a citation and the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:domain ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "cites as source document"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsSourceDocument :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity cites the cited entity as being the entity from which the citing entity is derived, or about which the citing entity contains metadata."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; "Example: Several sections of this work are based on our literature review of the topic published as journal article [X]."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is cited as evidence by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsEvidenceBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity is cited for providing factual evidence to the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is cited for information by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedForInformationBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity is cited as a source of information on the subject under discussion in the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is cited as related by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsRelatedBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity is cited as being related to the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "has reply from"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:hasReplyFrom :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity evokes a reply from the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "uses method in"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:usesMethodIn :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity describes work that uses a method detailed in the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; ; "Example: We follow [X] in using design patterns for testing."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "credits"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:credits :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity acknowledges contributions made by the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; "Example: Galileo was the first to observe Jupiter's satellites [X]."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "includes quotation from"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:includesQuotationFrom :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity includes one or more quotations from the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; """ A quotation is a repetition of what someone has said, and is presented 'within quotation marks', for example: On June 4th 1940, Winston Churchill made a speech on the radio that has since become famous, that included the words: ' ... we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender ...' """@en, "Example: As Newton wrote in [X]: 'We are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants'."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is described by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isDescribedBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity is described by the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is supported by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isSupportedBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity receives intellectual or factual support from the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "uses conclusions from"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:usesConclusionsFrom :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity describes work that uses conclusions presented in the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; ; "Example: Building upon Galileo's findings [X], we discovered that all the planets move."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is discussed by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isDiscussedBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are discussed by the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "provides excerpt for"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:providesExcerptFor :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity contains information, usually of a textual nature, that is excerpted by (used as an excerpt within) the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is confirmed by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isConfirmedBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity presents facts, ideas or statements that are confirmed by the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "has citation characterization"@en; """ :my-citation a cito:Citation ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends . """; rdfs:comment "A relation between a citation and its characterization, made by using a CiTO citation characterization property."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; rdfs:domain ; ; """ This usage involved [OWL2 punning](http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-owl2-new-features-20090611/#F12:_Punning), whereby a CiTO object property, such as the aforementioned `cito:extends`, is used as the object of an OWL assertion. In such cases of OWL punning, the CiTO object properties are simultaneously considered both as normal object properties and also as proper named individuals of the class `owl:Thing`. """@en . a owl:Class; rdfs:label "situation"@en; rdfs:comment "A view on a set of entities. It can be seen as a 'relational context', reifying a relation."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is cited entity of"@en; """ :paper-b cito:isCitedEntityOf :my-citation . :my-citation a cito:Citation . """; rdfs:comment "A relation between a cited entity and a citation."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; owl:inverseOf ; . a owl:Class; rdfs:label "self citation"@en; """ :my-citation a cito:SelfCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A citation in which the citing and the cited entities have something significant in common with one another, over and beyond their subject matter, for example authors, journal, institutional affiliation, or funding agency."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subClassOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is citing entity of"@en; """ :paper-a cito:isCitingEntityOf :my-citation . :my-citation a cito:Citation . """; rdfs:comment "A relation between a citing entity and a citation."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; owl:inverseOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "provides assertion for"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:providesAssertionFor :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity contains and is the original source of a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) that is to be found in the citing entity. This inverse object property is designed to be used to relate a cited entity to a separate abstract, summary or nanopublication based upon it."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is documented by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isDocumentedBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "Information about the cited entity is documented by the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty, owl:SymmetricProperty; rdfs:label "shares author with"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:sharesAuthorWith :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which each entity has at least one author in common with the other entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf owl:topObjectProperty; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "critiques"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:critiques :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity critiques statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; "Example: The ideas presented in [X] are badly substantantiated."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is cited as metadata document by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsMetadataDocumentBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity is cited as being the container of metadata relating to the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "confirms"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:confirms :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity confirms facts, ideas or statements presented in the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; "Example: Our findings are similar to those published in [X]."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "links to"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:linksTo :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity provides a link, in the form of an HTTP Uniform Resource Locator (URL), to the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; ; "Example: The BioSharing registry (https://biosharing.org) can be of use as it describes the standards in detail, including versions where applicable."@en . a owl:Class; rdfs:label "distant citation"@en; """ :my-citation a cito:DistantCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A citation in which the citing and the cited entities have nothing significant in common with one another (for example authors, journal, institutional affiliation, or funding agency) over and beyond their subject matter."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Derived from the article 'A Small World of Citations? The Influence of Collaboration Networks on Citation Practices' by Matthew L. Wallace, Vincent Larivière and Yves Gingras, published in PLOS One (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033339)."@en . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:Class; rdfs:label "author self citation"@en; """ # The following cito:AuthorSelfCitation resource :my-citation a cito:AuthorSelfCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b . # can be alternatively described as follows :paper-a cito:extends :paper-b . :paper-a cito:sharesAuthorWith :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment """A citation in which the citing and the cited entities have at least one author in common. """@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Like the ancestor class `cito:Citation`, `cito:AuthorSelfCitation` and its accompanying object properties `cito:hasCitingEntity`, `cito:hasCitedEntity` and `cito:hasCitationCharacterization` can be employed to reify direct citation statements made using the CiTO citation object property `cito:cites` or one of its sub-properties, accompanied by an additional statement using `cito:sharesAuthorWith` for linking the citing paper and the cited paper."@en . a owl:DatatypeProperty; rdfs:label "has citation time span"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:hasCitationTimeSpan 'P1Y'^^xsd:duration . """; rdfs:comment "The temporal characteristic of a citation, namely the interval between the publication date of the cited entity and the publication date of the citing entity. Note that when one or both of the publication dates is given as just 'year', then the citation time span is rounded to the nearest year, and when one or both of the publication dates is given as just 'year and month', then the citation time span is rounded to the nearest month, with the inherent inaccuracies that such rounding involves."@en; rdfs:domain ; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:range xsd:duration; . a owl:ObjectProperty, owl:SymmetricProperty; rdfs:label "shares funding agency with"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:sharesFundingAgencyWith :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which two entities result from activities that have been funded by the same funding agency."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "provides quotation for"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:providesQuotationFor :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity contains information, usually of a textual nature, that is quoted by (used as a quotation within) the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "reviews"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:reviews :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity reviews statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; ; "Example: This paper discusses Toulmin's methodology in modelling argumentation [X], focussing on highlighting advantages and drawbacks of the application of such a methodology in the Social Web."@en . _:genid-32bcfa2bb3d54030a1e0e8b5464777361407-380763A42BF9BF97409DB963E2DB7BD3 a owl:Restriction; owl:cardinality "1"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger; owl:onProperty . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "gives background to"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:givesBackgroundTo :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity provides background information for the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; . _:genid-32bcfa2bb3d54030a1e0e8b5464777361407-53E6602569F99C242BEBEF9A37E7B47A rdf:first _:genid-32bcfa2bb3d54030a1e0e8b5464777361407-380763A42BF9BF97409DB963E2DB7BD3; rdf:rest _:genid-32bcfa2bb3d54030a1e0e8b5464777361407-9FA76537BB9F0DCE4C5C373FDA1D48A3 . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "compiles"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:compiles :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity is used to create or compile the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; """ Example: This book gathers interviews with academic researchers of several disciplines [X]. Note: This property has been imported from the CiTO4Data ontology, usage of which has been deprecated. """@en . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:Class; rdfs:label "journal cartel citation"@en; """ :my-citation a cito:JournalCartelCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A citation from one journal to another journal which forms one of a very large number of citations from the citing journal to recent articles in the cited journal, possibly undertaken as part of a citation cartel for the purpose of gaming the impact factor of the cited journal."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Derived from the blog post 'What do we know about journal citation cartels? A call for information' by Philippe Mongeon, Ludo Waltman and Sarah de Rijcke (https://www.cwts.nl/blog?article=n-q2w2b4)."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is disputed by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isDisputedBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are disputed by the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:DatatypeProperty, owl:FunctionalProperty; rdfs:label "has co-authorship citation level"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:hasCoAuthorshipCitationLevel '2'^^xsd:positiveInteger . """; rdfs:comment """ The minimal distance that one of the authors of the citing entity has with regards to one of the authors of the cited entity, according to their co-authorship network. """@en; rdfs:domain ; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:range xsd:positiveInteger; ; """ For instance, a citation has a co-authorship citation level equal to 1 if at least one author of the citing entity has previously published as co-author with one of the authors of the cited entity. Similarly, we say that a citation has a co-authorship citation level equal to 2 if at least one author of the citing entity has previously published as co-author with someone who him/herself has previously published as co-author with one of the authors of the cited entity. And so on. """@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "replies to"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:repliesTo :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity replies to statements, ideas or criticisms presented in the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; ; "Example: We will not investigate the issues of the approach proposed in [X] here, but rather we introduce yet another alternative."@en . a owl:Class; rdfs:label "author network self citation"@en; """ :my-citation a cito:AuthorNetworkSelfCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCoAuthorshipCitationLevel \"2\"^^xsd:positiveInteger ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A citation in which at least one author of the citing entity has direct or indirect co-authorship links with one of the authors of the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subClassOf _:genid-32bcfa2bb3d54030a1e0e8b5464777361407-BD882CCC40626AC1DCED8A52DA4F85B4, ; ; "Derived from the article 'A Small World of Citations? The Influence of Collaboration Networks on Citation Practices' by Matthew L. Wallace, Vincent Larivière and Yves Gingras, published in PLOS One (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033339)."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "gives support to"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:givesSupportTo :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity provides intellectual or factual support for the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is updated by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isUpdatedBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity presents statements, ideas, hypotheses or understanding that are updated by the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "supports"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:supports :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity provides intellectual or factual support for statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; ; "Example: We support Galileo's statement [X], that Earth moves."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is refuted by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isRefutedBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are refuted by the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "retracts"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:retracts :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity constitutes a formal retraction of the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; ; "Example: We wrote that the Earth moves in [X]; we now retire such statement."@en . a owl:Class; rdfs:label "funder self citation"@en; """ # The following cito:FunderSelfCitation resource :my-citation a cito:FunderSelfCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b . # can be alternatively described as follows :paper-a cito:extends :paper-b . :paper-a cito:sharesFundingAgencyWith :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment """ A citation in which the works reported in the citing and the cited entities were funded by the same funding agency. """@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Like the ancestor class `cito:Citation`, `cito:FunderSelfCitation` and its accompanying object properties `cito:hasCitingEntity`, `cito:hasCitedEntity` and `cito:hasCitationCharacterization` can be employed to reify direct citation statements made using the CiTO citation object property `cito:cites` or one of its sub-properties, accompanied by an additional statement using `cito:sharesFundingAgencyWith` for linking the citing paper and the cited paper."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "shares journal with"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:sharesJournalWith :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing and cited bibliographic resources are published in the same journal."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is compiled by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCompiledBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity is the result of a compile or creation event using the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; ; "Note: This property has been imported from the CiTO4Data ontology, usage of which has been deprecated."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "disagrees with"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:disagreesWith :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity disagrees with statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; "Example: We do not share Galileo's opinion [X]: the Earth does not move."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is corrected by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCorrectedBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are corrected by the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "disputes"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:disputes :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity disputes statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; "Example: We doubt that Galileo is right when he writes [X] that the Earth moves."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "uses data from"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:usesDataFrom :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity describes work that uses data presented in the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; ; "Example: Using the information collected from our recent study [X], we can estimate that there are tens of millions of HTML forms with potentially useful deep-web content."@en . _:genid-32bcfa2bb3d54030a1e0e8b5464777361407-D63E8C6B68A9D2E167F8AA6059777BCC a owl:Restriction; owl:cardinality "1"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger; owl:onProperty . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is cited as recommended reading by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsRecommendedReadingBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity is cited by the citing entity as an item of recommended reading."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; ; """ This property can be used, for example, to describe references in a lecture reading list, where the cited references are relevant to the general topic of the lecture, but might not be individually cited within the text of the lecture. Similarly, it could be used to describe items in a 'Suggested further reading' list at the end of a book chapter. """@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "cites"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:cites :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which a citing entity cites a cited entity, either directly and explicitly (as in the reference list of a journal article), indirectly (e.g. by citing a more recent paper by the same group on the same topic), or implicitly (e.g. as in artistic quotations or parodies, or in cases of plagiarism)."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; owl:inverseOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "cites as recommended reading"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsRecommendedReading :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity cites the cited entity as an item of recommended reading."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; """ Example: To our knowledge, [X] is the best source of exercises about UML, making it a valuable proposal for beginners. This property can be used, for example, to describe references in a lecture reading list, where the cited references are relevant to the general topic of the lecture, but might not be individually cited within the text of the lecture. Similarly, it could be used to describe items in a \"Suggested further reading\" list at the end of a book chapter. """@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "shares publication venue with"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:sharesPublicationVenueWith :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing and cited bibliographic resources are published in same publication venue."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is reviewed by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isReviewedBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are reviewed by the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "includes excerpt from"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:includesExcerptFrom :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity includes one or more excerpts from the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; """ An excerpt is more general than a quotation. It is generally used to indicate a re-published extract from a book, instruction manual, film, radio programme, etc, that need not be what someone said. For example: Oxford 01865 Oxshott 01372 Oxted 01883 Oxton 01578 is an excerpt from the UK Dialling Codes section of the Oxford Telephone Directory. Example: In her work, the author states that even though most Human Information Behaviour researchers are familiar with the literature related to their studies, it is not uncommon for investigators to fail to see the benefits they may gain from previous mistakes [X] """@en . a owl:Class; rdfs:label "citation"@en; """ # The following RDF statement :paper-a cito:extends :paper-b . # can be alternatively described as follows :my-citation a cito:Citation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment """ A citation is a conceptual directional link from a citing entity to a cited entity, created by a human performative act of making a citation, typically instantiated by the inclusion of a bibliographic reference (`biro:BibliographicReference`) in the reference list of the citing entity, or by the inclusion within the citing entity of a link, in the form of an HTTP Uniform Resource Locator (URL), to a resource on the World Wide Web. """@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; owl:equivalentClass _:genid-32bcfa2bb3d54030a1e0e8b5464777361407-45E082FB645332FFC1B5768C60358BFF; ; """ The time span of a citation, i.e. the interval between the publication year of the citing entity and the publication year of the cited entity, can be recorded using the data property `cito:hasCitationTimeSpan`. The nature or type of a citation can be characterized by using CiTO object properties, e.g. http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsDataSource (definition: 'The citing entity cites the cited entity as a source of data'). This CiTO class `cito:Citation` and its accompanying object properties `cito:hasCitingEntity`, `cito:hasCitedEntity` and `cito:hasCitationCharacterization` can be employed to reify direct citation statements made using the CiTO citation object property `cito:cites` or one of its sub-properties. This usage involved [OWL2 punning](http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-owl2-new-features-20090611/#F12:_Punning), whereby a CiTO object property, such as the aforementioned `cito:extends`, is used as the object of the OWL assertion. Using punning, the CiTO object property is considered as a proper named individual of the class `owl:Thing`. Such reification of citation acts can be very useful, since it permits one to combine these CiTO properties with other vocabularies, or to handle situations in which none of the citation characterizations available in CiTO are applicable. Such situations can be resolved by the creation of a user-defined citation characterization, for example by using the [Web Annotation Data Model](https://www.w3.org/TR/annotation-model/), as explained at http://semanticpublishing.wordpress.com/2013/07/03/extending-cito-for-open-annotations/. """@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "describes"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:describes :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity describes the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; "Example: Galileo's book [X] is a dialog among three scientists about Copernicus' eliocentric theory."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "cites as evidence"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsEvidence :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity cites the cited entity as source of factual evidence for statements it contains."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; "Example: We found an unquestionable demonstration of our hypothesis in [X]."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is cited as authority by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsAuthorityBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity is cited as providing an authoritative description or definition of the subject under discussion in the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty, owl:SymmetricProperty; rdfs:label "shares author institution with"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:sharesAuthorInstitutionWith :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which each entity has at least one author that shares a common institutional affiliation with an author of the other entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; . a owl:AnnotationProperty . _:genid-32bcfa2bb3d54030a1e0e8b5464777361407-9FA76537BB9F0DCE4C5C373FDA1D48A3 rdf:first _:genid-32bcfa2bb3d54030a1e0e8b5464777361407-F6430A474F881A487FCD1A452FE355D4; rdf:rest _:genid-32bcfa2bb3d54030a1e0e8b5464777361407-D586784B3A4DED4A017BCFC065EFFAB8 . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is parodied by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isParodiedBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "The characteristic style or content of the cited entity is imitated by the citing entity for comic effect, usually without explicit citation."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "plagiarizes"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:plagiarizes :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A property indicating that the author of the citing entity plagiarizes the cited entity, by including textual or other elements from the cited entity without formal acknowledgement of their source. The citing entity thus contains no explicit citation of the cited entity, according to the norms of scholarly practice, but cites it implicitly."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; ; "Example: The conclusion of our dissertation can be summarised by the following motto, we created specifically for this purpose: we are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is critiqued by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCritiquedBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are critiqued by the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "likes"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:likes :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity shows appreciation of or interest in the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; ; """ This property enables social media \"likes\" statements to be encoded in RDF. Use of this property does NOT imply the existence of a formal citation of the entity that is \"liked\". """@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is retracted by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isRetractedBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity is formally retracted by the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is speculated on by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isSpeculatedOnBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity is cited because the citing article contains speculations on its content or ideas."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "cites as authority"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsAuthority :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity cites the cited entity as one that provides an authoritative description or definition of the subject under discussion."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; "Example: Newton asserted that we are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants [X]."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "provides method for"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:providesMethodFor :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity details a method that is used in work described by the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is derided by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isDeridedBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity contains ideas or conclusions for which the citing entity express derision."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . rdfs:label a owl:AnnotationProperty . _:genid-32bcfa2bb3d54030a1e0e8b5464777361407-F6430A474F881A487FCD1A452FE355D4 a owl:Restriction; owl:cardinality "1"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger; owl:onProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "cites as data source"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsDataSource :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity cites the cited entity as source of data."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; "Example: Italy has more than ten thousand kilometers of shoreline: see [X]."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is cited as data source by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsDataSourceBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity is cited as a data source by the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "citation"; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; schema:citation :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A citation or reference to another creative work, such as another publication, web page, scholarly article, etc."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; ; "This property is defined in [schema.org](https://schema.org/) and has been added here to align schema.org with CiTO. The object property `schema:citation` expresses similar semantics to `cito:cites` except for the explicit definition of domain and range classes, that are `schema:CreativeWork` according to schema.org. For that reason, it is here defined as a subproperty of `cito:cites`."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is linked to by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isLinkedToBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity is the target for an HTTP Uniform Resource Locator (URL) link within the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; . _:genid-32bcfa2bb3d54030a1e0e8b5464777361407-45E082FB645332FFC1B5768C60358BFF a owl:Class; owl:intersectionOf _:genid-32bcfa2bb3d54030a1e0e8b5464777361407-A38BE523AF41670150458E289014D942 . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is cited by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity is cited by the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is ridiculed by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isRidiculedBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity or aspects of its contents are ridiculed by the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is agreed with by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isAgreedWithBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity contains statements, ideas or conclusions with which the citing entity agrees."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is disagreed with by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isDisagreedWithBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are disagreed with by the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "refutes"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:refutes :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity refutes statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; ; "Example: We do not think that all their arguments in favour of their own and against the other strategies are equally convincing [X]."@en . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "cites as metadata document"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsMetadataDocument :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity cites the cited entity as being the container of metadata describing the citing entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; "Example: Basic bibliographic, entity and project metadata relating to this article, recorded in a structured machine-readable form, is available as an additional file [X] accompanying this paper."@en . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . rdfs:comment a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "corrects"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:corrects :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity corrects statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; ; "Example: The result published in [X] is partially wrong, the correct result is 42."@en . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "speculates on"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:speculatesOn :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the citing entity speculates on something within or related to the cited entity, without firm evidence."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; ; "Example: We believe that if Galileo believed that Earth goes around the Sun [X], he also should believe that Moon goes around Earth."@en . a owl:ObjectProperty; rdfs:label "is plagiarized by"@en; """ :paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isPlagiarizedBy :paper-b . """; rdfs:comment "A relation according to which the cited entity is plagiarized by the author of the citing entity, who includes within the citing entity textual or other elements from the cited entity without formal acknowledgement of their source. The cited entity is thus not explicitly cited from within the citing entity, according to the norms of scholarly practice, but is cited implicitly."@en; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ; owl:inverseOf ; . owl:versionInfo a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . _:genid-32bcfa2bb3d54030a1e0e8b5464777361407-BD882CCC40626AC1DCED8A52DA4F85B4 a owl:Restriction; owl:onDataRange xsd:positiveInteger; owl:onProperty ; owl:qualifiedCardinality "1"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . xsd:duration a rdfs:Datatype . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty .