@prefix rdf: . @prefix owl: . @prefix rdfs: . @prefix xml: . @prefix xsd: . a owl:Ontology; owl:versionIRI ; "Johannes Darms (zbmed)", "Satya S. Sahoo (case.edu)"; "Alpha Tom Kodamullil (Fraunhofer SCAI)", "Astghik Sargsyan (Fraunhofer SCAI)", "Philipp Wegner (Fraunhofer SCAI)", "Shounak Baksi (Causality Biomodels)", "Stephan Gebel (Fraunhofer SCAI)", "Sumit Madan (Fraunhofer SCAI)"; """The Epilepsy Ontology (EPIO) is an assembly of structured knowledge on various aspects of epilepsy, developed according to basic formal ontology (BFO) and Open Biological and Biomedical Ontology (OBO) Foundry principles. Entities and definitions are collected from the latest International League against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification, as well as from domain-specific ontologies such as Epilepsy Ontology (EPILONT), Epilepsy Syndrome Seizure Ontology (ESSO), Epilepsy Semiology(EPISEM) and Epilepsy and Seizure Ontology (EPSO) and scientific literature. This ontology is intended to be used for data management and for text mining purposes. The current release of the ontology is publicly available and is a community based effort to assemble various facets of the complex disease Epilepsy."""; "Epilepsy Ontology (EPIO)"; ; rdfs:comment """EPIO by SEM-Group of Fraunhofer SCAI is licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).""", """EPSO by SEM-Group of Fraunhofer SCAI is licensed under CC BY 4.0. You are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) for any purpose, even commercially. for any purpose, even commercially. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms. You must give appropriate credit (by using the original ontology IRI for the whole ontology and original term IRIs for individual terms), provide a link to the license, and indicate if any changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use."""; owl:versionInfo "2021-05-28", "Version Release: 1.0.0" . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification."; "Really of interest to developers only"; rdfs:label "BFO OWL specification label"; rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:label . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "Relates an entity in the ontology to the term that is used to represent it in the the CLIF specification of BFO2"; "Person:Alan Ruttenberg"; "Really of interest to developers only"; rdfs:label "BFO CLIF specification label"; rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:label . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "editor preferred label"^^rdfs:Literal, "editor preferred term"^^rdfs:Literal, "editor preferred term~editor preferred label", "编辑首选术语", "编辑首选标签"; ; "The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English)", "对于一类或属性的简洁的、有意义的、与人类友好的名称由本体开发商首选。 （美国英语）"; "PERSON:Daniel Schober"; "GROUP:OBI:"; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "editor preferred label"^^rdfs:Literal, "editor preferred term"^^rdfs:Literal, "editor preferred term~editor preferred label"^^rdfs:Literal, "编辑首选术语", "编辑首选术语~编辑首选标签"^^rdfs:Literal, "编辑首选标签" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "example", "example of usage"; ; "A phrase describing how a class name should be used. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding of a class semantics, such as widely known prototypical subclasses or instances of the class. Although essential for high level terms, examples for low level terms (e.g., Affymetrix HU133 array) are not", "A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold."; "PERSON:Daniel Schober"; "GROUP:OBI:"; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "example of usage" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "has curation status", "有管理状态"^^rdfs:Literal; "PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg", "PERSON:Bill Bug", "PERSON:Melanie Courtot"; "OBI_0000281"; rdfs:label "has curation status", "有管理状态"^^rdfs:Literal . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "definition", "textual definition", "定义"; ; "A property representing the English language definitions of what NCI means by the concept. They may also include information about the definition's source and attribution in a form that can easily be interpreted by software.", "English language definitions of what NCI means by the concept. These are limited to 1024 characters. They may also include information about the definition's source and attribution in a form that can easily be interpreted by software.", "OBI的官方定义，解释类或属性的含义。应该是亚里士多德式的，形式化和规范化的。 可以通过口语定义进行扩充。", "The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.", "The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions."@en, "The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.", "The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions."@en, "官方的定义，解释类或属性的含义。应该是亚里士多德式的，形式化和规范化的。 可以通过口语定义进行扩充。"; """2012-04-05: Barry Smith OBI的官方定义解释了一个类或属性的含义：'应该是亚里士多德式的，形式化和规范化的。可以用口语定义'是糟糕的。 您能解决这样的问题吗？ 解释关于类或属性的表达含义的必要和充分条件的陈述。 Alan Ruttenberg 您提出的定义是一个合理的备选，除非它很常见，没有给出必要和充分的条件。大多数情况下它们是必要的，偶尔是必要的，充分的或者仅仅仅充分的。它们通常使用不是自己定义的术语，因此它们实际上不能通过这些标准进行评估。 关于拟议定义的具体内容： 我们没有“含义”，或“表达”或“属性”的定义。对于在预期意义上的“参考”，我认为我们使用术语“指示”。对于'表达'，我认为我们和你的意思是符号，或标识符。对于“含义”，它不同于类和属性。对于类，我们希望文档能够让读者确定一个实体是否是该类的实例。对于属性，让我们的目标读者决定，给定一对潜在的关系，判断关系成立的断言正确与否。 “目标读者”部分表明我们也指定了我们期望的能够理解定义的人，并且概括了人类和计算机读者以包含文本和逻辑定义。 就我个人而言，我更愿意削弱对文档的定义，并指出什么是可取的。 我们还有一个悬而未决的问题，就是如何针对不同的受众定位不同的定义。临床读者阅读chebi需要来自受过化学训练的受众的不同类型的定义文档/定义，同样需要一个适合本体工作者的定义。 """, """2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with. """; "PERSON:Daniel Schober"; "GROUP:OBI:"; "DEFINITION"; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "definition", "definition"@en, "textual definition", "定义", "文本定义" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "editor note", "编者注"; ; "An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology.", "管理者注释用于其编辑器。它可能不包含在本体的出版版本中，所以它应该不包含最终用户了解本体所需的信息。"; "PERSON:Daniel Schober"; "GROUP:OBI:", "GROUP:OBI:"; "IAO:0000116"; "uberon"; "editor_note", "编辑_注释"; true; "editor_note", "编辑_注释"; "IAO:0000116"; "uberon"; "editor_note"; 1, true; "editor_note"; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "editor note", "编者注"; rdfs:seeAlso "IAO:0000116" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "definition editor", "term editor", "术语编辑者"; ; "Name of editor entering the definition in the file. The definition editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The definition editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people", "Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people", "输入文件中术语编辑者的名称。术语编辑者是有关术语的信息交汇点。术语编辑者可以是，但并不总是，定义的作者，这可能是由几个人完成"; "20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail?id=115.", "20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/115.", "20110707，MC：术语编辑和定义进行相应的修改。见http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail?id=115。"; "PERSON:Daniel Schober"; "GROUP:OBI:"; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "definition editor", "term editor", "术语编辑者" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "alternative term"; ; "An alternative name for a class or property which means the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent)"; "PERSON:Daniel Schober"; "GROUP:OBI:"; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "alternative term" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "definition source", "定义来源"; ; "formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007", "正式引用，例如在外部数据库中的标识符，用于表示/定义的属性源（S）。自由文本表示/为定义属性源（S）。实例：在2007年1月31日的作者姓名，URI，MeSH术语C04，PUBMEDID，维基uri"; "PERSON:Daniel Schober"; "Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w", "GROUP:OBI:", "论OBO-讨论邮件-列表，请参阅http://bit.ly/hgm99w"; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "definition source"^^rdfs:Literal, "定义来源" . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "curator note"; ; "An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user"; "PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg"; "IAO:0000232"; "uberon"; "curator_notes"; 1, true; "curator_notes"; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "curator note", "curator notes" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "imported from", "引自"; ; "For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported", "外部术语/类，术语引入的本体"; "PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg", "PERSON:Melanie Courtot"; "GROUP:OBI:"; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "imported from", "imported from"@en, "引自" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; ; rdfs:label "OBO foundry unique label" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "elucidation"; "person:Alan Ruttenberg"; "Person:Barry Smith"; "Primitive terms in a highest-level ontology such as BFO are terms which are so basic to our understanding of reality that there is no way of defining them in a non-circular fashion. For these, therefore, we can provide only elucidations, supplemented by examples and by axioms"; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "elucidation" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "has associated axiom(nl)"; "Person:Alan Ruttenberg"; "Person:Alan Ruttenberg"; "An axiom associated with a term expressed using natural language"; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "has associated axiom(nl)" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "has associated axiom(fol)"; "Person:Alan Ruttenberg"; "Person:Alan Ruttenberg"; "An axiom expressed in first order logic using CLIF syntax"; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "has associated axiom(fol)" . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty; rdfs:label "synonym" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; rdfs:label "tag display synonym" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "An association created to allow the source CDRH to assign a parent to each concept with the intent of creating a hierarchy that includes only terms in which they are the contributing source."; "A10"; "Conceptual Entity"; "Has CDRH Parent"; "Has_CDRH_Parent"; "Has_CDRH_Parent"; rdfs:label "Has_CDRH_Parent" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "An association created to allow the source NICHD to assign a parent to each concept with the intent of creating a hierarchy that includes only terms in which they are a contributing source."; "A11"; "Conceptual Entity"; "Has_NICHD_Parent"; "Has_NICHD_Parent"; rdfs:label "Has_NICHD_Parent" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "An association that indicates that a finding or lab test is related to a gene, possibly through a variant or product."; "A13"; "Conceptual Entity"; "Related_To_Genetic_Biomarker"; "Related_To_Genetic_Biomarker"; rdfs:label "Related_To_Genetic_Biomarker" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "An association that indicates that a neoplastic disease can have the characteristics defined by a Neoplasm by Special Category concept."; "A14"; "Conceptual Entity"; "Neoplasm_Has_Special_Category"; "Neoplasm_Has_Special_Category"; rdfs:label "Neoplasm_Has_Special_Category" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "true"; "A property representing a concept unique identifier within the NCI Enterprise Vocabulary Service's NCI Thesaurus."; "NHC0"; "Conceptual Entity"; "code"; "code"; rdfs:label "code" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "A property that represents a description of the sort of thing or category to which a concept belongs in the context of the UMLS semantic network."; "P106"; "Conceptual Entity"; "Semantic Type"; "Semantic_Type"; "In general, applying semantic types aids in allowing users (or computer programs) to draw conclusions about concepts by virtue of the categories to which they have been assigned. We use a set of semantic types developed for the UMLS Metathesaurus. There are currently 134 semantic types in the UMLS."; "Semantic_Type"; rdfs:label "Semantic_Type" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "A property representing an alternative Preferred Name for use in some NCI systems."; "P107"; "Conceptual Entity"; "Display Name"; "Display_Name"; "Display Name", "Display_Name"; rdfs:label "Display_Name" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "A property representing the word or phrase that NCI uses by preference to refer to the concept."; "P108"; "Conceptual Entity"; "Preferred Name"; "Preferred_Name"; "Preferred Name", "Preferred Term", "Preferred_Name"; rdfs:label "Preferred_Name" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "A property representing the concept unique identifier (CUI) assigned by the National Library of Medicine (NLM). If a concept in any NCI-maintained knowledgebase exists in the NLM Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), NCI includes the NLM CUI among the information we provide about the concept."; "P207"; "Conceptual Entity"; "UMLS CUI"; "UMLS_CUI"; "UMLS_CUI"; rdfs:label "UMLS_CUI" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "A property representing the concept unique identifier (CUI) for those concepts that appear in NCI Metathesaurus but not in the National Library of Medicine Unified Medical Language System (NLM UMLS)."; "P208"; "Conceptual Entity"; "NCI Metathesaurus CUI"; "NCI_META_CUI"; "NCI_META_CUI"; rdfs:label "NCI_META_CUI" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "A property used to indicate the standing of a concept in relation to currently accepted classifications and concepts. In NCI Thesaurus concept status subtype indicates concepts with unusual and problematic characteristics that should be evaluated by people and/or programs before those concept are used."; "P310"; "Conceptual Entity"; "Concept Status"; "Concept_Status"; "Concept_Status"; rdfs:label "Concept_Status" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "A property used to flag terms that are part of an FDA data standard manual, including Route of Administration, Dosage Form, Package Type and Potency."; "P317"; "Conceptual Entity"; "FDA Table"; "FDA_Table"; "FDA_Table"; rdfs:label "FDA_Table" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "A property is used to indicate when a non-EVS entity has contributed to, and has a stake in, a concept. This is used where such entities, within or outside NCI, have indicated the need to be able to track their own concepts. A single concept can have multiple instances of this property if multiple entities have such a defined stake."; "P322"; "Conceptual Entity"; "Contributing Source"; "Contributing_Source"; "Contributing_Source"; rdfs:label "Contributing_Source" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "A property representing the English language definition of a concept from a source other than NCI."; "P325"; "Conceptual Entity"; "[source] Definition"; "ALT_DEFINITION"; "ALT_DEFINITION"; rdfs:label "ALT_DEFINITION" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "A property representing a term that had been used in a coding system and then subsumed by the given NCIt concept."; "P333"; "Conceptual Entity"; "Use For"; "Use_For"; "Use_For"; rdfs:label "Use_For" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "A property representing the matching ICD-O-3 code for the NCI Thesaurus concept."; "P334"; "Conceptual Entity"; "ICD-O-3 Code"; "ICD-O-3_Code"; "ICD-O-3_Code"; rdfs:label "ICD-O-3_Code" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "A property representing the morphologic, clinical, and genetic profile of a neoplastic growth that defines it as benign, malignant, or of uncertain cancerous potential."; "P363"; "Conceptual Entity"; "Neoplastic Status"; "Neoplastic_Status"; "FDA"; "Neoplastic_Status"; rdfs:label "Neoplastic_Status" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "true"; "A property representing a retired unique concept identifier created and stored as Concept Name by legacy EVS software. Use of these values was long discouraged, but continued as late as 2009 when creation of new values ceased and Concept Name was retired. Legacy values are intended solely to help resolve and update earlier coding."; "P366"; "Conceptual Entity"; "Legacy Concept Name"; "Legacy Concept Name", "Legacy_Concept_Name"; rdfs:label "Legacy Concept Name", "Legacy_Concept_Name" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "A property representing a term chosen by NICHD to be used in the representation of the NICHD hierarchy."; "P371"; "Conceptual Entity"; "NICHD_Hierarchy_Term"; "NICHD"; "NICHD_Hierarchy_Term"; rdfs:label "NICHD_Hierarchy_Term" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "A property representing whether a value set is ready for publication in the browser."; "P372"; "Conceptual Entity"; "Publish_Value_Set"; "Publish_Value_Set"; rdfs:label "Publish_Value_Set" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "A property representing that a term in another terminology has been mapped to a term in NCIt and describes the relationship between the mapped terms."; "P375"; "Conceptual Entity"; "Maps_To"; "Maps_To"; rdfs:label "Maps_To" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "A property representing notations made by NCI vocabulary curators. They are intended to provide supplemental, unstructured information to the user or additional insight about the concept."; "P98"; "Conceptual Entity"; "DesignNote"; "DesignNote"; "DesignNote"; rdfs:label "DesignNote" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; rdfs:label "has_MedDRA_id" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "ISA alternative term"; ; "An alternative term used by the ISA tools project (http://isa-tools.org)."; """Requested by Alejandra Gonzalez-Beltran https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3603413&group_id=177891&atid=886178"""; "Person: Alejandra Gonzalez-Beltran", "Person: Philippe Rocca-Serra"; "ISA tools project (http://isa-tools.org)"; rdfs:label "ISA alternative term"; rdfs:subPropertyOf . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "IEDB alternative term"; ; "An alternative term used by the IEDB."; "PERSON:Randi Vita, Jason Greenbaum, Bjoern Peters"; "IEDB"; rdfs:label "IEDB alternative term"; rdfs:subPropertyOf . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "S dubious_for_taxon T if it is probably the case that no instances of S can be found in any instance of T."; "RO:0002174"; "uberon"; "dubious_for_taxon"; true; true; "dubious_for_taxon"; rdfs:comment "this relation lacks a strong logical interpretation, but can be used in place of never_in_taxon where it is desirable to state that the definition of the class is too strict for the taxon under consideration, but placing a never_in_taxon link would result in a chain of inconsistencies that will take time to resolve. Example: metencephalon in teleost"; rdfs:label "dubious_for_taxon" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "S present_in_taxon T if some instance of T has some S. This does not means that all instances of T have an S - it may only be certain life stages or sexes that have S"; "RO:0002175"; "applicable for taxon"; "uberon"; "present_in_taxon"; true; true; "present_in_taxon"; rdfs:label "present_in_taxon" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "'anterior end of organism' is-opposite-of 'posterior end of organism'", "'increase in temperature' is-opposite-of 'decrease in temperature'"; "x is the opposite of y if there exists some distance metric M, and there exists no z such as M(x,z) <= M(x,y) or M(y,z) <= M(y,x)."; "RO:0002604"; "quality"; "is_opposite_of"; true; true; "is_opposite_of"; rdfs:label "is opposite of", "is_opposite_of" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "An alternate textual definition for a class taken unmodified from an external source. This definition may have been used to derive a generalized definition for the new class."; "UBPROP:0000001"; "uberon"; "external_definition"; true; "external_definition"; rdfs:comment "This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO"; rdfs:label "external_definition" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "A textual description of an axiom loss in this ontology compared to an external ontology."; "UBPROP:0000002"; "uberon"; "axiom_lost_from_external_ontology"; true; "axiom_lost_from_external_ontology"; rdfs:comment "This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO"; rdfs:label "axiom_lost_from_external_ontology" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "Notes on the homology status of this class."; "UBPROP:0000003"; "uberon"; "homology_notes"; true; "homology_notes"; rdfs:comment "This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO"; rdfs:label "homology_notes" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "Used to connect a class to an adjectival form of its label. For example, a class with label 'intestine' may have a relational adjective 'intestinal'."; "UBPROP:0000007"; "uberon"; "has_relational_adjective"; true; "has_relational_adjective"; rdfs:label "has_relational_adjective" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "Notes on the how instances of this class vary across species."; "UBPROP:0000008"; "uberon"; "taxon_notes"; true; "taxon_notes"; rdfs:label "taxon_notes" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "Notes on the ontogenic development of instances of this class."; "This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO"; "UBPROP:0000011"; "uberon"; "development_notes"; true; "development_notes"; rdfs:label "development_notes" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "Notes on how similar or equivalent classes are represented in other ontologies."; "This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO"; "UBPROP:0000012"; "uberon"; "external_ontology_notes"; true; "external_ontology_notes"; rdfs:label "external_ontology_notes" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "FMA has terms like 'set of X'. In general we do not include set-of terms in uberon, but provide a mapping between the singular form and the FMA set term"; "UBPROP:0000202"; "uberon"; "fma_set_term"; true; "fma_set_term"; rdfs:label "fma_set_term" . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "excluded_subClassOf"; true; rdfs:label "excluded subClassOf" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "A metadata relation between a class and its taxonomic rank (eg species, family)"; "ncbi_taxonomy"; rdfs:label "has_rank" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; ; "uberon"; "dc-contributor"; true; "dc-contributor"; rdfs:label "contributor" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; ; "uberon"; "dc-creator"; true; "dc-creator"; rdfs:label "creator" . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty; rdfs:label "created_by" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; rdfs:label "creation_date" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; rdfs:label "has_alternative_id" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; rdfs:label "has_broad_synonym" . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "A property representing a reference to an identical or very similar object in another database.", "Reference database or publication source."; "Conceptual Entity"; "xRef"; rdfs:label "database_cross_reference", "xRef", "数据库_交叉_引用" . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "A property representing a fully qualified synonym, contains the string, term type, source, and an optional source code if appropriate. Each subfield is deliniated to facilitate interpretation by software.", "An alternative label for a given entity such as a commonly used abbreviation or synonym. "; "FULL_SYN", "Synonym with Source Data"; rdfs:label "alternative_term", "has exact synonym", "has_exact_synonym" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; rdfs:label "has_narrow_synonym" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "Name space of the ontology."; rdfs:comment "disease_ontology"; rdfs:label "has_obo_namespace", "has_obo_namespace"^^rdfs:Literal, "有_obo_命名空间" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; rdfs:label "has_related_synonym", "oboInOwl:hasRelatedSynonym" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "An identifier is an information content entity that is the outcome of a dubbing process and is used to refer to one instance of entity shared by a group of people to refer to that individual entity."; rdfs:label "id" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "An association that connects the concept defining a particular terminology subset with concepts that belong to this subset.", "In subset."; "Concept_In_Subset"; rdfs:label "in subset", "in_subset" . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty; rdfs:label "shorthand" . a owl:AnnotationProperty . rdf:type a owl:AnnotationProperty . rdfs:comment a owl:AnnotationProperty; "Comment."; rdfs:label "comment" . rdfs:isDefinedBy a owl:AnnotationProperty; "Is defined by."; rdfs:label "rdfs:isDefinedBy" . rdfs:label a owl:AnnotationProperty; "label"; "A human readable name for this class."; rdfs:label "label", "label"@en, "标签" . rdfs:seeAlso a owl:AnnotationProperty; rdfs:seeAlso, "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso"; "uberon"; "seeAlso"; true; true; "seeAlso"; rdfs:label "see also", "seeAlso" . owl:deprecated a owl:AnnotationProperty . owl:minQualifiedCardinality a owl:AnnotationProperty . owl:versionIRI a owl:AnnotationProperty . owl:versionInfo owl:versionInfo "" . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty; ; "uberon"; "depicted_by"; true; "depicted_by"; rdfs:label "depicted by" . a owl:AnnotationProperty . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "Concept is taken from other resources than PubMed" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "concept is derived from Epilepsy Ontology (EPILONT) https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPILONT" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "concept is derived from Epilepsy Syndrome Seizure Ontology (ESSO) https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/ESSO" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "concept isderived from Epilepsy and Seizure Ontology (EpSO) https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "concept is derived from International League Against Epilpesy (ILAE) seizure classification (https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/index.html" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "Concept is taken from NCBI book" . a owl:AnnotationProperty; "Concepts is taken from PubMed article" . a owl:AnnotationProperty . rdf:langString a rdfs:Datatype . a owl:ObjectProperty; "The subject classifies the object."; rdfs:label "isClassificationFor" . a owl:ObjectProperty; "The subject describes the estimated relation between brain regions (object)."; rdfs:label "isBrainConnectivityFor" . a owl:ObjectProperty; "The subject is a risk factor the the object."; rdfs:label "isRiskFactorFor" . a owl:ObjectProperty; "The subject describes a diagnosis for the object."; rdfs:label "isDiagnosisFor" . a owl:ObjectProperty; "The subject describes as sign/symptom or multiple signs/symptoms for the object."; rdfs:label "isSignAndSymptomFor" . a owl:ObjectProperty; "The subject describes a syndrome for the object."; rdfs:label "isSyndromeFor" . a owl:ObjectProperty; "The subject describes the object's limitation."; rdfs:label "isImitatorFor" . a owl:ObjectProperty; "The subject is the cause (etiology) for the object."; rdfs:label "isEtiologyFor" . a owl:ObjectProperty; "The subject assignes the object a seizure class."; rdfs:label "isSeizureClassificationFor" . a owl:ObjectProperty; "The subject describes a treatment for the object."; rdfs:label "isTreatmentFor" . a owl:ObjectProperty; "The subject describes an anatomical feature of the references object."; rdfs:label "isAnatomicalEntityFor" . a owl:ObjectProperty; "The subject describes any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell for the object."; rdfs:label "isCellularProcessFor" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf owl:Thing; "entity"; "Entity"; "Julius Caesar", "Verdi’s Requiem", "the Second World War", "your body mass index"; "BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81", "Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf"; , , ; "An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])"; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "entity" . _:3e9893 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf"; ; rdfs:comment "per discussion with Barry Smith"; rdfs:seeAlso . _:3e98a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])"; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; owl:disjointWith ; "continuant"; "Continuant"; "An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts."; "BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240", "Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants"; ; "A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])"; "if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])", "if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])", "if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])"; "(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002] ", "(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001] ", "(forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002] ", "(forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "continuant" . _:3e98b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002] "; . _:3e98c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002] "; . _:3e98d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants"; . _:3e98e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])"; . _:3e98f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])"; . _:3e9903 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])"; . _:3e9913 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])"; . _:3e9923 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002] "; . _:3e9933 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "occurrent"; "Occurrent"; "An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time."; "BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region", "BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players.", "Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process.", "Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame."; , , ; "An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002])"; "Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001])", "b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001])"; "(forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "occurrent" . _:3e9943 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process."; ; rdfs:comment "per discussion with Barry Smith" . _:3e9953 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame."; . _:3e9963 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002])"; . _:3e9973 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001])"; . _:3e9983 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001])"; . _:3e9993 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; owl:disjointWith , ; "ic"; "IndependentContinuant"; "a chair", "a heart", "a leg", "a molecule", "a spatial region", "an atom", "an orchestra.", "an organism", "the bottom right portion of a human torso", "the interior of your mouth"; "b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])"; "For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])", "For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])"; "(forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001] ", "(forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002] ", "(iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "independent continuant" . _:3e99a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])"; . _:3e99b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])"; . _:3e99c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])"; . _:3e99d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001] "; . _:3e99e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002] "; . _:3e99f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; owl:disjointWith , ; "s-region"; "SpatialRegion"; "BFO 2 Reference: Spatial regions do not participate in processes.", "Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional."; "A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001])"; "All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001])"; "(forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001] ", "(forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "spatial region" . _:3e9a03 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional."; ; rdfs:comment "per discussion with Barry Smith" . _:3e9a13 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001])"; . _:3e9a23 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001])"; . _:3e9a33 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001] "; . _:3e9a43 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; owl:disjointWith , , ; "t-region"; "TemporalRegion"; "Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional"; "A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001])"; "All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001])", "Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002])"; "(forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001] ", "(forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "temporal region" . _:3e9a53 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional"; ; rdfs:comment "per discussion with Barry Smith" . _:3e9a63 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001])"; . _:3e9a73 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001])"; . _:3e9a83 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002])"; . _:3e9a93 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001] "; . _:3e9aa3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; owl:disjointWith ; "2d-s-region"; "TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion"; "an infinitely thin plane in space.", "the surface of a sphere-shaped part of space"; "A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of two dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [039-001])"; "(forall (x) (if (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [039-001] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "two-dimensional spatial region" . _:3e9ab3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of two dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [039-001])"; . _:3e9ac3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [039-001] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "st-region"; "SpatiotemporalRegion"; "the spatiotemporal region occupied by a human life", "the spatiotemporal region occupied by a process of cellular meiosis.", "the spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumor"; "A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of spacetime. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [095-001])"; "All parts of spatiotemporal regions are spatiotemporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [096-001])", "Each spatiotemporal region at any time t projects_onto some spatial region at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [099-001])", "Each spatiotemporal region projects_onto some temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [098-001])", "Every spatiotemporal region occupies_spatiotemporal_region itself.", "Every spatiotemporal region s is such that s occupies_spatiotemporal_region s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [107-002])"; "(forall (r) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [107-002] ", "(forall (x t) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (SpatialRegion y) (spatiallyProjectsOntoAt x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [099-001] ", "(forall (x y) (if (and (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (SpatioTemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [096-001] ", "(forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [095-001] ", "(forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (TemporalRegion y) (temporallyProjectsOnto x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [098-001] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "spatiotemporal region" . _:3e9ad3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of spacetime. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [095-001])"; . _:3e9ae3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "All parts of spatiotemporal regions are spatiotemporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [096-001])"; . _:3e9af3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Each spatiotemporal region at any time t projects_onto some spatial region at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [099-001])"; . _:3e9b03 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Each spatiotemporal region projects_onto some temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [098-001])"; . _:3e9b13 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Every spatiotemporal region s is such that s occupies_spatiotemporal_region s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [107-002])"; . _:3e9b23 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (r) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [107-002] "; . _:3e9b33 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x t) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (SpatialRegion y) (spatiallyProjectsOntoAt x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [099-001] "; . _:3e9b43 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x y) (if (and (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (SpatioTemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [096-001] "; . _:3e9b53 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [095-001] "; . _:3e9b63 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (TemporalRegion y) (temporallyProjectsOnto x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [098-001] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "process"; "Process"; "a process of cell-division, \\ a beating of the heart", "a process of meiosis", "a process of sleeping", "the course of a disease", "the flight of a bird", "the life of an organism", "your process of aging."; "An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t.", "p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])"; "BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war)"; , , , ; "(iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "process" . _:3e9b73 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])"; . _:3e9b83 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; owl:disjointWith ; "disposition"; "Disposition"; "an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y", "certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer", "children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways.", "the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis"; "BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type."; , ; "b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])"; "If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])"; "(forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002] ", "(forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "disposition" . _:3e9b93 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])"; . _:3e9ba3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])"; . _:3e9bb3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002] "; . _:3e9bc3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; owl:disjointWith ; "realizable"; "RealizableEntity"; "the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity.", "the disposition of your blood to coagulate", "the function of your reproductive organs", "the role of being a doctor", "the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet"; "To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])"; "All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])"; "(forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002] ", "(forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "realizable entity" . _:3e9bd3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])"; . _:3e9be3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])"; . _:3e9bf3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002] "; . _:3e9c03 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; owl:disjointWith ; "0d-s-region"; "ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion"; "A zero-dimensional spatial region is a point in space. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [037-001])"; "(forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [037-001] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "zero-dimensional spatial region" . _:3e9c13 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A zero-dimensional spatial region is a point in space. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [037-001])"; . _:3e9c23 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [037-001] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "quality"; "Quality"; "the ambient temperature of this portion of air", "the color of a tomato", "the length of the circumference of your waist", "the mass of this piece of gold.", "the shape of your nose", "the shape of your nostril"; ; "a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])"; "If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])"; "(forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001] ", "(forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "quality" . _:3e9c33 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])"; . _:3e9c43 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])"; . _:3e9c53 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001] "; . _:3e9c63 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; owl:disjointWith ; "sdc"; "SpecificallyDependentContinuant"; "Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key", "of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato", "of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates.", "the disposition of this fish to decay", "the function of this heart: to pump blood", "the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79", "the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction", "the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center", "the role of being a doctor", "the shape of this hole.", "the smell of this portion of mozzarella"; "A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same.", "b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])"; "Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc."; ; "(iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "specifically dependent continuant" . _:3e9c73 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])"; . _:3e9c83 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc."; ; rdfs:comment "per discussion with Barry Smith" . _:3e9c93 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "role"; "Role"; "John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married.", "the priest role", "the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories", "the role of a building in serving as a military target", "the role of a stone in marking a property boundary", "the role of subject in a clinical trial", "the student role"; "BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives."; "b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001])"; "(forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "role" . _:3e9ca3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001])"; . _:3e9cb3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "fiat-object-part"; "FiatObjectPart"; "or with divisions drawn by cognitive subjects for practical reasons, such as the division of a cake (before slicing) into (what will become) slices (and thus member parts of an object aggregate). However, this does not mean that fiat object parts are dependent for their existence on divisions or delineations effected by cognitive subjects. If, for example, it is correct to conceive geological layers of the Earth as fiat object parts of the Earth, then even though these layers were first delineated in recent times, still existed long before such delineation and what holds of these layers (for example that the oldest layers are also the lowest layers) did not begin to hold because of our acts of delineation.Treatment of material entity in BFOExamples viewed by some as problematic cases for the trichotomy of fiat object part, object, and object aggregate include: a mussel on (and attached to) a rock, a slime mold, a pizza, a cloud, a galaxy, a railway train with engine and multiple carriages, a clonal stand of quaking aspen, a bacterial community (biofilm), a broken femur. Note that, as Aristotle already clearly recognized, such problematic cases – which lie at or near the penumbra of instances defined by the categories in question – need not invalidate these categories. The existence of grey objects does not prove that there are not objects which are black and objects which are white; the existence of mules does not prove that there are not objects which are donkeys and objects which are horses. It does, however, show that the examples in question need to be addressed carefully in order to show how they can be fitted into the proposed scheme, for example by recognizing additional subdivisions [29", "the FMA:regional parts of an intact human body.", "the Western hemisphere of the Earth", "the division of the brain into regions", "the division of the planet into hemispheres", "the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body", "the upper and lower lobes of the left lung"; "BFO 2 Reference: Most examples of fiat object parts are associated with theoretically drawn divisions"; "b is a fiat object part = Def. b is a material entity which is such that for all times t, if b exists at t then there is some object c such that b proper continuant_part of c at t and c is demarcated from the remainder of c by a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [027-004])"; "(forall (x) (if (FiatObjectPart x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y) (and (Object y) (properContinuantPartOfAt x y t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [027-004] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "fiat object part" . _:3e9cc3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "b is a fiat object part = Def. b is a material entity which is such that for all times t, if b exists at t then there is some object c such that b proper continuant_part of c at t and c is demarcated from the remainder of c by a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [027-004])"; . _:3e9cd3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (FiatObjectPart x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y) (and (Object y) (properContinuantPartOfAt x y t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [027-004] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; owl:disjointWith ; "1d-s-region"; "OneDimensionalSpatialRegion"; "an edge of a cube-shaped portion of space."; "A one-dimensional spatial region is a line or aggregate of lines stretching from one point in space to another. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [038-001])"; "(forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [038-001] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "one-dimensional spatial region" . _:3e9ce3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A one-dimensional spatial region is a line or aggregate of lines stretching from one point in space to another. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [038-001])"; . _:3e9cf3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [038-001] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "object-aggregate"; "ObjectAggregate"; "a collection of cells in a blood biobank.", "a swarm of bees is an aggregate of members who are linked together through natural bonds", "a symphony orchestra", "an organization is an aggregate whose member parts have roles of specific types (for example in a jazz band, a chess club, a football team)", "defined by fiat: the aggregate of members of an organization", "defined through physical attachment: the aggregate of atoms in a lump of granite", "defined through physical containment: the aggregate of molecules of carbon dioxide in a sealed container", "defined via attributive delimitations such as: the patients in this hospital", "the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint", "the aggregate of blood cells in your body", "the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere", "the restaurants in Palo Alto", "your collection of Meissen ceramic plates."; "An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects ", "BFO 2 Reference: object aggregates may gain and lose parts while remaining numerically identical (one and the same individual) over time. This holds both for aggregates whose membership is determined naturally (the aggregate of cells in your body) and aggregates determined by fiat (a baseball team, a congressional committee)."; "ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158."; "b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004])"; "(forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "object aggregate" . _:3e9d03 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects "; . _:3e9d13 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects "; . _:3e9d23 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects "; . _:3e9d33 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158."; . _:3e9d43 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004])"; . _:3e9d53 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "3d-s-region"; "ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion"; "a cube-shaped region of space", "a sphere-shaped region of space,"; "A three-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of three dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [040-001])"; "(forall (x) (if (ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [040-001] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "three-dimensional spatial region" . _:3e9d63 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A three-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of three dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [040-001])"; . _:3e9d73 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [040-001] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "site"; "Site"; "Manhattan Canyon)", "a hole in the interior of a portion of cheese", "a rabbit hole", "an air traffic control region defined in the airspace above an airport", "the Grand Canyon", "the Piazza San Marco", "the cockpit of an aircraft", "the hold of a ship", "the interior of a kangaroo pouch", "the interior of the trunk of your car", "the interior of your bedroom", "the interior of your office", "the interior of your refrigerator", "the lumen of your gut", "your left nostril (a fiat part – the opening – of your left nasal cavity)"; "b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002])"; "(forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "site" . _:3e9d83 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002])"; . _:3e9d93 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "object"; "Object"; "atom", "cell", "cells and organisms", "engineered artifacts", "grain of sand", "molecule", "organelle", "organism", "planet", "solid portions of matter", "star"; "BFO 2 Reference: BFO rests on the presupposition that at multiple micro-, meso- and macroscopic scales reality exhibits certain stable, spatially separated or separable material units, combined or combinable into aggregates of various sorts (for example organisms into what are called ‘populations’). Such units play a central role in almost all domains of natural science from particle physics to cosmology. Many scientific laws govern the units in question, employing general terms (such as ‘molecule’ or ‘planet’) referring to the types and subtypes of units, and also to the types and subtypes of the processes through which such units develop and interact. The division of reality into such natural units is at the heart of biological science, as also is the fact that these units may form higher-level units (as cells form multicellular organisms) and that they may also form aggregates of units, for example as cells form portions of tissue and organs form families, herds, breeds, species, and so on. At the same time, the division of certain portions of reality into engineered units (manufactured artifacts) is the basis of modern industrial technology, which rests on the distributed mass production of engineered parts through division of labor and on their assembly into larger, compound units such as cars and laptops. The division of portions of reality into units is one starting point for the phenomenon of counting.", "BFO 2 Reference: Each object is such that there are entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its interior, and other entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its exterior. This may not be so for entities lying at or near the boundary between the interior and exterior. This means that two objects – for example the two cells depicted in Figure 3 – may be such that there are material entities crossing their boundaries which belong determinately to neither cell. Something similar obtains in certain cases of conjoined twins (see below).", "BFO 2 Reference: To say that b is causally unified means: b is a material entity which is such that its material parts are tied together in such a way that, in environments typical for entities of the type in question,if c, a continuant part of b that is in the interior of b at t, is larger than a certain threshold size (which will be determined differently from case to case, depending on factors such as porosity of external cover) and is moved in space to be at t at a location on the exterior of the spatial region that had been occupied by b at t, then either b’s other parts will be moved in coordinated fashion or b will be damaged (be affected, for example, by breakage or tearing) in the interval between t and t.causal changes in one part of b can have consequences for other parts of b without the mediation of any entity that lies on the exterior of b. Material entities with no proper material parts would satisfy these conditions trivially. Candidate examples of types of causal unity for material entities of more complex sorts are as follows (this is not intended to be an exhaustive list):CU1: Causal unity via physical coveringHere the parts in the interior of the unified entity are combined together causally through a common membrane or other physical covering\\. The latter points outwards toward and may serve a protective function in relation to what lies on the exterior of the entity [13, 47", "BFO 2 Reference: an object is a maximal causally unified material entity", "BFO 2 Reference: ‘objects’ are sometimes referred to as ‘grains’ [74"; "b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001])"; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "object" . _:3e9da3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001])"; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "gdc"; "GenericallyDependentContinuant"; "The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity.", "the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop", "the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule."; "b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])"; "(iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "generically dependent continuant" . _:3e9db3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])"; . _:3e9dc3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "function"; "Function"; "the function of a hammer to drive in nails", "the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity", "the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar"; "BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc."; "A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001])"; "(forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "function" . _:3e9dd3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001])"; . _:3e9de3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "p-boundary"; "ProcessBoundary"; "the boundary between the 2nd and 3rd year of your life."; "p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001])"; "Every process boundary occupies_temporal_region a zero-dimensional temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [085-002])"; "(forall (x) (if (ProcessBoundary x) (exists (y) (and (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion y) (occupiesTemporalRegion x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [085-002] ", "(iff (ProcessBoundary a) (exists (p) (and (Process p) (temporalPartOf a p) (not (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [084-001] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "process boundary" . _:3e9df3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001])"; . _:3e9e03 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Every process boundary occupies_temporal_region a zero-dimensional temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [085-002])"; . _:3e9e13 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (ProcessBoundary x) (exists (y) (and (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion y) (occupiesTemporalRegion x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [085-002] "; . _:3e9e23 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(iff (ProcessBoundary a) (exists (p) (and (Process p) (temporalPartOf a p) (not (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [084-001] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; owl:disjointWith ; "1d-t-region"; "OneDimensionalTemporalRegion"; "the temporal region during which a process occurs."; "BFO 2 Reference: A temporal interval is a special kind of one-dimensional temporal region, namely one that is self-connected (is without gaps or breaks)."; "A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001])"; "(forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "one-dimensional temporal region" . _:3e9e33 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001])"; . _:3e9e43 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; owl:disjointWith ; "material"; "MaterialEntity"; "a flame", "a forest fire", "a human being", "a hurricane", "a photon", "a puff of smoke", "a sea wave", "a tornado", "an aggregate of human beings.", "an energy wave", "an epidemic", "the undetached arm of a human being"; "BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60", "BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity.", "BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here."; ; "A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002])"; "Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002])", "every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002])"; "(forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002] ", "(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002] ", "(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "material entity" . _:3e9e53 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002])"; . _:3e9e63 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002])"; . _:3e9e73 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002])"; . _:3e9e83 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002] "; . _:3e9e93 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002] "; . _:3e9ea3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "cf-boundary"; "ContinuantFiatBoundary"; "b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001])"; "BFO 2 Reference: In BFO 1.1 the assumption was made that the external surface of a material entity such as a cell could be treated as if it were a boundary in the mathematical sense. The new document propounds the view that when we talk about external surfaces of material objects in this way then we are talking about something fiat. To be dealt with in a future version: fiat boundaries at different levels of granularity.More generally, the focus in discussion of boundaries in BFO 2.0 is now on fiat boundaries, which means: boundaries for which there is no assumption that they coincide with physical discontinuities. The ontology of boundaries becomes more closely allied with the ontology of regions.", "BFO 2 Reference: a continuant fiat boundary is a boundary of some material entity (for example: the plane separating the Northern and Southern hemispheres; the North Pole), or it is a boundary of some immaterial entity (for example of some portion of airspace). Three basic kinds of continuant fiat boundary can be distinguished (together with various combination kinds [29", "Continuant fiat boundary doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary and a one dimensional continuant fiat boundary that doesn't overlap it. The situation is analogous to temporal and spatial regions."; "Every continuant fiat boundary is located at some spatial region at every time at which it exists"; "(iff (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ImmaterialEntity a) (exists (b) (and (or (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b)) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))) (not (exists (c t) (and (SpatialRegion c) (continuantPartOfAt c a t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [029-001] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "continuant fiat boundary" . _:3e9eb3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Continuant fiat boundary doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary and a one dimensional continuant fiat boundary that doesn't overlap it. The situation is analogous to temporal and spatial regions."; . _:3e9ec3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(iff (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ImmaterialEntity a) (exists (b) (and (or (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b)) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))) (not (exists (c t) (and (SpatialRegion c) (continuantPartOfAt c a t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [029-001] "; . _:3e9ed3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001])"; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "immaterial"; "ImmaterialEntity"; "BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10"; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "immaterial entity" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; owl:disjointWith , ; "1d-cf-boundary"; "OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary"; "The Equator", "all geopolitical boundaries", "all lines of latitude and longitude", "the line separating the outer surface of the mucosa of the lower lip from the outer surface of the skin of the chin.", "the median sulcus of your tongue"; "a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a continuous fiat line whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [032-001])"; "(iff (OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [032-001] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary" . _:3e9ee3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a continuous fiat line whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [032-001])"; . _:3e9ef3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(iff (OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [032-001] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; owl:disjointWith ; "process-profile"; "ProcessProfile"; "On a somewhat higher level of complexity are what we shall call rate process profiles, which are the targets of selective abstraction focused not on determinate quality magnitudes plotted over time, but rather on certain ratios between these magnitudes and elapsed times. A speed process profile, for example, is represented by a graph plotting against time the ratio of distance covered per unit of time. Since rates may change, and since such changes, too, may have rates of change, we have to deal here with a hierarchy of process profile universals at successive levels", "One important sub-family of rate process profiles is illustrated by the beat or frequency profiles of cyclical processes, illustrated by the 60 beats per minute beating process of John’s heart, or the 120 beats per minute drumming process involved in one of John’s performances in a rock band, and so on. Each such process includes what we shall call a beat process profile instance as part, a subtype of rate process profile in which the salient ratio is not distance covered but rather number of beat cycles per unit of time. Each beat process profile instance instantiates the determinable universal beat process profile. But it also instantiates multiple more specialized universals at lower levels of generality, selected from rate process profilebeat process profileregular beat process profile3 bpm beat process profile4 bpm beat process profileirregular beat process profileincreasing beat process profileand so on.In the case of a regular beat process profile, a rate can be assigned in the simplest possible fashion by dividing the number of cycles by the length of the temporal region occupied by the beating process profile as a whole. Irregular process profiles of this sort, for example as identified in the clinic, or in the readings on an aircraft instrument panel, are often of diagnostic significance.", "The simplest type of process profiles are what we shall call ‘quality process profiles’, which are the process profiles which serve as the foci of the sort of selective abstraction that is involved when measurements are made of changes in single qualities, as illustrated, for example, by process profiles of mass, temperature, aortic pressure, and so on."; "b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002])"; "b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005])"; "(forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005] ", "(iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "process profile" . _:3e9f03 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002])"; . _:3e9f13 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005])"; . _:3e9f23 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005] "; . _:3e9f33 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "r-quality"; "RelationalQuality"; "John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married.", "a marriage bond, an instance of requited love, an obligation between one person and another."; "b is a relational quality = Def. for some independent continuants c, d and for some time t: b quality_of c at t & b quality_of d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [057-001])"; "(iff (RelationalQuality a) (exists (b c t) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (IndependentContinuant c) (qualityOfAt a b t) (qualityOfAt a c t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [057-001] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "relational quality" . _:3e9f43 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "b is a relational quality = Def. for some independent continuants c, d and for some time t: b quality_of c at t & b quality_of d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [057-001])"; . _:3e9f53 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(iff (RelationalQuality a) (exists (b c t) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (IndependentContinuant c) (qualityOfAt a b t) (qualityOfAt a c t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [057-001] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "2d-cf-boundary"; "TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary"; "a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary (surface) is a self-connected fiat surface whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [033-001])"; "(iff (TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [033-001] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary" . _:3e9f63 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary (surface) is a self-connected fiat surface whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [033-001])"; . _:3e9f73 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(iff (TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [033-001] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "0d-cf-boundary"; "ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary"; "the geographic North Pole", "the point of origin of some spatial coordinate system.", "the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet"; "zero dimension continuant fiat boundaries are not spatial points. Considering the example 'the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet' : There are many frames in which that point is zooming through many points in space. Whereas, no matter what the frame, the quadripoint is always in the same relation to the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona."; "a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a fiat point whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [031-001])"; "(iff (ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [031-001] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary" . _:3e9f83 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "zero dimension continuant fiat boundaries are not spatial points. Considering the example 'the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet' : There are many frames in which that point is zooming through many points in space. Whereas, no matter what the frame, the quadripoint is always in the same relation to the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona."; . _:3e9f93 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a fiat point whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [031-001])"; . _:3e9fa3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(iff (ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [031-001] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "0d-t-region"; "ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion"; "a temporal region that is occupied by a process boundary", "right now", "the moment at which a child is born", "the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident", "the moment of death."; "temporal instant."; "A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is without extent. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [102-001])"; "(forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [102-001] "; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "zero-dimensional temporal region" . _:3e9fb3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is without extent. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [102-001])"; . _:3e9fc3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "(forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [102-001] "; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "history"; "History"; "A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by a material entity or site, including processes on the surface of the entity or within the cavities to which it serves as host. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [138-001])"; rdfs:isDefinedBy ; rdfs:label "history" . _:3e9fd3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by a material entity or site, including processes on the surface of the entity or within the cavities to which it serves as host. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [138-001])"; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "MGI:2159768"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26254980"; rdfs:label "mouse DBA/2 inbred strain", "小鼠DBA/2近交系"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "YH, AD"; "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_pluripotent_stem_cell", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16904174"; ; "A stem cell line cell that is pluripotent and is generated from an adult somatic cell."; "iPS cell", "iPSC"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30233290"; rdfs:label "induced pluripotent stem cell line cell"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3e9fe3; ; "A quantitative or qualitative value which is the result of an act of assessing a morphological or physiological state or property in a single individual or sample or a group of individuals or samples, based on direct observation or experimental manipulation."; "Clinical Evaluation", "Laboratory test"; rdfs:label "clinical measurement"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#ClinicalEvaluation"; true; "" . _:3e9fe3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Any value resulting from the quantification of a morphological or physiological parameter pertaining to the heart and/or blood vessels."; rdfs:label "cardiovascular measurement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "The number of contractions of the cardiac ventricles per unit of time."; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12181003"; rdfs:label "heart rate"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Measurement of the structure or forms of the entire body or parts of the body of an organism."; "anthropometric measurement", "morphometry"; rdfs:label "body morphological measurement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "A quantification of a parameter of the chemical composition of blood."; "blood molecular composition measurement"; rdfs:label "blood chemistry measurement"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/guide/epilepsy-blood-test"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "The number of white blood cells in a specified volume of blood."; "leukocyte count", "white corpuscle count"; rdfs:label "white blood cell count"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/guide/epilepsy-blood-test"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Any measurement involving the amount, composition or type of protein, the complex organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur consisting of alpha-amino acids joined by peptide linkages, in blood."; rdfs:label "blood protein measurement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "The number of platelets (thrombocytes) in a specified volume of blood, usually expressed as platelets per cubic millimeter of whole blood."; rdfs:label "platelet count"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/treating-seizures-and-epilepsy/seizure-and-epilepsy-medicines/blood-testing"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "A measurement of the blood, it's contents, cells or other factors contained within the blood."; rdfs:label "blood measurement"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/guide/epilepsy-blood-test"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; ; "A value resulting from the quantification of a morphological or physiological parameter of blood cells, i.e. cells native to the circulation, including those of erythroid, lymphoid, myeloid and monocytic lineages. A cell is a membrane-enclosed protoplasmic mass constituting the smallest structural unit of an organism that is capable of independent functioning."; rdfs:label "blood cell measurement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Percentage of total blood volume that is made up of red blood cells."; "Hct", "packed cell volume", "packed red blood cell volume"; rdfs:label "hematocrit"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/guide/epilepsy-blood-test"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "A measure of the average volume or size of a single red blood cell. It is derived by dividing the total volume of packed red blood cells by the total red blood cell count."; "MCV"; rdfs:label "mean corpuscular volume"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/guide/epilepsy-blood-test"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "mshimoyama"; "2009-12-17T10:41:54Z"; "Measurement of the amount of glucose, the monosaccharide sugar, C6H12O6, occurring widely in plant and animal tissues which is one of the three dietary monosaccharides that are absorbed directly into the bloodstream during digestion, is the end product of carbohydrate metabolism, and is the chief source of energy for living organisms, in a specified volume of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them."; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29110774"; rdfs:label "blood glucose level"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/guide/epilepsy-blood-test"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "A quantification of one or more mineral salts found in the blood in the form of electrically charged ions."; rdfs:label "blood electrolyte measurement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Any quantitation of the catalytic effect exerted by an enzyme in a specified sample of blood. An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes chemical reactions of other substances without itself being destroyed or altered upon completion of the reaction(s)."; "Not4Curation"; rdfs:label "blood enzyme activity level" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "A measurement to assess the morphological or physiological state of the respiratory system or portion of the respiratory system."; rdfs:label "respiratory system measurement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "mshimoyama"; "2011-09-21T11:16:38Z"; rdfs:label "ventilation measurement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "mshimoyama"; "2010-06-10T09:12:14Z"; "Morphological measurement of the top most or forward most division of an organism's body usually containing the brain and sense organs."; rdfs:label "head morphological measurement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "mshimoyama"; "2010-06-10T09:12:29Z"; "Total distance around the head of an organism."; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2384077"; rdfs:label "head circumference"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "mshimoyama"; "2010-06-17T10:30:36Z"; "Any quantification of a morphological or physiological parameter of one or more cells. A cell is a membrane-enclosed protoplasmic mass constituting the smallest structural unit of an organism that is capable of independent functioning."; rdfs:label "cell measurement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "mshimoyama"; "2010-06-17T11:28:45Z"; "Distance completely around the body in the area between the thorax and hips. In humans, this is commonly at the umbilicus."; "waist girth"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25179745"; rdfs:label "waist circumference"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "mshimoyama"; "2011-09-21T11:30:32Z"; "The number of breaths taken by an organism per unit of time."; "breathing frequency", "pulmonary ventilation rate", "respiratory rate"; rdfs:label "respiration rate"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "mshimoyama"; "2010-08-04T10:37:40Z"; "The count of the rhythmic contractions and expansions of an artery due to the surge of blood from the beat of the heart."; rdfs:label "pulse"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "mshimoyama"; "2010-08-04T01:50:13Z"; rdfs:label "abdominal morphological measurement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "mshimoyama"; "2011-01-04T02:53:16Z"; "The amount of potassium ions in a specified volume of blood."; rdfs:label "blood potassium level"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/guide/epilepsy-blood-test"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "mshimoyama"; "2011-01-04T03:13:20Z"; "The amount of calcium ions in a specified volume of blood."; rdfs:label "blood calcium level"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/guide/epilepsy-blood-test"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "mshimoyama"; "2011-01-05T09:20:32Z"; "A measure of the oxygen carrying pigment of erythrocytes."; "haemoglobin measurement"; rdfs:label "hemoglobin measurement"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/guide/epilepsy-blood-test"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "JSmith"; "2012-02-15T05:06:19Z"; rdfs:comment "This is not the same term as the original \"heart measurement\". That term is now \"heart morphological measurement\"."; rdfs:label "heart measurement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "JSmith"; "2012-07-12T01:22:42Z"; "Any measurement of platelets, the disk-shaped structures found in the blood of mammals which play a vital role in blood coagulation. Platelets lack nuclei and DNA but contain active enzymes and mitochondria."; rdfs:label "platelet measurement"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/treating-seizures-and-epilepsy/seizure-and-epilepsy-medicines/blood-testing"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "JSmith"; "2013-01-07T13:38:48Z"; "Any measurement of the nervous system, the organ system which, along with the endocrine system, correlates the adjustments and reactions of the organism to its internal and external environment via transmission of information, in the form of electrochemical impulses, throughout the body."; rdfs:label "nervous system measurement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "JSmith"; "2013-01-07T16:14:04Z"; "Any measurement of the fluid contained within the ventricles of the brain, the subarachnoid space, and the central canal of the spinal cord."; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26575850"; rdfs:label "cerebrospinal fluid measurement"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "JSmith"; "2013-01-07T16:22:14Z"; "A quantification of a parameter of the chemical composition of the cerebrospinal fluid, the fluid contained within the ventricles of the brain, the subarachnoid space, and the central canal of the spinal cord."; "Not4Curation"; rdfs:label "cerebrospinal fluid chemistry measurement"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02075764"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "JSmith"; "2013-01-07T16:25:29Z"; "A quantification of one or more mineral salts found in the cerebrospinal fluid in the form of electrically charged ions."; rdfs:label "cerebrospinal fluid electrolyte measurement"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02075764"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "JSmith"; "2013-01-07T16:39:25Z"; "Measurement of the amount of choride, the negatively charged ion of chlorine, found in a specified volume of cerebrospinal fluid."; rdfs:label "cerebrospinal fluid chloride level"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02075764"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "JSmith"; "2013-01-07T16:42:05Z"; "The amount of cationic sodium in a specified volume of cerebrospinal fluid."; rdfs:label "cerebrospinal fluid sodium level"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02075764"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "JSmith"; "2013-01-09T13:44:03Z"; "The amount of lactate, a salt of lactic acid which is produced in the body by anaerobic metabolism of carbohydrate, in a specified volume of blood."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29110774"; rdfs:label "blood lactate level"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "JSmith"; "2013-01-10T17:31:25Z"; "Any measurement of a single red blood cell, one of the hemoglobin-containing blood cells that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues, or of all of the red blood cells in a sample of blood."; "erythrocyte measurement"; rdfs:label "red blood cell measurement"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/guide/epilepsy-blood-test" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "JSmith"; "2013-11-26T11:05:41Z"; "Any measurement related to a morphological or physiological parameter, such as the amount or composition, of cytokines in blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. A cytokine is a type of nonantibody protein released by a cell population on contact with specific antigen, which acts as an intercellular mediator, as in the generation of an immune response."; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28288363"; rdfs:label "blood cytokine measurement"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "JSmith"; "2013-12-02T13:23:47Z"; "Any quantification of a morphological or physiological parameter of the central nervous system, i.e., the brain and/or spinal cord."; "CNS measurement"; rdfs:label "central nervous system measurement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "JSmith"; "2014-03-11T14:12:54Z"; "The amount of enzymatic activity of creatine kinase (CK) enzyme in a specified sample of blood. CK catalyses the reversible transfer of phosphate between ATP and various phosphogens such as creatine phosphate. Blood CK level is used as an enzymatic marker for myocardial infarction, rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure."; "blood creatine phosphokinase activity level"; "blood CK activity level", "blood CPK activity level"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28288363"; rdfs:label "blood creatine kinase activity level"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "JSmith"; "2014-04-24T12:47:44Z"; "Any value resulting from the quantification of a morphological or physiological parameter of leukocytes, largely colorless blood corpuscles capable of ameboid movement, whose chief function is to protect the body against microorganisms and other disease-causing entities."; "leukocyte measurement"; rdfs:label "white blood cell measurement"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/guide/epilepsy-blood-test"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "JSmith"; "2014-06-24T15:58:42Z"; "Any measurement of a protein that catalyzes chemical reactions of other substances without itself being destroyed or altered upon completion of the reaction(s) in a specified sample of blood."; "Not4Curation"; rdfs:label "blood enzyme measurement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease that involving errors in metabolic processes of building or degradation of molecules."; ; "ICD10CM:E88.9", "ICD9CM:277.9", "MESH:D008659", "NCI:C3235", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:30390004", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:75934005", "UMLS_CUI:C0025517"; "Metabolic Disorder", "metabolic disease"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0014667"; , , ; rdfs:label "disease of metabolism"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/metabolic-disorders"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An acquired metabolic disease that is characterized by abnormal carbohydrate metabolism."; ; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050013"; ; rdfs:label "carbohydrate metabolism disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3e9ff3; "A disease that is the consequence of the presence of pathogenic microbial agents, including pathogenic viruses, pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites, and aberrant proteins known as prions."; ; "infectious disease"; "DOID:10115", "DOID:11078", "DOID:1304", "DOID:1321", "DOID:2040", "DOID:2288", "DOID:3099", "DOID:4120", "DOID:4620", "DOID:5256", "DOID:945", "DOID:95", "DOID:9532", "DOID:9696"; "ICD9CM:079.0", "UMLS_CUI:C0001485"; "infectious disease"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050117"; , , ; rdfs:comment "DO:wk"; rdfs:label "disease by infectious agent" . _:3e9ff3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A nervous system disease which is located in a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information that consists of sensory receptors, neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception. Commonly recognized sensory systems are those for vision, hearing, somatic sensation (touch), taste and olfaction (smell)."; ; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050155"; , , ; rdfs:label "sensory system disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A respiratory system disease which involves the lower respiratory tract."; ; "ICD9CM:478.1", "ICD9CM:478.19", "UMLS_CUI:C0029581"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050161"; rdfs:label "lower respiratory tract disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A genetic disease that is the result of one or more abnormal alleles and may be dominant, semi-dominant, or recessive."; ; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050177"; , ; rdfs:label "monogenic disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A bacterial infectious disease that results_in infection by bacteria as a result of their presence or activity within the normal, healthy host, and their intrinsic virulence is, in part, a necessary consequence of their need to reproduce and spread."; ; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050338"; ; rdfs:label "primary bacterial infectious disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A central nervous system disease characterized by throbbing, pulling creeping or other unpleasant sensations in the legs and the irresistible urge to move them."; ; "EFO:0004270", "GARD:11926", "ICD10CM:G25.81", "ICD9CM:333.94", "MESH:D012148", "NCI:C84501", "OMIM:PS102300", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:32914008", "UMLS_CUI:C0035258"; "WED", "Willis-Ekbom disease", "Wittmaack-Ekbom syndrome"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050425"; ; rdfs:comment "Xref MGI."; rdfs:label "restless legs syndrome"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#RestlessLegSyndrome", "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/sleep-disorders/periodic-limb-movements-and-restless-legs"; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "A heart conduction disease that is characterized by abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG) findings and an increased risk of sudden cardiac death."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23538271"; "ICD10CM:I49.8", "MESH:D053840", "OMIM:PS601144", "ORDO:130", "UMLS_CUI:C1142166", "UMLS_CUI:C1721096"; "Bangungut", "Brugada type idiopathic ventricular fibrillation", "Dream disease", "Pokkuri death syndrome", "SUNDS", "sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050451"; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."; rdfs:label "Brugada syndrome"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A congenital nervous system abnormality characterized by the absence of folds in the cerebral cortex and caused_by defective neuronal migration during the 12th to 24th weeks of gestation."; ; "GARD:12291", "ICD10CM:Q04.3", "ICD10CM:Q04.8", "MESH:D054082", "NCI:C103921", "OMIM:300067", "OMIM:300215", "OMIM:607432", "OMIM:611603", "OMIM:614019", "OMIM:615191", "ORDO:102009", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:23024003", "UMLS_CUI:C0266463", "UMLS_CUI:C0266483"; "Lissencephaly is a malformation of cortical development, where there is deficient gyration (folding) in the cerebral cortex, resulting in absent gyri (agyria) and/or broad simple gyri (pachygyria)."; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050453"; , , ; rdfs:comment """Xref MGI. OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."""; rdfs:label "lissencephaly"; true . _:3ea003 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Lissencephaly is a malformation of cortical development, where there is deficient gyration (folding) in the cerebral cortex, resulting in absent gyri (agyria) and/or broad simple gyri (pachygyria)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/lissencephaly-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A chromosomal deletion syndrome that is characterized by distinct craniofacial features, hypotonia and intellectual disability and has_material_basis_in a microdeletion of the short arm of chromosome 4."; ; "DOID:6684"; "GARD:7896", "ICD10CM:Q93.3", "MESH:D054877", "NCI:C35528", "OMIM:194190", "ORDO:280", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:17122004", "UMLS_CUI:C0796117", "UMLS_CUI:C1956097"; "Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome results from the partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4. The abnormality results in developmental delay, intellectual impairment (severe), hypotonia and epilepsy, and a number of dysmorphic features (microcephaly, micrognathia, short philtrum, epicanthic folds, high forehead, prominent glabella, ocular hypertelorism, dysplastic ears and peri-auricular tags). The nose may have a 'Greek helmet' appearance. There may also be congenital heart defects, hypospadias, colobomata of the iris, renal anomalies, cleft lip and/or palate and deafness. Immune disorders including common variable immunodeficiency and IgA deficiency may occur. Neuroimaging may show abnormalities of the corpus callosum or cerebellum, or other abnormality. Most cases are sporadic, with 10% inherited from a parent with a translocation. Seizures occur in the majority (>90%), typically starting in the first three years of life, with generalized tonic-clonic or hemiclonic seizures facilitated by fever (resulting in seizure clusters or status epilepticus) seen at that time. Epileptic spasms, atypical absences and focal seizures may also occur. EEG patterns of two types are recognized - diffuse, atypical slow sharp/spike-and-wave complexes in long bursts activated by slow wave sleep or high amplitude fast spike/polyspike-and-wave with posterior emphasis, triggered by eye closure. Seizures are usually well-controlled with monotherapy and improve with age. Routine karyotype assessment may not allow diagnosis of this syndrome, FISH analysis with sub-telomeric region-specific probes or CGH microarray are usually necessary."; "4p deletion syndrome", "PITT SYNDROME", "Pitt-Rogers-Danks Syndrome", "Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (del 4p)", "chromosome 4p16.3 deletion syndrome"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050460"; , ; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [LS]."; rdfs:label "Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome"; true; true . _:3ea013 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome results from the partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4. The abnormality results in developmental delay, intellectual impairment (severe), hypotonia and epilepsy, and a number of dysmorphic features (microcephaly, micrognathia, short philtrum, epicanthic folds, high forehead, prominent glabella, ocular hypertelorism, dysplastic ears and peri-auricular tags). The nose may have a 'Greek helmet' appearance. There may also be congenital heart defects, hypospadias, colobomata of the iris, renal anomalies, cleft lip and/or palate and deafness. Immune disorders including common variable immunodeficiency and IgA deficiency may occur. Neuroimaging may show abnormalities of the corpus callosum or cerebellum, or other abnormality. Most cases are sporadic, with 10% inherited from a parent with a translocation. Seizures occur in the majority (>90%), typically starting in the first three years of life, with generalized tonic-clonic or hemiclonic seizures facilitated by fever (resulting in seizure clusters or status epilepticus) seen at that time. Epileptic spasms, atypical absences and focal seizures may also occur. EEG patterns of two types are recognized - diffuse, atypical slow sharp/spike-and-wave complexes in long bursts activated by slow wave sleep or high amplitude fast spike/polyspike-and-wave with posterior emphasis, triggered by eye closure. Seizures are usually well-controlled with monotherapy and improve with age. Routine karyotype assessment may not allow diagnosis of this syndrome, FISH analysis with sub-telomeric region-specific probes or CGH microarray are usually necessary."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/chromosomal-abnormalities-overview.html#wolf" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A childhood electroclinical syndrome that is characterized by frequent seizures and intellectual disability that present in early childhood."; ; "GARD:9912", "OMIM:606369", "ORDO:2382"; "This syndrome is characterized by the presence multiple types of intractable seizures (in particular tonic seizures in sleep, but atonic and atypical absence seizures also occur), cognitive and behavioral impairments and diffuse slow spike-and-wave and paroxysms of fast activity on EEG."; "Lennox syndrome"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050561"; rdfs:label "Lennox-Gastaut syndrome"; true . _:3ea023 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This syndrome is characterized by the presence multiple types of intractable seizures (in particular tonic seizures in sleep, but atonic and atypical absence seizures also occur), cognitive and behavioral impairments and diffuse slow spike-and-wave and paroxysms of fast activity on EEG."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/lgs-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An infancy electroclinical syndrome that is characterized by infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia on electroencephalogram and intellectual disability."; ; "GARD:7887", "MESH:D013036", "NCI:C84788", "ORDO:3451"; "West syndrome is characterized by the onset of epileptic spasms, typically in the first year of life. Global developmental impairment (with or without regression) is typically seen."; "disease_ontology"; "Infantile spasms syndrome"; "DOID:0050562"; ; rdfs:label "West syndrome"; true; true; true . _:3ea033 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "West syndrome is characterized by the onset of epileptic spasms, typically in the first year of life. Global developmental impairment (with or without regression) is typically seen."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/west-syndrome-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An intestinal disease characterized by inflammation located_in all parts of digestive tract."; ; "EFO:0003767", "KEGG:05321", "MESH:D015212", "NCI:C3138", "OMIM:PS266600", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:24526004", "UMLS_CUI:C0021390"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050589"; , ; rdfs:comment """Xref MGI. OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."""; rdfs:label "inflammatory bowel disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A sleep disorder that involves an altered circadian rhythm resulting in falling asleep in early evening and awaking very early in the morning."; ; "OMIM:PS604348", "ORDO:164736"; "familial advanced sleep-phase syndrome"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050628"; ; rdfs:comment "Xref MGI."; rdfs:label "advanced sleep phase syndrome"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#AdvancedSleepPhaseSyndrome"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A hemiplegia characterized by recurrent episodes of temporary weakness or complete paralysis on one or both sides of the body."; ; "GARD:11", "ICD10CM:G98", "MESH:C536589", "OMIM:104290", "OMIM:614820", "ORDO:2131"; "Alternating hemiplegia of childhood is a rare disorder, with onset in the first year of life, characterised by recurrent attacks of hemiplegia affecting either side of the body. There may be bilateral weakness from the onset of episodes or during the attacks. Attacks may last minutes to more than half an hour. Other signs include nystagmus, pallor, crying, eye deviation, autonomic symptoms and dystonic and tonic elements during the episodes, with choreoathetosis between episodes. Events may be mistaken for focal seizures. Parkinsonian features may develop over time. Events may be triggered by stress, water, certain foods and exercise. Sleep allows the symptoms in an episode to resolve, however they may return 10-20 minutes after waking. Affected infants have learning disability and abnormal motor development. A significant proportion of individuals will also have focal seizures. The vast majority of individuals (about 80%), have mutations in the ATP1A3 gene."; "AHC", "Alternating hemiplegia"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050635"; ; rdfs:comment """Xref MGI. OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."""; rdfs:label "alternating hemiplegia of childhood"; true . _:3ea043 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Alternating hemiplegia of childhood is a rare disorder, with onset in the first year of life, characterised by recurrent attacks of hemiplegia affecting either side of the body. There may be bilateral weakness from the onset of episodes or during the attacks. Attacks may last minutes to more than half an hour. Other signs include nystagmus, pallor, crying, eye deviation, autonomic symptoms and dystonic and tonic elements during the episodes, with choreoathetosis between episodes. Events may be mistaken for focal seizures. Parkinsonian features may develop over time. Events may be triggered by stress, water, certain foods and exercise. Sleep allows the symptoms in an episode to resolve, however they may return 10-20 minutes after waking. Affected infants have learning disability and abnormal motor development. A significant proportion of individuals will also have focal seizures. The vast majority of individuals (about 80%), have mutations in the ATP1A3 gene."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#alt-hemiplegia" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A heart disease and a myopathy that is characterized by deterioration of the function of the heart muscle."; ; "lschriml"; "2012-01-03T02:54:11Z"; "ICD10CM:I42", "ICD10CM:I42.9", "ICD10CM:I51.5", "ICD9CM:425", "ICD9CM:425.9", "MESH:D009202", "NCI:C34830", "NCI:C53654", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:20072003", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:57809008", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:85898001", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:89461002", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:89600009", "UMLS_CUI:C0033141", "UMLS_CUI:C0036529", "UMLS_CUI:C0878544"; "Cardiomyopathies"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050700"; , ; rdfs:comment "MESH:D009202 added from NeuroDevNet [WAK]."; rdfs:label "cardiomyopathy"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/cardiac-disorders"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A neonatal period electroclinical syndrome that is characterized by tonic spasms and partial seizures."; ; "lschriml"; "2012-05-10T10:02:58Z"; "DOID:2481"; "GARD:9255", "OMIM:PS308350", "ORDO:1934"; "Ohtahara syndrome (also known as early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, EIEE) is a syndrome characterized by frequent intractable seizures and severe early encephalopathy resulting in limited development and reduced life expectancy. Tonic seizures predominate, myoclonic seizures are uncommon, distinguishing this syndrome from early myoclonic encephalopathy. Treatable metabolic etiologies (especially pyridoxine and pyridoxal-5-phosphate disorders) should be excluded early."; "Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy with Burst-Suppression", "Ohtahara syndrome"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050709"; rdfs:label "early infantile epileptic encephalopathy"; true; true; true . _:3ea053 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Ohtahara syndrome (also known as early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, EIEE) is a syndrome characterized by frequent intractable seizures and severe early encephalopathy resulting in limited development and reduced life expectancy. Tonic seizures predominate, myoclonic seizures are uncommon, distinguishing this syndrome from early myoclonic encephalopathy. Treatable metabolic etiologies (especially pyridoxine and pyridoxal-5-phosphate disorders) should be excluded early."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/ohtahara-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An autosomal genetic disease that is characterized by the presence of one disease-associated mutation of a gene which is sufficient to cause the disease."; ; "lschriml"; "2012-07-24T12:51:47Z"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050736"; rdfs:label "autosomal dominant disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A monogenic disease that has_material_basis_in a mutation in a single gene on one of the non-sex chromosomes."; ; "lschriml"; "2012-07-24T04:45:53Z"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050739"; ; rdfs:label "autosomal genetic disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A substance dependence that is characterized by tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, increasing use, persistent desire to decrease consumption, time spent obtaining or recovering from alcohol caused by a physical and psychological dependence on alcohol."; ; "lschriml"; "2012-09-05T11:48:42Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14594442"; "EFO:0003829", "KEGG:05034", "OMIM:103780", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:66590003"; "alcoholism"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050741"; , ; rdfs:label "alcohol dependence"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A substance dependence that is characterized by a physical dependence on nicotine."; ; "lschriml"; "2012-09-05T11:48:42Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24441294"; "EFO:0003768", "ICD10CM:F17", "ICD10CM:F17.2", "ICD10CM:F17.20", "MESH:D014029", "NCI:C54203", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:56294008", "UMLS_CUI:C0028043"; "Nicotine use", "tobacco use disorder"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050742"; ; rdfs:label "nicotine dependence"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A vascular disease that is located_in an artery."; ; "lschriml"; "2014-02-12T03:08:35Z"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050828"; rdfs:label "artery disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A sleep disorder characterized by repeated cessation and commencing of breathing that repeatedly disrupts sleep."; ; "lschriml"; "2014-03-20T03:57:22Z"; "ICD10CM:G47.3", "ICD10CM:G47.30", "ICD9CM:780.57", "MESH:D012891", "NCI:C26884", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:73430006", "UMLS_CUI:C0037315"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050847"; ; rdfs:label "sleep apnea" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A sleep apnea that is characterized by repeated collapse and obstruction of the upper airway during sleep, which results in reduced airflow (hypopnea) or complete airflow cessation (apnea), oxygen desaturation, and arousals from sleep."; ; "lschriml"; "2014-03-20T03:57:22Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1169/#adnfle.Clinical_Characteristics"; "ICD10CM:G47.33", "ICD9CM:327.23", "MESH:D020181", "NCI:C116337", "NCI:C27168", "OMIM:107650", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:78275009", "UMLS_CUI:C0520679"; "obstructive sleep apnea syndrome"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050848"; ; rdfs:comment "Xref MGI."; rdfs:label "obstructive sleep apnea"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#ObstructiveSleepApnea"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by slowly progressive incoordination of gait and often associated with poor coordination of hands, speech, and eye movements."; ; "lschriml"; "2015-10-05T14:38:17Z"; "GARD:6614"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050951"; rdfs:label "hereditary ataxia" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An episodic ataxia that is characterized by periodic ataxia and frequent myokymic discharges, and has_material_basis_in autosomal dominant inheritance of mutation in the potassium channel gene KCNA1."; ; "lschriml"; "2015-10-06T16:26:26Z"; "OMIM:160120"; "Episodic ataxia 1 is associated with mutations in a potassium ion channel gene KCNA1. Brief episodes of cerebellar ataxia lasting seconds or minutes are triggered by sudden movements, emotion or intercurrent illness."; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050989"; rdfs:label "episodic ataxia type 1"; true . _:3ea063 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Episodic ataxia 1 is associated with mutations in a potassium ion channel gene KCNA1. Brief episodes of cerebellar ataxia lasting seconds or minutes are triggered by sudden movements, emotion or intercurrent illness."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#episodic-ataxias" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An episodic ataxia that is characterized by periodic ataxia and nystagmus, and has_material_basis_in autosomal dominant inheritance of mutation in the calcium channel gene CACNA1A."; ; "lschriml"; "2015-10-06T16:26:26Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27025991"; "OMIM:108500"; "EA2 is characterised by periods of cerebellar ataxia lasting minutes to hours, which are triggered by physical and emotional stress. Gait and upper limb ataxia may be accompanied by dysarthria, nystagmus, vertigo, nausea and headache. EA2 can be distinguished from seizures by recognition of triggers, family history and retention of awareness during events. EA2 is associated with mutations in the calcium ion channel gene CACNA1A. Variants in this gene are associated with familial hemiplegic migraine and spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 and some phenotypic overlap with these disorders may occur. There may be gaze-evoked nystagmus in between episodes and over time vertical nystagmus may develop."; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0050990"; rdfs:label "episodic ataxia type 2"; true; true . _:3ea073 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "EA2 is characterised by periods of cerebellar ataxia lasting minutes to hours, which are triggered by physical and emotional stress. Gait and upper limb ataxia may be accompanied by dysarthria, nystagmus, vertigo, nausea and headache. EA2 can be distinguished from seizures by recognition of triggers, family history and retention of awareness during events. EA2 is associated with mutations in the calcium ion channel gene CACNA1A. Variants in this gene are associated with familial hemiplegic migraine and spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 and some phenotypic overlap with these disorders may occur. There may be gaze-evoked nystagmus in between episodes and over time vertical nystagmus may develop."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#episodic-ataxias" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An autoimmune hypersensitivity disease located_in the central nervous system."; ; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060004"; rdfs:label "autoimmune disease of central nervous system" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An autoimmune hypersensitivity disease that is the abnormal functioning of the immune system that causes your immune system to produce antibodies or T cells against cells and/or tissues in the gastrointestinal tract."; ; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060031"; rdfs:label "autoimmune disease of gastrointestinal tract" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "An autoimmune hypersensitivity disease that is the abnormal functioning of the immune system that causes your immune system to produce antibodies or T cells against cells and/or tissues in the musculoskeletal system."; ; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060032"; rdfs:label "autoimmune disease of musculoskeletal system" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "An autoimmune disease of the nervous system that is the abnormal functioning of the immune system that causes your immune system to produce antibodies or T cells against cells and/or tissues in the peripheral nervous system."; ; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060033"; rdfs:label "autoimmune disease of peripheral nervous system" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A cardiomyopathy that is characterized as weakness in the muscle of the heart that is not due to an identifiable external cause."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31327513"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060036"; rdfs:label "intrinsic cardiomyopathy"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease of mental health that occur during a child's developmental period between birth and age 18 resulting in retarding of the child's psychological or physical development."; ; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060037"; rdfs:label "developmental disorder of mental health" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A developmental disorder of mental health that categorizes specific learning disabilities and developmental disorders affecting coordination."; ; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060038"; rdfs:label "specific developmental disorder" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "An autoimmune hypersensitivity disease that is the abnormal functioning of the immune system that causes your immune system to produce antibodies or T cells against cells and/or tissues in the skin and connective tissue."; ; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060039"; rdfs:label "autoimmune disease of skin and connective tissue" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A developmental disorder of mental health that refers to a group of five disorders characterized by impairments in socialization and communication, as well as restricted interests and repetitive behaviors."; ; "DOID:1208"; "ICD9CM:299.80", "UMLS_CUI:C0154451"; "pervasive development disorder"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060040"; rdfs:label "pervasive developmental disorder" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A pervasive developmental disorder that is a spectrum of psychological conditions. The disease has_symptom widespread abnormalities of social interactions and communication, has_symptom severely restricted interests and has_symptom highly repetitive behavior."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30691036"; "GARD:10248", "MESH:D000067877"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060041"; ; rdfs:label "autism spectrum disorder"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#AutismSpectrumDisorder"; true; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease of mental health that involves the impairment in normal sexual functioning."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28775613"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060043"; rdfs:label "sexual disorder"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A learning disability that involves impaired written language ability such as impairments in handwriting, spelling, organization of ideas, and composition."; ; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060047"; rdfs:label "writing disorder" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An immune system disease that has_material_basis_in abnormal immune responses."; ; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060056"; rdfs:label "hypersensitivity reaction disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease of cellular proliferation that results in abnormal growths in the body which lack the ability to metastasize."; ; "lschriml"; "2011-05-11T12:18:41Z"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060072"; , , ; rdfs:label "benign neoplasm" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A benign neoplasm that is classified by the type of cell or tissue from which it is derived."; ; "lschriml"; "2011-07-14T11:59:48Z"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060084"; rdfs:label "cell type benign neoplasm" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A benign neoplasm that is classified by the organ system from which it is arising from."; ; "lschriml"; "2011-07-14T12:12:23Z"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060085"; ; rdfs:label "organ system benign neoplasm" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "A central nervous system benign neoplasm that is characterized by lack of malignancy."; ; "lschriml"; "2011-07-14T01:45:15Z"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060090"; rdfs:label "central nervous system benign neoplasm" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An organ system benign neoplasm disease located_in the blood, heart, blood vessels or the lymphatic system."; ; "lschriml"; "2011-07-14T01:45:15Z"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060091"; rdfs:label "cardiovascular organ benign neoplasm" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A brain cancer that has_material_basis_in glial cells."; ; "lschriml"; "2011-07-22T12:42:50Z"; "lower grade glioma"; "disease_ontology"; "Low Grade Glioma"; "DOID:0060108"; , ; rdfs:label "brain glioma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#LowGradeGlioma"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An organ system benign neoplasm that is located_in the central nervous system or located_in the peripheral nervous system."; ; "lschriml"; "2011-07-25T12:47:43Z"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060115"; rdfs:label "nervous system benign neoplasm" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An agnosia that is a loss of the ability to visually recognize objects."; ; "lschriml"; "2011-08-22T12:04:56Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29237192"; "MESH:C531604", "UMLS_CUI:C2930796"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060155"; rdfs:label "visual agnosia"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#VisualAgnosia"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease of metabolism that has _material_basis_in enzyme deficiency or accumulation of enzymes or toxins which interfere with normal function due to an endocrine organ disease, organ malfunction, inadequate intake, dietary deficiency, or malabsorption."; ; "lschriml"; "2011-08-24T02:53:03Z"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060158"; ; rdfs:label "acquired metabolic disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "An infancy electroclinical syndrome that is characterized by convulsions, with onset at age 3 to 12 months."; ; "lschriml"; "2011-10-28T02:55:02Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12503648"; "GARD:1518", "GARD:857", "OMIM:601764", "OMIM:605751", "OMIM:607745", "OMIM:612627", "ORDO:306"; "BFIC", "BFIE", "Benign familial infantile seizures", "benign familial infantile convulsion", "benign familial infantile seizures"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060169"; ; rdfs:comment "Xref MGI."; rdfs:label "benign familial infantile epilepsy"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "An adolescence-adult electroclinical syndrome statring between the age of ten to 17 years characterized by the occurrence of typical absence seizures."; ; "lschriml"; "2011-11-08T10:42:18Z"; "This genetic/idiopathic generalized epilepsy is characterized by absence seizures that are not very frequent in an otherwise normal adolescent or adult. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures typically also occur. With absence seizures in a child aged between 8 and 12 years, a diagnosis of juvenile absence epilepsy or childhood absence epilepsy depends on the frequency of the absence seizures."; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060172"; rdfs:comment "JA:Epilepsy Genetics Kiel"; rdfs:label "juvenile absence epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#JuvenileAbsenceEpilepsy"; true; ""; true . _:3ea083 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This genetic/idiopathic generalized epilepsy is characterized by absence seizures that are not very frequent in an otherwise normal adolescent or adult. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures typically also occur. With absence seizures in a child aged between 8 and 12 years, a diagnosis of juvenile absence epilepsy or childhood absence epilepsy depends on the frequency of the absence seizures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/jae-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A migraine with aura that is characterized by temporary numbness or weakness, often affecting one side of the body (hemiparesis). Additional features of an aura can include difficulty with speech, confusion, and drowsiness."; ; "lschriml"; "2011-11-08T02:54:32Z"; "GARD:10975", "ICD10CM:G43.8", "ICD9CM:346.8", "ORDO:569", "UMLS_CUI:C0477373"; "Familial hemiplegic migraine is a subtype of migraine with aura in which focal weakness with or without speech disturbance, visual symptoms and paraesthesia develop prior to the onset of headache. Confusion and, in rare severe cases, coma may accompany weakness."; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060178"; , ; rdfs:comment "Xref MGI."; rdfs:label "familial hemiplegic migraine"; true . _:3ea093 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Familial hemiplegic migraine is a subtype of migraine with aura in which focal weakness with or without speech disturbance, visual symptoms and paraesthesia develop prior to the onset of headache. Confusion and, in rare severe cases, coma may accompany weakness."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#fam-hemimigraine" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A language disorder characterized by difficulty in language acquisition despite otherwise normal development and in the absence of any obvious explanatory factors."; ; "emitraka"; "2015-01-28T16:29:51Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15797356"; "OMIM:606711", "OMIM:606712", "OMIM:607134", "OMIM:612514", "OMIM:615432"; "language impairment"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060244"; rdfs:comment "NT MGI."; rdfs:label "specific language impairment"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An epilepsy characterized by seizures triggered by visual stimuli that form patterns in space or time, such as flashing lights."; ; "emitraka"; "2015-02-04T16:15:55Z"; "GARD:5648", "ICD10CM:G40.8", "OMIM:132100", "OMIM:609572", "OMIM:609573", "ORDO:166409"; "photogenic epilepsy", "photoparoxysmal response"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060281"; ; rdfs:comment "NT MGI."; rdfs:label "photosensitive epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/photosensitive-epilepsy#.Xl9_lqgzbIV"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A congestive heart failure characterized by a sudden stop in effective blood circulation due to the failure of the heart to contract effectively or at all."; ; "emitraka"; "2015-02-25T15:12:30Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22916156"; "ICD10CM:I46", "ICD9CM:427.5", "MESH:D006323", "NCI:C50479", "NCI:C50483", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:30298009", "UMLS_CUI:C0018790", "UMLS_CUI:C0600228"; "cardiopulmonary arrest", "circulatory arrest"; "disease_ontology"; "Cardiac asystole", "Sudden cardiac arrest"; "DOID:0060319"; ; rdfs:label "cardiac arrest"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/cardiac-disorders"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "A spina bifida characterized by protrusion of the spinal cord through an opening, covered by meningeal membranes."; ; "emitraka"; "2015-02-25T17:47:25Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20430655"; "ICD10CM:Q05", "MESH:D008591", "NCI:C101201", "NCI:C98874", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:7096005", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:82058009", "UMLS_CUI:C0025312", "UMLS_CUI:C0086664", "UMLS_CUI:C0751316"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060326"; ; rdfs:label "myelomeningocele"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A chromosomal deletion syndrome that is characterized by intellectual dsability, developmental delay, autism spectrum disorder and seizure, has_material_basis_in autosomal dominant inheritance of partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 15."; ; "elvira"; "2015-09-28T16:23:21Z"; "GARD:10296", "ICD10CM:Q93.5", "MESH:C567439", "OMIM:612001", "ORDO:199318"; "This chromosomal abnormality is associated with intellectual impairment, developmental delay and epilepsy. Seizures of various types may occur, however these are typically generalized (myoclonic, absence and generalized tonic-clonic). Dysmorphic features may include everted lips, deep-set eyes, upslanting palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, synophris, prominent philtrum and hypotonic facies. A CGH microarray is usually the most useful diagnostic test."; "15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060394"; ; rdfs:label "chromosome 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome"; true . _:3ea0a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This chromosomal abnormality is associated with intellectual impairment, developmental delay and epilepsy. Seizures of various types may occur, however these are typically generalized (myoclonic, absence and generalized tonic-clonic). Dysmorphic features may include everted lips, deep-set eyes, upslanting palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, synophris, prominent philtrum and hypotonic facies. A CGH microarray is usually the most useful diagnostic test."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/chromosomal-abnormalities-overview.html#15q13" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "elvira"; "2015-09-28T17:05:53Z"; "ICD10CM:Q93.5", "MESH:C536580", "OMIM:601808", "ORDO:1600"; "This chromosomal abnormality is associated with intellectual impairment (moderate-severe), behavioral disorder, epilepsy and dysmorphic features including microcephaly, turricephaly, deep-set-eyes, broad nasal bridge, high arched or cleft palate, carp shaped mouth and small hands and feet. Cardiac defects may occur. Neuroimaging shows abnormal myelination, and may show cerebellar hypoplasia. Seizures are of early onset and seizures with focal autonomic seizures features are common (which may result in cardiac arrhythmia and apnoea). It is notable that this chromosome deletion may include the TCF4 gene, which is mutated in Pitt Hopkins Syndrome."; "18q- syndrome", "deletion 18q", "monosomy 18q"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060407"; ; rdfs:label "chromosome 18q deletion syndrome"; true . _:3ea0b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This chromosomal abnormality is associated with intellectual impairment (moderate-severe), behavioral disorder, epilepsy and dysmorphic features including microcephaly, turricephaly, deep-set-eyes, broad nasal bridge, high arched or cleft palate, carp shaped mouth and small hands and feet. Cardiac defects may occur. Neuroimaging shows abnormal myelination, and may show cerebellar hypoplasia. Seizures are of early onset and seizures with focal autonomic seizures features are common (which may result in cardiac arrhythmia and apnoea). It is notable that this chromosome deletion may include the TCF4 gene, which is mutated in Pitt Hopkins Syndrome."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/chromosomal-abnormalities-overview.html#18q-" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "elvira"; "2015-09-28T17:14:10Z"; "GARD:6082", "MESH:C535362", "NCI:C74983", "OMIM:607872", "ORDO:1606", "UMLS_CUI:C1842870"; "This chromosomal abnormality results in intellectual impairment (moderate to severe), epilepsy and multiple congenital abnormalities. Dysmorphic features include microcephaly, brachycephaly, large and late-closing anterior fontanelle, prominent forehead, straight (horizontal) eyebrows, deep-set eyes, short palpebral fissure, broad nasal bridge, midface hypoplasia, hypotonic facies, low-set abnormal ears, pointed chin and shortened hands and feet. Sensorineural hearing loss, skeletal, urogenital and cardiac defects may occur. Neuroimaging may show a range of structural brain abnormalities. Seizures occur in >50% of cases, typically starting in infancy or childhood with many types of seizures seen, including epileptic spasms, generalized and focal seizures. Seizures may cluster during febrile illness. Some patients may have Ohtahara syndrome. Seizure control is usually not difficult to achieve. Routine karyotype assessment may not allow diagnosis of this syndrome, FISH analysis with sub-telomeric region-specific probes or CGH microarray are usually necessary."; "1p36 deletion syndrome", "deletion 1p36", "monosomy 1p36"; "disease_ontology"; "subtelomeric 1p36 deletion"; "DOID:0060410"; , ; rdfs:label "chromosome 1p36 deletion syndrome"; true . _:3ea0c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This chromosomal abnormality results in intellectual impairment (moderate to severe), epilepsy and multiple congenital abnormalities. Dysmorphic features include microcephaly, brachycephaly, large and late-closing anterior fontanelle, prominent forehead, straight (horizontal) eyebrows, deep-set eyes, short palpebral fissure, broad nasal bridge, midface hypoplasia, hypotonic facies, low-set abnormal ears, pointed chin and shortened hands and feet. Sensorineural hearing loss, skeletal, urogenital and cardiac defects may occur. Neuroimaging may show a range of structural brain abnormalities. Seizures occur in >50% of cases, typically starting in infancy or childhood with many types of seizures seen, including epileptic spasms, generalized and focal seizures. Seizures may cluster during febrile illness. Some patients may have Ohtahara syndrome. Seizure control is usually not difficult to achieve. Routine karyotype assessment may not allow diagnosis of this syndrome, FISH analysis with sub-telomeric region-specific probes or CGH microarray are usually necessary."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/chromosomal-abnormalities-overview.html#del" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A syndrome characterized by classical lissencephaly and distinct facial features and has_material_basis_in submicroscopic deletions of 17p13.3, including the LIS1 gene."; ; "elvira"; "2015-11-17T16:22:00Z"; "ICD10CM:Q93.88", "MESH:D054221", "NCI:C124852", "OMIM:247200", "ORDO:531", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:43849007", "UMLS_CUI:C0265219"; "This clinical syndrome may arise from a microdeletion in chromosome 17p (17p13.3 microdeletion) or from other chromosomal abnormalities (e.g. translocations, ring chromosome, contiguous deletions) affecting 17p. The LIS1 gene is located on 17p and this syndrome includes the presence of classical (type 1) lissencephaly. The children have distinctive facial features with a short upturned nose, thickened upper lip with a thin vermillion upper border, frontal bossing, small jaw, low-set posteriorly rotated ears, sunken appearance in the middle of the face, widely spaced eyes, and hypertelorism. The forehead is prominent with bitemporal hollowing. Most (80%) of cases are sporadic, with 20% of cases inherited from an unaffected parent with a balanced translocation. Renal malformations and omphalocele have also been reported."; "MDS", "Miller dieker syndrome (del 17p)", "Miller-Dieker syndrome"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060469"; , ; rdfs:label "Miller-Dieker lissencephaly syndrome"; true . _:3ea0d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This clinical syndrome may arise from a microdeletion in chromosome 17p (17p13.3 microdeletion) or from other chromosomal abnormalities (e.g. translocations, ring chromosome, contiguous deletions) affecting 17p. The LIS1 gene is located on 17p and this syndrome includes the presence of classical (type 1) lissencephaly. The children have distinctive facial features with a short upturned nose, thickened upper lip with a thin vermillion upper border, frontal bossing, small jaw, low-set posteriorly rotated ears, sunken appearance in the middle of the face, widely spaced eyes, and hypertelorism. The forehead is prominent with bitemporal hollowing. Most (80%) of cases are sporadic, with 20% of cases inherited from an unaffected parent with a balanced translocation. Renal malformations and omphalocele have also been reported."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/chromosomal-abnormalities-overview.html#millerdieker" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A hypersensitivity reaction type I disease triggered by a drug."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1831121"; "disease_ontology"; "Allergic rash"; "DOID:0060500"; ; rdfs:label "drug allergy"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A frontal lobe epilepsy that is characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance with childhood onset of clusters of brief nocturnal motor seizures with hyperkinetic or tonic manifestations."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83677/"; "GARD:11918", "OMIM:PS600513", "ORDO:98784"; "Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy is a familial epilepsy with focal seizures beginning most commonly in childhood, although sporadic cases may occur. Brief nocturnal frontal lobe seizures with hyperkinetic, tonic or dystonic motor features are seen. Treatment with low dose carbamazepine is effective, however 30% of cases are resistant to treatment. Interictal EEG is often normal but may show anterior epileptiform abnormalities, typically in sleep. Mutations have been identified in genes coding for different subunits of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in 15% of familial cases, and in some sporadic cases."; "ADNFLE", "ENFL"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0060681"; ; rdfs:label "autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#AutosomalDominantNocturnalFrontalLobeEpilepsy"; ""; true . _:3ea0e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy is a familial epilepsy with focal seizures beginning most commonly in childhood, although sporadic cases may occur. Brief nocturnal frontal lobe seizures with hyperkinetic, tonic or dystonic motor features are seen. Treatment with low dose carbamazepine is effective, however 30% of cases are resistant to treatment. Interictal EEG is often normal but may show anterior epileptiform abnormalities, typically in sleep. Mutations have been identified in genes coding for different subunits of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in 15% of familial cases, and in some sporadic cases."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/adnfle-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A connective tissue disease that affects the structure or development of bone or causes an impairment of normal bone function."; ; "DOID:1290"; "ICD10CM:M89.9", "MESH:D001847", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:76069003", "UMLS_CUI:C0005940"; "disease_ontology"; "skeletal disease"; "DOID:0080001"; rdfs:label "bone disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease that has_material_basis_in a genetic abnormality, error with embryonic development, infection or compromised intrauterine environment."; ; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0080015"; , , ; rdfs:label "physical disorder" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20430655"; "GARD:7673", "MESH:D016135"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0080016"; rdfs:label "spina bifida"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "lschriml"; "2015-10-19T14:41:42Z"; "GARD:4016", "OMIM:301410", "OMIM:601634"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0080074"; rdfs:label "neural tube defect" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome that is characterized by a clinical triad of psychomotor retardation, intractable epilepsy, and liver failure in infants and young children, and has_material_basis_in autosomal recessive inheritance of homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma on chromosome 15q26."; ; "DOID:1442"; "GARD:5783", "ICD10CM:G31.81", "MESH:D002549", "MTHICD9_2006:330.8", "NCI:C35257", "OMIM:203700", "ORDO:726", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:20415001", "UMLS_CUI:C0205710"; "Intractable seizures with status epilepticus and epilepsia partialis continua occur, with developmental regression and liver dysfunction. Caused by mutations in POLG."; "Alper's syndrome", "Alpers disease", "Alpers progressive infantile poliodystrophy", "Alpers syndrome", "Alpers' disease or gray-matter degeneration", "Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome", "progressive sclerosing poliodystrophy"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0080122"; , ; rdfs:label "mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 4a"; true . _:3ea0f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Intractable seizures with status epilepticus and epilepsia partialis continua occur, with developmental regression and liver dysfunction. Caused by mutations in POLG."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/metabolic-groupoverview.html#mitochondrial" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An early infantile epileptic encephalopathy that has_material_basis_in heterozygous mutation in the SCN1A gene on chromosome 2q24."; ; "DOID:0060171"; "GARD:10430", "OMIM:607208", "ORDO:33069"; "Dravet syndrome (previously known as severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy, SMEI), typically presents in the first year of life in a normal child with prolonged, febrile and afebrile, focal (usually hemiclonic) and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Other seizure types including myoclonic and atypical absence seizures appear between the age of 1 and 4 years. Seizures are usually intractable and from the second year of life children demonstrate cognitive and behaviour impairments. The clinical diagnosis is supported by the presence of abnormalities in the sodium channel gene SCN1A (found in 75% of cases)."; "early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 6"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0080422"; ; rdfs:label "Dravet syndrome"; true . _:3ea103 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Dravet syndrome (previously known as severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy, SMEI), typically presents in the first year of life in a normal child with prolonged, febrile and afebrile, focal (usually hemiclonic) and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Other seizure types including myoclonic and atypical absence seizures appear between the age of 1 and 4 years. Seizures are usually intractable and from the second year of life children demonstrate cognitive and behaviour impairments. The clinical diagnosis is supported by the presence of abnormalities in the sodium channel gene SCN1A (found in 75% of cases)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/dravet-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A sleep disorder characterized by an extreme evening preference, sleep-onset insomnia, and difficulty in awakening at the desired time."; ; "DSPD"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0111141"; rdfs:label "delayed sleep phase syndrome"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#DelayedSleepPhaseSyndrome"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A congenital nervous system abnormality characterized by migration of neurons to ectopic locations in the brain where the neurons form areas that appear as band-like clusters of white tissue underneath the gray tissue of the cerebral cortex."; ; "MESH:D054221", "NCI:C116933", "OMIM:600348", "ORDO:99796", "UMLS_CUI:C1848201"; "Subcortical band heterotopia is a malformation of cortical development, where there is a band of cortical cells (grey matter) located between the lateral ventricular wall and the cortex. The overlying cortex has a largely normal appearance, but may have mildly shallow sulcation. It occurs due to failure of migration of a population of neuronal cells to their correct location in the cerebral cortex. Subcortical band heterotopia is typically bilateral, symmetric and anterior-predominant.Occasionally subcortical band heterotopia can be bifrontal only, or rarely biparieto-occipital. Subcortical band heterotopia usually occurs in isolation, without other associated structural brain abnormalities, though mild cerebellar hypoplasia can occur with DCX mutations."; "HeCo", "band heterotopia", "double cortex syndrome", "heterotopic cortex", "subcortical laminar heterotopia"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0111169"; ; rdfs:label "subcortical band heterotopia"; true . _:3ea113 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Subcortical band heterotopia is a malformation of cortical development, where there is a band of cortical cells (grey matter) located between the lateral ventricular wall and the cortex. The overlying cortex has a largely normal appearance, but may have mildly shallow sulcation. It occurs due to failure of migration of a population of neuronal cells to their correct location in the cerebral cortex. Subcortical band heterotopia is typically bilateral, symmetric and anterior-predominant.Occasionally subcortical band heterotopia can be bifrontal only, or rarely biparieto-occipital. Subcortical band heterotopia usually occurs in isolation, without other associated structural brain abnormalities, though mild cerebellar hypoplasia can occur with DCX mutations."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/subcortical-heterotopia-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An autonomic nervous system disease characterized by onset in the neonatal period or infancy of paroxysms of rectal, ocular, or submandibular pain with flushing that has_material_basis_in heterozygous mutation in SCN9A on chromosome 2q24.3."; ; "GARD:12854", "MESH:C563475", "OMIM:167400", "ORDO:46348", "UMLS_CUI:C1833661"; "Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder is a rare genetic condition associated with mutations in the sodium ion channel gene SCN9A and is characterised by paroxysms of extreme pain. It was previously known as familial rectal pain syndrome."; "PEPD", "PEXPD", "familial rectal pain", "submandibular, ocular and rectal pain with flushing"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0111537"; rdfs:label "paroxysmal extreme pain disorder"; true . _:3ea123 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder is a rare genetic condition associated with mutations in the sodium ion channel gene SCN9A and is characterised by paroxysms of extreme pain. It was previously known as familial rectal pain syndrome."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#paro-extreme" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A vascular disease characterized by intracranial vascular anomaly, leptomeningeal angiomatosis, facial cutaneous vascular malformations, and glaucoma that has_material_basis_in somatic mutation in GNAQ on chromosome 9q21.2."; ; "GARD:7706", "MESH:D013341", "OMIM:185300", "ORDO:3205", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:19886006", "UMLS_CUI:C0038505"; "Sturge Weber syndrome is characterized by angiomas of the face, eye and leptomeninges. It is caused by an acquired somatic gene abnormality resulting in a gain of function in the GNAQ gene, in progenitor vascular cells."; "SWS", "Sturge-Weber-Dimitri syndrome", "Sturge-Weber-Krabbe angiomatosis", "Sturge-Weber-Krabbe syndrome", "encephalofacial angiomatosis", "encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis", "fourth phacomatosis", "leptomeningeal angiomatosis", "meningeal capillary angiomatosis"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:0111563"; rdfs:label "Sturge-Weber syndrome"; true . _:3ea133 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Sturge Weber syndrome is characterized by angiomas of the face, eye and leptomeninges. It is caused by an acquired somatic gene abnormality resulting in a gain of function in the GNAQ gene, in progenitor vascular cells."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/sturge-weber-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A migraine characterized by migraine headache which is preceded or accompanied by a transient focal neurological phenomenon."; ; "DOID:10025"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26198661"; "ICD10CM:G43.1", "ICD10CM:G43.109", "ICD9CM:346.0", "MESH:D020325", "NCI:C117005", "OMIM:609179", "OMIM:609670", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:4473006", "UMLS_CUI:C0154723"; "The visual aura of migraine preceding a headache can take a variety of forms but is typically in one visual field and contains positive phenomena such as flashes, arcs of lights (fortification spectra), specks, or flames and negative phenomena such as scotoma with blanking out or greying of the visual field."; "Migraine with visual aura", "classic migraine"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:10024"; ; rdfs:comment "Xref MGI."; rdfs:label "migraine with aura"; true; true . _:3ea143 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The visual aura of migraine preceding a headache can take a variety of forms but is typically in one visual field and contains positive phenomena such as flashes, arcs of lights (fortification spectra), specks, or flames and negative phenomena such as scotoma with blanking out or greying of the visual field."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#migraine-visaura" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A taeniasis that results from ingestion of eggs or larvae of the Taenia solium tapeworm in undercooked pork or fecally contaminated food or water, which subsequently infect the central nervous system, heart, muscles, subcutaneous tissues, and eyes. Neurocysticercosis causes seizures, mental disturbances, focal neurologic deficits and intracerebral lesions."; ; "DOID:10078", "DOID:14424"; "GARD:8194", "ICD10CM:B69", "ICD10CM:B69.9", "ICD9CM:123.1", "MESH:D003551", "MTHICD9_2006:123.0", "NCI:C34520", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:59051007", "UMLS_CUI:C0010678"; "Neurocysticercosis is caused by ingestion of food contaminated with Taenia solium eggs. Eggs hatch in the intestine, larvae migrate to the central nervous system and then form cysts. Cysts have four phases: 1) vesicular (asymptomatic); 2) colloidal (degeneration and inflammation); 3) granular nodular; and 4) calcification. Although seizures are most often associated with cyst degeneration, they can occur at any stage."; "Pork tapeworm infection", "Tapeworm infection: intestinal taenia solum", "Tapeworm infection: pork", "intestinal taenia solium infection", "neurocysticercosis", "tenia solium infectious disease"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:10079"; ; rdfs:label "cysticercosis"; true; true . _:3ea153 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Neurocysticercosis is caused by ingestion of food contaminated with Taenia solium eggs. Eggs hatch in the intestine, larvae migrate to the central nervous system and then form cysts. Cysts have four phases: 1) vesicular (asymptomatic); 2) colloidal (degeneration and inflammation); 3) granular nodular; and 4) calcification. Although seizures are most often associated with cyst degeneration, they can occur at any stage."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/infectious-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A trypanosomiasis that results from infection by Trypanosoma brucei and gambiense, which is transmitted by the bite of an infected tsetse fly (Glossina spp). The symptoms include fever, headache, joint pain, itching, confusion, sensory disturbances, poor coordination and sleep disturbances."; ; "CSP2005:2214-6161", "ICD10CM:B56", "ICD10CM:B56.9", "ICD9CM:086.5", "KEGG:05143", "MESH:D014353", "NCI:C84541", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:27031003", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:78940002", "UMLS_CUI:C0041228"; "African sleeping sickness", "African trypanosomiasis"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:10112"; , ; rdfs:label "sleeping sickness"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SleepingSickness"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A parasitic protozoa infectious disease that involves infection caused by parasitic protozoan of the genus Trypanosoma in animals and humans."; ; "ICD10CM:B57.2", "ICD9CM:086", "ICD9CM:086.9", "MESH:D014352", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:78940002", "UMLS_CUI:C0041227"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:10113"; rdfs:label "trypanosomiasis" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A cardiovascular system disease that involves the heart's electrical conduction system."; ; "ICD9CM:426.6", "UMLS_CUI:C0029630"; "heart rhythm disease"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:10273"; rdfs:label "heart conduction disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease by infectious agent that results_in infection, has_material_basis_in Bacteria."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83677/"; "ICD10CM:A49", "ICD10CM:A49.9", "MESH:D001424", "NCI:C2890", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:87628006", "UMLS_CUI:C0004623"; "Bacterial Infections"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:104"; , , ; rdfs:label "bacterial infectious disease"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A specific developmental disorder that involves significant limitations both in mental functioning and in adaptive behavior such as communicating, taking care of him or herself, and social skills."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28671982"; "MESH:D008607", "NCI:C84392", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:1855002", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:91138005", "UMLS_CUI:C0025362"; "MENTAL RETARDATION, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE 15", "Mental Retardation"; "disease_ontology"; "mental retardation"; "DOID:1059"; , ; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping submitted by NeuroDevNet. [LS]."; rdfs:label "intellectual disability"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#MentalRetardation", "https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/home/topics/neurodevelopmental-disorder/intellectual-disabilities/managing-epilepsy-in-patients-with-intellectual-disability/"; true; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An autoimmune disease of gastrointestinal tract that is caused by a reaction located_in small intestine to gliadin, a prolamin (gluten protein) found in wheat, and similar proteins found in the crops of the tribe Triticeae. The disease is associated with HLA-DQ gene. It has_symptom abdominal pain, has_symptom constipation, has_symptom diarrhea, has_symptom nausea and vomiting, and has_symptom loss of appetite."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30562654"; "CSP2005:1248-3893", "EFO:0001060", "GARD:11998", "ICD10CM:K90.0", "ICD9CM:579.0", "MESH:D002446", "MTHICD9_2006:579.0", "NCI:C26714", "OMIM:607202", "OMIM:609754", "OMIM:611598", "OMIM:612005", "OMIM:612006", "OMIM:612007", "OMIM:612008", "OMIM:612009", "OMIM:612011", "ORDO:555", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:23829007", "UMLS_CUI:C0007570"; "celiac sprue", "coeliac disease", "idiopathic steatorrhea"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:10608"; ; rdfs:comment """Xref MGI. OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."""; rdfs:label "celiac disease"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A tauopathy that is characterized by memory lapses, confusion, emotional instability and progressive loss of mental ability and results in progressive memory loss, impaired thinking, disorientation, and changes in personality and mood starting and leads in advanced cases to a profound decline in cognitive and physical functioning and is marked histologically by the degeneration of brain neurons especially in the cerebral cortex and by the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and plaques containing beta-amyloid."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29213881"; "CSP2005:0485-6737", "EFO:0000249", "GARD:10254", "ICD10CM:G30", "ICD10CM:G30.9", "ICD9CM:331.0", "KEGG:05010", "MESH:D000544", "NCI:C2866", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:26929004", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:73768007", "UMLS_CUI:C0002395"; "Alzheimer disease", "Alzheimers dementia"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:10652"; ; rdfs:comment """Xref MGI. OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."""; rdfs:label "Alzheimer's disease"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A kidney disease characterized by the failure of the kidneys to adequately filter waste products from the blood."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11864518"; "ICD10CM:N19", "ICD9CM:586", "MESH:D051437", "NCI:C4376", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:42399005", "UMLS_CUI:C0035078"; "renal failure"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:1074"; ; rdfs:comment "PRISM."; rdfs:label "kidney failure"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An artery disease characterized by chronic elevated blood pressure in the arteries."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31055731"; "CSP2005:0571-5243", "CSP2005:4003-0017", "EFO:0000537", "ICD10CM:I10", "ICD9CM:401-405.99", "ICD9CM:997.91", "MESH:D006973", "NCI2004_11_17:C3117", "NCI:C3117", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:38341003", "UMLS_CUI:C0020538"; "HTN", "High blood pressure", "hyperpiesia", "vascular hypertensive disorder"; "disease_ontology"; "hypertensive disease"; "DOID:10763"; ; rdfs:label "hypertension"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11104349"; "CSP2005:0723-5649", "GARD:3603", "GARD:7038", "ICD10CM:Q02", "ICD9CM:742.1", "ICD9CM_2006:742.1", "MESH:D008831", "NCI:C85874", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:1829003", "UMLS_CUI:C0025958"; "Microcephaly is a birth defect where a baby’s head is smaller than expected when compared to babies of the same sex and age. Babies with microcephaly often have smaller brains that might not have developed properly."; "Microcephalus", "microencephaly"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:10907"; , ; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."; rdfs:label "microcephaly"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Microcephaly"; ""; true . _:3ea163 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Microcephaly is a birth defect where a baby’s head is smaller than expected when compared to babies of the same sex and age. Babies with microcephaly often have smaller brains that might not have developed properly."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A cognitive disorder where the memory is disturbed or lost and involves the loss of memories previously established, loss of the ability to create new memories, or loss of the ability to learn new information."; ; "DOID:4544"; "ICD10CM:R41.3", "ICD9CM:294.0", "MESH:D000647", "MTHICD9_2006:294.0", "NCI2004_11_17:C35764", "NCI:C2867", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:3298001", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:48167000", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:78461004", "UMLS_CUI:C0002622", "UMLS_CUI:C0002625"; "Amnestic syndrome", "Korsakoff's psychosis or syndrome", "amnesia"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:10914"; , ; rdfs:label "amnestic disorder"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An anxiety disorder that involves unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensations (obsessions), or behaviors that make them feel driven to do something (compulsions)."; ; "ICD10CM:F42", "ICD10CM:F42.8", "ICD10CM:F42.9", "ICD9CM:300.3", "MESH:D009771", "MTHICD9_2006:300.3", "NCI:C88411", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:71478004", "UMLS_CUI:C0028768"; "Anancastic neurosis", "obsessive compulsive disorder"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:10933"; ; rdfs:label "obsessive-compulsive disorder"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A dissociative disorder that involves the simultaneous display of multiple distinct identities or personalities."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2912820"; "ICD10CM:F44.81", "ICD9CM:300.14", "ICD9CM_2006:300.14", "MESH:D009105", "NCI:C94330", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:31611000", "UMLS_CUI:C0026773"; "Dissociative identity disorder"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:10934"; ; rdfs:label "multiple personality disorder"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease of mental health in which the normally well-integrated functions of memory, identity, perception, or consciousness are separated (dissociated)."; ; "DOID:4963"; "CSP2005:2483-7018", "ICD10CM:F44.9", "ICD10CM:F48.9", "ICD9CM:300.15", "ICD9CM:300.9", "MESH:D004213", "NCI:C92197", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:44376007", "UMLS_CUI:C0012746", "UMLS_CUI:C0041857"; "Dissociation is a psychological state that may vary in severity from mild detachment from immediate surroundings to more severe detachment and apparent unresponsiveness. In mild cases, dissociation can be regarded as a coping mechanism in seeking to minimize or tolerate stress, conflict or boredom. If a coping response to stress, the dissociative state may be preceded by a phase where anxiety symptoms (e.g. hyperventilation) are apparent. More severe dissociative states are seen in dissociative disorders and may include depersonalization and amnesia. Dissociative disorders are sometimes triggered by traumatic experience, but may be preceded by only minor stress or there may be no apparent trigger."; "dissociative disease", "dissociative reaction", "dissociative state"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:10935"; ; rdfs:label "dissociative disorder"; true . _:3ea173 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Dissociation is a psychological state that may vary in severity from mild detachment from immediate surroundings to more severe detachment and apparent unresponsiveness. In mild cases, dissociation can be regarded as a coping mechanism in seeking to minimize or tolerate stress, conflict or boredom. If a coping response to stress, the dissociative state may be preceded by a phase where anxiety symptoms (e.g. hyperventilation) are apparent. More severe dissociative states are seen in dissociative disorders and may include depersonalization and amnesia. Dissociative disorders are sometimes triggered by traumatic experience, but may be preceded by only minor stress or there may be no apparent trigger."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#dissociative" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A specific developmental disorder that is characterized by co-existence of attentional problems and hyperactivity, with each behavior occurring infrequently alone and symptoms starting before seven years of age."; ; "DOID:1093"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28749241"; "EFO:0003888", "MESH:D001289", "NCI:C35092", "OMIM:143465", "OMIM:608903", "OMIM:608904", "OMIM:608905", "OMIM:608906", "OMIM:612311", "OMIM:612312", "UMLS_CUI:C0041671"; "ADHD", "attention deficit disorder", "hyperkinetic disorder"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:1094"; ; rdfs:comment "Xref MGI."; rdfs:label "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A central nervous system disease that is characterized by the complete paralysis of half of the body."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28043687"; "GARD:6583", "ICD9CM:343.4", "MESH:D006429", "MTHICD9_2006:343.4", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:1593000", "UMLS_CUI:C0392550"; "Infantile hemiplegia", "Postnatal infantile hemiplegia"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:10969"; rdfs:label "hemiplegia"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A dissociative disorder in which the sufferer is affected by persistent or recurrent feelings of depersonalization and/or derealization."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31437864"; "GARD:6260", "ICD9CM:300.6", "MESH:D003861", "MTHICD9_2006:300.6", "NCI:C94331", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:70764005", "UMLS_CUI:C0683416"; "Depersonalization", "Neurotic derealization"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:11038"; ; rdfs:label "depersonalization disorder"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A parathyroid gland disease characterized by decreased function of parathyroid glands with underproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to abnormally low ionized calcium levels in the blood."; ; "GARD:6733", "ICD10CM:E20", "ICD10CM:E20.9", "ICD9CM:252.1", "MESH:D007011", "NCI:C78350", "OMIM:146200", "OMIM:307700", "ORDO:2238", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:36976004", "UMLS_CUI:C0020626"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:11199"; , ; rdfs:comment "Xref MGI."; rdfs:label "hypoparathyroidism"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/metabolic-disorders/hypoparathyroidism"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An endocrine system disease that is located_in the parathyroid gland."; ; "ICD10CM:E21.5", "ICD9CM:252", "ICD9CM:252.9", "MESH:D010279", "NCI:C26844", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:73132005", "UMLS_CUI:C0030517"; "disease of parathyroid glands"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:11201"; ; rdfs:label "parathyroid gland disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A phobic disorder that involves social anxiety occurring only in specific public or social situations, interactions with others or being evaluated or scrutinized by other people."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28360564"; "ICD10CM:F40.1", "ICD10CM:F40.10", "ICD9CM:300.23", "MESH:D000072861", "NCI:C34927", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:25501002", "UMLS_CUI:C0031572"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:11257"; ; rdfs:label "social phobia"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A hemangioma that is characterized by a configuration of blood vessels that shunts arterial blood directly into veins by bypassing the capillary system."; ; "ICD10CM:I77.0", "NCI2004_11_17:C4297", "NCI:C2882", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:11071001", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:14156004", "UMLS_CUI:C0334533"; "Arteriovenous malformations are abnormal blood vessels that shunt blood directly from the arterial to the venous circulation.There is a risk of intracranial hemorrhage, estimated at 2-4% per year, which can be limited or catastrophic. Management is therefore directed at reducing mortality and morbidity (neurological and cognitive impairment) from hemorrhage."; "Arteriovenous hemangioma", "Cirsoid aneurysm", "Racemose Angioma", "Racemose aneurysm", "Racemose hemangioma"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:11294"; ; rdfs:label "arteriovenous malformation"; true . _:3ea183 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Arteriovenous malformations are abnormal blood vessels that shunt blood directly from the arterial to the venous circulation.There is a risk of intracranial hemorrhage, estimated at 2-4% per year, which can be limited or catastrophic. Management is therefore directed at reducing mortality and morbidity (neurological and cognitive impairment) from hemorrhage."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/arteriovenous-malformation-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A hypersensitivity reaction type IV disease characterized by the growth of collections of inflammatory cells (granulomas) in multiple organs."; ; "CSP2005:2024-3715", "GARD:7607", "ICD10CM:D80-D89", "ICD10CM:D86", "ICD10CM:D86.9", "ICD9CM:135", "MESH:D012507", "NCI:C34995", "ORDO:797", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:31541009", "UMLS_CUI:C0036202"; "Boeck sarcoid", "lymphogranulomatosis"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:11335"; ; rdfs:label "sarcoidosis"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/inflammatory-disorders"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A cardiovascular system disease that involves the heart."; ; "ICD10CM:I51.9", "ICD9CM:429.9", "MESH:D006331", "NCI:C3079", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:56265001", "UMLS_CUI:C0018799"; "Cardiac Disorders"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:114"; , ; rdfs:label "heart disease"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/cardiac-disorders"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "ICD9CM:337.1", "UMLS_CUI:C0154691"; "autonomic nervous system disorder"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:11465"; rdfs:label "autonomic nervous system disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A lower respiratory tract disease that affects the airways leading into the lungs, which is caused due to inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles, infection, or blockage."; ; "DOID:1175", "DOID:12322"; "MESH:D001982", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:41427001", "UMLS_CUI:C0006261"; "Bronchospasm"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:1176"; rdfs:label "bronchial disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An immune system disease that is an exaggerated immune response to allergens, such as insect venom, dust mites, pollen, pet dander, drugs or some foods."; ; "allergic disease"; "ICD10CM:T78.40", "MESH:D006967", "NCI:C3114", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:21957007", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:91232002", "UMLS_CUI:C0020517"; "allergic disease", "hypersensitivity", "hypersensitivity reaction type I disease"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:1205"; ; rdfs:label "allergic hypersensitivity disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , , , ; "An autoimmune hypersensitivity disease that is characterized by necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tract, glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, and the presence of antineutrophil cytoplasmatic autoantibodies (ANCAs) in patient sera, and is located_in lung, located_in kidney, located_in skin resulting from an autoimmune attack by antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies against small and medium-size blood vessels."; ; "GARD:7880", "ICD10CM:M31.3", "ICD10CM:M31.30", "ICD9CM:446.4", "MESH:D014890", "MTHICD9_2006:446.4", "NCI:C3444", "OMIM:608710", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:23782005", "UMLS_CUI:C3495801"; "Necrotizing respiratory granulomatosis", "Wegener granulomatosis, formerly"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:12132"; ; rdfs:label "granulomatosis with polyangiitis"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/challenging-cases/granulomatosis-polyangiitis"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A learning disability involving a math disability can cause such difficulties as learning math concepts (such as quantity, place value, and time), difficulty memorizing math facts, difficulty organizing numbers, and understanding how problems are organized on the page."; ; "MESH:D060705"; "Mathematics disorder", "disorder of arithmetical skills"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:12568"; rdfs:label "dyscalculia"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/cognitive-overview.html"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease of anatomical entity which occurs in the blood, heart, blood vessels or the lymphatic system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells or lymph to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis."; ; "DOID:73"; "ICD9CM:429.2", "MESH:D002318", "NCI:C2931", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:49601007", "UMLS_CUI:C0007222"; "disease of subdivision of hemolymphoid system"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:1287"; , , , ; rdfs:label "cardiovascular system disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A central nervous system disease that results in the progressive deterioration of function or structure of neurons."; ; "DOID:4874"; "ICD10CM:G31.9", "MESH:D019636", "NCI2004_11_17:C4802", "NCI:C27090", "UMLS_CUI:C0524851", "UMLS_CUI:C1285162"; "Neurodegenerative disease", "degenerative disease"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:1289"; , ; rdfs:label "neurodegenerative disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An autoimmune hypersensitivity disease that involves attack of immune cells which destroy the exocrine glands that produce tears and saliva."; ; "DOID:416"; "CSP2005:0729-8405", "GARD:10252", "ICD10CM:M35.0", "ICD10CM:M35.00", "ICD9CM:710.2", "MESH:D012859", "NCI:C26883", "NCI:C70647", "OMIM:270150", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:83901003", "UMLS_CUI:C0086981", "UMLS_CUI:C1527336"; "Sicca syndrome", "Sjogren syndrome", "xerodermosteosis"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:12894"; ; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [LS]."; rdfs:label "Sjogren's syndrome"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/inflammatory-disorders"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An amnestic disorder that is characterized by temporary but almost total disruption of short-term memory with a range of problems accessing older memories."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3579680"; "GARD:8172", "ICD10CM:G45.4", "ICD9CM:437.7", "MESH:D020236", "NCI:C85198", "UMLS_CUI:C0338591"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:13027"; ; rdfs:label "transient global amnesia"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A cognitive disorder resulting from a loss of brain function affecting memory, thinking, language, judgement and behavior."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20161538"; "ICD9CM:290.8", "MESH:D003704", "UMLS_CUI:C0154319"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:1307"; rdfs:label "dementia"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A cystitis characterized by a sudden onset or severe symptoms."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30279715"; "ICD10CM:N30.0", "ICD9CM:595.0", "NCI:C26934", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:68226007", "UMLS_CUI:C0149523"; "urinary tract infection"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:13148"; ; rdfs:label "acute cystitis"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A central nervous system cancer that is characterized by the growth of abnormal cells in the tissues of the brain."; ; "DOID:2125", "DOID:2126", "DOID:3543", "DOID:6649", "DOID:911"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32034533"; "CSP2005:2006-2736", "ICD10CM:C71", "ICD10CM:C71.9", "ICD9CM:191", "ICD9CM:191.9", "ICD9CM:239.6", "MESH:D001932", "NCI2004_11_17:C2907", "NCI2004_11_17:C3568", "NCI2004_11_17:C4952", "NCI2004_11_17:C4954", "NCI2004_11_17:C5115", "NCI2004_11_17:C7710", "NCI:C2907", "NCI:C3568", "NCI:C4952", "NCI:C4954", "NCI:C5115", "NCI:C7710", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:93727008", "UMLS_CUI:C0006118", "UMLS_CUI:C0153633", "UMLS_CUI:C0220624", "UMLS_CUI:C0750974", "UMLS_CUI:C0750979", "UMLS_CUI:C1334557"; "BT - Brain tumour", "adult brain tumor", "adult malignant brain neoplasm", "brain neoplasm", "brain neoplasm, adult", "malignant brain tumour", "malignant primary brain neoplasm", "malignant primary brain tumor", "malignant tumor of Brain", "malignant tumor of adult brain", "neoplasm of brain", "primary brain neoplasm", "primary brain tumor", "primary malignant neoplasm of brain", "tumor of the Brain"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:1319"; , , , ; rdfs:label "brain cancer"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An inherited metabolic disorder that involves certain enzymes in the heme bio-synthetic pathway resulting in the overproduction and accumulation of the porphyrins."; ; "GARD:10353", "ICD10CM:E80.20", "ICD9CM:277.1", "ICD9CM_2006:277.1", "MESH:D011164", "MTHICD9_2006:277.1", "NCI:C97096", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:29094004", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:86292002", "UMLS_CUI:C0032708"; "Hematoporphyria", "Porphyrinopathy", "disorder of porphyrin and hem metabolism", "disorder of porphyrin metabolism"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:13268"; ; rdfs:label "porphyria" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A carbohydrate metabolic disorder that involves low blood glucose resulting from an excess of insulin."; ; "DOID:9996"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27531853"; "ICD10CM:E16.9", "MESH:D046768", "NCI:C4375", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:42681006", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:66149005", "UMLS_CUI:C0027773"; "Islet cell hyperplasia", "nesidioblastosis", "persistent hyperinsulinemia hypoglycemia of infancy"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:13317"; ; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."; rdfs:label "hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A learning disability involing difficulty reading resulting primarily from neurological factors which affect any part of the reading process."; ; "ICD9CM:315.09", "UMLS_CUI:C0154631"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:13365"; rdfs:label "reading disorder" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A syndrome that is characterized by the growth of numerous noncancerous tumors in many parts of the body."; ; "CSP2005:0727-2535", "GARD:7830", "ICD10CM:Q85.1", "ICD9CM:759.5", "MESH:D014402", "MTHICD9_2006:759.5", "NCI2004_11_17:C3424", "NCI:C3424", "OMIM:PS191100", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:7199000", "UMLS_CUI:C0041341"; "Tuberous sclerosis, a genetic disorder, is a common cause of malformations of cortical development, with a birth incidence of 1:6000 births. It is a disorder caused by a defect in the mTOR pathway, an intracellular pathway that regulates cell growth and differentiation, resulting in abnormalities in a number of organs, including the brain, skin, heart, kidneys and eyes."; "Bourneville's disease", "Epiloia", "Tuberose sclerosis", "Tuberous sclerosis syndrome", "cerebral sclerosis"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:13515"; , ; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [LS]."; rdfs:label "tuberous sclerosis"; true . _:3ea193 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Tuberous sclerosis, a genetic disorder, is a common cause of malformations of cortical development, with a birth incidence of 1:6000 births. It is a disorder caused by a defect in the mTOR pathway, an intracellular pathway that regulates cell growth and differentiation, resulting in abnormalities in a number of organs, including the brain, skin, heart, kidneys and eyes."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/tuberous-sclerosis-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A malaria that involves neurologic damage resulting from blockage of the blood vessels, caused due to the infection of the red blood cells by Plasmodium species."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83677/"; "ICD10CM:B50.0", "MESH:D016779", "NCI:C128373", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:53622003", "UMLS_CUI:C0024534"; "Plasmodium falciparum in sub-Saharan Africa can cause neurologic complications in half of affected individuals. This infection is the most important cause of epileptic seizures in these regions. Cerebral malaria with related coma may be fatal, especially in children. Plasmodium vivax in Asia causes similar neurological complications and epilepsy."; "Malarial encephalitis"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:14069"; ; rdfs:label "cerebral malaria"; true; true . _:3ea1a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Plasmodium falciparum in sub-Saharan Africa can cause neurologic complications in half of affected individuals. This infection is the most important cause of epileptic seizures in these regions. Cerebral malaria with related coma may be fatal, especially in children. Plasmodium vivax in Asia causes similar neurological complications and epilepsy."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/infectious-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A chromosomal disease that is characterized by flat-looking facial features and weak muscle tone (hypotonia) in infancy and is caused by trisomy of all or a critical portion of chromosome 21 and is associated with intellectual disability."; ; "CSP2005:1254-8068", "GARD:10247", "ICD10CM:Q90", "ICD10CM:Q90.9", "ICD9CM:758.0", "MESH:D004314", "MTHICD9_2006:758.0", "NCI2004_11_17:C2993", "NCI:C2993", "OMIM:190685", "ORDO:870", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:41040004", "UMLS_CUI:C0013080"; "Down syndrome is a common chromosomal disorder with well-recognized dysmorphic features, epilepsy occurs in approximately 10% of individuals and age of seizure onset is bimodal with 40% having seizures before 1 year of age (commonly epileptic spasms) and 40% having seizures from the third decade of life. All major seizure types have been described in children with Down syndrome including focal seizures, epileptic spasms, myoclonic and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Phenotypes seen may also include reflex (startle-induced) seizures. Co-existing acquired structural brain abnormalities may occur, as a consequence of congenital cardiac disease."; "Complete trisomy 21 syndrome", "Down's syndrome", "Down's syndrome - trisomy 21", "Downs syndrome", "G Trisomy", "trisomy 21 syndrome"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:14250"; , ; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."; rdfs:label "Down syndrome"; true; true . _:3ea1b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Down syndrome is a common chromosomal disorder with well-recognized dysmorphic features, epilepsy occurs in approximately 10% of individuals and age of seizure onset is bimodal with 40% having seizures before 1 year of age (commonly epileptic spasms) and 40% having seizures from the third decade of life. All major seizure types have been described in children with Down syndrome including focal seizures, epileptic spasms, myoclonic and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Phenotypes seen may also include reflex (startle-induced) seizures. Co-existing acquired structural brain abnormalities may occur, as a consequence of congenital cardiac disease."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/chromosomal-abnormalities-overview.html#trisomy21" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25387857", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27629553"; "CSP2005:1849-6833", "GARD:10739", "ICD10CM:E75.4", "MESH:D009472", "NCI:C61257", "OMIM:PS256730", "ORDO:216", "ORDO:79262", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:42012007", "UMLS_CUI:C0027877"; "hereditary ceroid lipofuscinosis"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:14503"; , , ; rdfs:comment """Xref MGI. OMIM mapping submitted by NeuroDevNet. [LS]."""; rdfs:label "neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A sphingoliidosis characterized by the accumulation of the lipid sphingomyelin in lysosomes in cells."; ; "DOID:0050442", "DOID:0050443", "DOID:14770"; "GARD:13334", "ICD10CM:E75.24", "ICD10CM:E75.249", "MESH:D009542", "NCI:C61269", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:58459009", "UMLS_CUI:C0028064"; "Sphingomyelinase Deficiency Disease", "lipoid histiocytosis", "sphingomyelin lipidosis"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:14504"; , ; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."; rdfs:label "Niemann-Pick disease"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/metabolic-disorders/inborn-errors/niemann-pick-disease"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease that is characterized by abnormally rapid cell division."; ; "DOID:0000818"; "cell process disease", "neoplasm"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:14566"; ; rdfs:label "disease of cellular proliferation" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease that involves a psychological or behavioral pattern generally associated with subjective distress or disability that occurs in an individual, and which are not a part of normal development or culture."; ; "ICD10CM:F99", "ICD10CM:F99-F99", "MESH:D001523", "NCI:C2893", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:74732009", "UMLS_CUI:C0004936"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:150"; , , , ; rdfs:label "disease of mental health" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease of mental health that involve long-term patterns of thoughts and behaviors that cause serious problems with relationships and work."; ; "ICD9CM:301.8", "ICD9CM:301.89", "UMLS_CUI:C0029707"; "character disorder"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:1510"; rdfs:label "personality disorder" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease of mental health that affects cognitive functions including memory processing, perception and problem solving."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20161538"; "ICD10CM:F09", "MESH:D019965", "NCI2004_11_17:C34870", "NCI:C34870", "UMLS_CUI:C0029227"; "cognitive disease"; "disease_ontology"; "Organic Mental disorder"; "DOID:1561"; ; rdfs:label "cognitive disorder"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease by infectious agent that results_in infection, has_material_basis_in Fungi, which pass the resistance barriers of the human or animal body."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26423537"; "ICD10CM:B35-B49", "ICD10CM:B49", "ICD9CM:110-118.99", "MESH:D009181", "NCI:C3245", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:3218000", "UMLS_CUI:C0026946"; "mycosis"; "disease_ontology"; "mycoses"; "DOID:1564"; , ; rdfs:label "fungal infectious disease"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A substance abuse that involves the recurring use of alcoholic beverages despite negative consequences."; ; "ICD10CM:F10.1", "ICD9CM:305.0", "ICD9CM:305.00", "MESH:D000437", "NCI:C20701", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:15167005", "UMLS_CUI:C0085762"; "Alcohol Abuse", "Ethanol abuse", "alcohol abuse"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:1574"; , ; rdfs:label "alcohol use disorder"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#AlcoholAbuse"; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "An autoimmune hypersensitivity disease that involves inflammation or pain in the muscles, joints, or fibrous tissue."; ; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:1575"; rdfs:label "rheumatic disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease of anatomical entity that located_in the respiratory system which extends from the nasal sinuses to the diaphragm."; ; "DOID:3226"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20161538"; "ICD10CM:J96-J99", "ICD10CM:J98", "ICD9CM:510-519.99", "ICD9CM:519", "UMLS_CUI:C0029582"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:1579"; , , ; rdfs:label "respiratory system disease"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease of anatomical entity that is located_in the integumentary system comprising the skin and its appendages."; ; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:16"; , , ; rdfs:label "integumentary system disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A bladder disease that is characterized by inflammation of the bladder."; ; "ICD10CM:N30", "ICD10CM:N30.9", "ICD9CM:595", "ICD9CM:595.9", "MESH:D003556", "NCI:C26738", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:38822007", "UMLS_CUI:C0010692"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:1679"; ; rdfs:label "cystitis" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "CSP2005:0724-8315", "ICD10CM:Q24.9", "ICD9CM:746.9", "MESH:D006330", "NCI2004_11_17:C34666", "NCI:C34666", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:13213009", "UMLS_CUI:C0018798"; "Congenital heart defects, or diseases, are problems with the heart’s structure that are present at birth. They may change the normal flow of blood through the heart. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defect."; "Congenital Heart Defects", "Congenital anomaly of heart", "Heart Malformation", "congenital heart defect", "heart defect"; "disease_ontology"; "Heart-congenital defect"; "DOID:1682"; , ; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."; rdfs:label "congenital heart disease"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/cardiac-disorders/congenital-heart-disease"; true . _:3ea1c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Congenital heart defects, or diseases, are problems with the heart’s structure that are present at birth. They may change the normal flow of blood through the heart. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defect."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease of anatomical entity that occurs in the muscular and/or skeletal system."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20161538"; "MESH:D009140", "NCI:C107377", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:928000", "UMLS_CUI:C0026857"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:17"; , , , ; rdfs:label "musculoskeletal system disease"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease of mental health where symptoms are deliberately produced, feigned or exaggerated in order to falsely demonstrate the presence of an illness."; ; "ICD10CM:F68.11", "ICD9CM:300.16", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:31122002", "UMLS_CUI:C0015481"; "Fabricated / factitious illness may be presented as epilepsy and may be misdiagnosed as such because of the reliance on truthful accounts of witnesses to make a clinical diagnosis of epilepsy. If the witness is making up a story this may not be easily apparent to the clinician. There may be complex psychological, psychosocial and family reasons behind this illness behaviour or it may simply be because the diagnosis of epilepsy may lead to financial benefits. The illness behaviour may be on the part of an adult who presents themselves as having seizures or a carer who presents their child as affected. Factitious illness may be suspected if there are aspects of the clinical history that seem inconsistent with an epilepsy diagnosis, if the seizures have only been witnessed by one individual, if frequent seizures are accompanied by normal EEG (including prolonged studies) and if seizures remain refractory on history to medication however there is no evidence of behavioural or cognitive comorbidity in the child."; "Fabricated / factitious illness", "Munchausen syndrome"; "disease_ontology"; "Factitious seizures", "Fictitious epilepsy"; "DOID:1766"; rdfs:label "factitious disorder"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#fabricated", "https://www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/non-epileptic-seizures#.XJhlBXduLIV"; true . _:3ea1d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Fabricated / factitious illness may be presented as epilepsy and may be misdiagnosed as such because of the reliance on truthful accounts of witnesses to make a clinical diagnosis of epilepsy. If the witness is making up a story this may not be easily apparent to the clinician. There may be complex psychological, psychosocial and family reasons behind this illness behaviour or it may simply be because the diagnosis of epilepsy may lead to financial benefits. The illness behaviour may be on the part of an adult who presents themselves as having seizures or a carer who presents their child as affected. Factitious illness may be suspected if there are aspects of the clinical history that seem inconsistent with an epilepsy diagnosis, if the seizures have only been witnessed by one individual, if frequent seizures are accompanied by normal EEG (including prolonged studies) and if seizures remain refractory on history to medication however there is no evidence of behavioural or cognitive comorbidity in the child."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#fabricated" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A somatoform disorder that involves numbness, blindness, paralysis or fits without a neurological cause."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2609/"; "GARD:6191", "ICD10CM:F44", "ICD9CM:300.11", "MESH:D003291", "MTHICD9_2006:300.11", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:20734000", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:44376007", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:89239005", "UMLS_CUI:C0009946"; "Conversion Hysterical Neurosis", "Conversion hysteria or reaction", "Hysterical neurosis, conversion type"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:1768"; rdfs:label "conversion disorder"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A cardiovascular system disease that primarily affects the blood vessels which includes the arteries, veins and capillaries that carry blood to and from the heart."; ; "DOID:0000405", "DOID:2403", "DOID:2869", "DOID:324", "DOID:325", "DOID:45"; "ICD10CM:I72.9", "ICD9CM:442.9", "MESH:D000783", "MESH:D014652", "MESH:D020758", "MESH:D020760", "NCI:C26693", "NCI:C35117", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:27550009", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:85659009", "UMLS_CUI:C0002940", "UMLS_CUI:C0042373", "UMLS_CUI:C0752127", "UMLS_CUI:C0752130"; "vascular tissue disease"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:178"; ; rdfs:label "vascular disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease of anatomical entity that is located_in kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra."; ; "DOID:579"; "NCI2004_11_17:C27599", "NCI:C27599", "UMLS_CUI:C1335051"; "Non-neoplastic urinary tract disease", "urinary tract disease"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:18"; , , , ; rdfs:label "urinary system disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "A childhood electroclinical syndrome that is characterized by brief and frequent absence seizures in children with age of onset between four and ten years."; ; "CSP2005:0485-7316", "MESH:D004832", "NCI:C3023", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:16757004", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:79631006", "UMLS_CUI:C0014553"; "Childhood absence epilepsy is a genetic/idiopathic generalized epilepsy that should be considered in an otherwise normal child with multiple daily absence seizures associated with 2.5 - 3.5 Hz generalized spike-and-wave. Absence seizures are provoked by hyperventilation. Between 8 and 12 years of age the distinction between the clinical syndromes of juvenile absence epilepsy and childhood absence epilepsy depends on the frequency of absence seizures."; "petit mal seizure", "pyknolepsy"; "disease_ontology"; "absence seizure"; "DOID:1825"; ; rdfs:label "childhood absence epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#ChildhoodAbsenceEpilepsy"; true; true; ""; true . _:3ea1e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Childhood absence epilepsy is a genetic/idiopathic generalized epilepsy that should be considered in an otherwise normal child with multiple daily absence seizures associated with 2.5 - 3.5 Hz generalized spike-and-wave. Absence seizures are provoked by hyperventilation. Between 8 and 12 years of age the distinction between the clinical syndromes of juvenile absence epilepsy and childhood absence epilepsy depends on the frequency of absence seizures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/cae-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3ea1f3; "A brain disease that is characterized by the occurrance of at least two unprovoked seizures resulting from a persistent epileptogenic abnormality of the brain that is able to spontaneously generate paroxysmal activity and typically manifested by sudden brief episodes of altered or diminished consciousness, involuntary movements, or convulsions."; ; "EFO:0000474", "ICD10CM:G40.9", "ICD10CM:G40.909", "ICD9CM:345.9", "MESH:D004827", "NCI:C3020", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:84757009", "UMLS_CUI:C0014544"; "epilepsy syndrome", "epileptic syndrome"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:1826"; , ; rdfs:label "epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Epilepsy"; "" . _:3ea1f3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3ea203; "An epilepsy syndrome that is characterised by generalised seizures with no apparent cause which arise from many independent foci (multifocal epilepsies) or from epileptic circuits that involve the whole brain."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546611/"; "MESH:D004829", "NCI:C3021", "OMIM:600669", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:19598007", "UMLS_CUI:C0014548"; "Generalised epilepsy"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:1827"; ; rdfs:comment "Xref MGI."; rdfs:label "idiopathic generalized epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/about-epilepsy-seizures/idiopathic-generalized-epilepsies"; true; true . _:3ea203 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A cranial nerve disease that is located_in the optic nerve."; ; "CSP2005:2042-6601", "MESH:D009901", "NCI:C79698", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:77157004", "UMLS_CUI:C0029132"; "disorder of the second nerve", "optic nerve disorder", "optic neuropathy"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:1891"; ; rdfs:label "optic nerve disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "CSP2005:1254-8437", "GARD:8705", "ICD10CM:Q98.0", "ICD10CM:Q98.4", "ICD9CM:758.7", "MESH:D007713", "MTHICD9_2006:758.7", "NCI2004_11_17:C34752", "NCI:C34752", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:22053006", "UMLS_CUI:C0022735"; "Klinefelter's syndrome is a common sex chromosomal abnormality and the most common cause of male hypogonadism. This syndrome is characterized by cognitive and behavioral dysfunction and hypogonadism. Seizures usually start between 3 months and 3 years of age and are typically well controlled with anti-seizure medication. Variable electroclinical characteristics may be seen from patient to patient, however generalized seizures (absence, tonic-clonic) are common seizure types. This disorder is diagnosed on routine karyotype examination."; "Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism", "Klinefelter syndrome", "XXY syndrome", "XXY trisomy", "kleinfelters syndrome (xxy)"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:1921"; ; rdfs:comment "No OMIM mapping, confirmed by DO. [LS]."; rdfs:label "Klinefelter's syndrome"; true . _:3ea213 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Klinefelter's syndrome is a common sex chromosomal abnormality and the most common cause of male hypogonadism. This syndrome is characterized by cognitive and behavioral dysfunction and hypogonadism. Seizures usually start between 3 months and 3 years of age and are typically well controlled with anti-seizure medication. Variable electroclinical characteristics may be seen from patient to patient, however generalized seizures (absence, tonic-clonic) are common seizure types. This disorder is diagnosed on routine karyotype examination."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/chromosomal-abnormalities-overview.html#kleinfelters" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A sphingolipidosis characterized by deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase which results in the accumulation of harmful quantities of the glycolipid glucocerebroside throughout the body, especially within the bone marrow, spleen and liver."; ; "GARD:8233", "ICD10CM:E75.22", "MESH:D005776", "NCI:C61268", "ORDO:355", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:2859005", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:62201009", "UMLS_CUI:C0017205"; "Gaucher disease", "acid beta-glucosidase deficiency", "glocucerebrosidase deficiency", "glucosylceramide beta-glucosidase deficiency", "kerasin thesaurismosis"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:1926"; , , ; rdfs:comment """Xref MGI. OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."""; rdfs:label "Gaucher's disease"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/metabolic-disorders/inborn-errors/gauchers-disease"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A lipid storage disease characterized by functional deficiencies in the enzymes needed for lysosomal degradation of sphingolipid substrates."; ; "GARD:7672", "ICD10CM:E75.3", "MESH:D013106", "NCI:C117254", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:58459009", "UMLS_CUI:C0037899"; "Sphingolipidosis", "sphingolipidoses"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:1927"; ; rdfs:label "sphingolipidosis" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A syndrome that is characterized by delayed development, intellectual disability, severe speech impairment, and problems with movement and balance."; ; "CSP2005:4008-0043", "GARD:5810", "ICD10CM:Q93.5", "MESH:D017204", "NCI:C75462", "OMIM:105830", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:76880004", "UMLS_CUI:C0162635"; "Angelman syndrome results from deletion or inactivation of genes on the maternally-inherited chromosome 15q11-q13 region, while the paternal copy, which may be of normal sequence, is imprinted and therefore silenced. The patient has severe intellectual impairment, developmental delay, epilepsy, sleep disorder, jerky movements (especially hand-flapping), ataxia, frequent laughter or smiling, and usually a happy demeanor. Dysmorphic features are well recognized: microcephaly, prominent mandible, pointed chin, protruding tongue, and fair hair and complexion with blue eyes. Seizures are seen in up to 90% and usually start under the age of 2 years, commonly with generalized seizure types (generalized tonic-clonic, atypical absences, myoclonic seizures). Seizures may be aggravated by fever and by certain anti-seizure medications such as carbamazepine and lamotrigine. The EEG is usually very abnormal, and more abnormal than clinically expected. High amplitude 2-3 Hz frontal predominant activity may be seen; symmetrical 4-6 Hz high voltage activity or 3-6 Hz occipital activity overlaid with spikes and sharp waves and associated with eye closure are other patterns that occur. A CGH microarray is usually the most useful diagnostic test."; "happy puppet syndrome", "puppetlike syndrome"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:1932"; , ; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."; rdfs:label "Angelman syndrome"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.ilae.org/guidelines/definition-and-classification"; true . _:3ea223 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Angelman syndrome results from deletion or inactivation of genes on the maternally-inherited chromosome 15q11-q13 region, while the paternal copy, which may be of normal sequence, is imprinted and therefore silenced. The patient has severe intellectual impairment, developmental delay, epilepsy, sleep disorder, jerky movements (especially hand-flapping), ataxia, frequent laughter or smiling, and usually a happy demeanor. Dysmorphic features are well recognized: microcephaly, prominent mandible, pointed chin, protruding tongue, and fair hair and complexion with blue eyes. Seizures are seen in up to 90% and usually start under the age of 2 years, commonly with generalized seizure types (generalized tonic-clonic, atypical absences, myoclonic seizures). Seizures may be aggravated by fever and by certain anti-seizure medications such as carbamazepine and lamotrigine. The EEG is usually very abnormal, and more abnormal than clinically expected. High amplitude 2-3 Hz frontal predominant activity may be seen; symmetrical 4-6 Hz high voltage activity or 3-6 Hz occipital activity overlaid with spikes and sharp waves and associated with eye closure are other patterns that occur. A CGH microarray is usually the most useful diagnostic test."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/chromosomal-abnormalities-overview.html#angelman" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A brain disease that is caused by damage to the motor control centers of the developing brain during pregnancy, during childbirth or after birth, which affects muscle movement and balance."; ; "DOID:1968"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32149989"; "ICD10CM:G80", "ICD10CM:G80.9", "MESH:D002547", "NCI:C34460", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:1178005", "UMLS_CUI:C0007789"; "infantile cerebral palsy"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:1969"; , ; rdfs:label "cerebral palsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#CerebralPalsy"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A cognitive disorder that involves an excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations."; ; "DOID:12884"; "ICD10CM:F41.9", "MESH:D001008", "NCI:C2878", "OMIM:607834", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:65673007", "UMLS_CUI:C0003469"; "anxiety", "anxiety state"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:2030"; ; rdfs:label "anxiety disorder" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A specific developmental disorder that involves specific developmental disorders of speech and language."; ; "ICD10CM:F80.9", "MESH:D003147", "NCI:C2958", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:74825008", "UMLS_CUI:C0009460"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:2033"; ; rdfs:label "communication disorder" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3ea233; "An epilepsy syndrome that is characterised by seizures that are preceded by an isolated disturbance of a cerebral function and arise from an epileptic focus, a small portion of the brain that serves as the irritant driving the epileptic response."; ; "MESH:D004828", "NCI:C122812", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:29753000", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:67139004", "UMLS_CUI:C0014547"; "Patients with focal epilepsy have focal seizure types, and may have typical interictal and/or ictal EEG findings that accompany focal seizure types (such as focal sharp waves or focal interictal slowing). Imaging showing a focal structural brain abnormality may be supportive, although patients with genetic etiologies and normal imaging can also have focal epilepsy. Focal epilepsies may be unifocal, multifocal or hemispheric."; "localisation-related epilepsy", "partial epilepsy", "single focal epilepsy"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:2234"; ; rdfs:label "focal epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#FocalEpilepsy"; ""; true . _:3ea233 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . _:3ea243 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Patients with focal epilepsy have focal seizure types, and may have typical interictal and/or ictal EEG findings that accompany focal seizure types (such as focal sharp waves or focal interictal slowing). Imaging showing a focal structural brain abnormality may be supportive, although patients with genetic etiologies and normal imaging can also have focal epilepsy. Focal epilepsies may be unifocal, multifocal or hemispheric."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy/focal-epilepsy-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A brain ischemia that is characterized by ischemia of brief duration and without resultant tissue death."; ; "DOID:2315"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18777476"; "ICD10CM:G45.9", "MESH:D002546", "NCI:C50781", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:38609002", "UMLS_CUI:C0007787"; "TIA", "TIA - Transient ischaemic attack", "TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK", "Transient cerebral ischaemia", "Transient cerebral ischemia", "Transient ischemic attacks", "transient ischemic attack"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:224"; ; rdfs:label "transient cerebral ischemia"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease characterized by a group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a particular abnormality."; ; "MESH:D013577", "NCI:C28193", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:64572001", "UMLS_CUI:C0039082"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:225"; , , , ; rdfs:label "syndrome" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "An ischemia that is characterized by insufficient blood flow to the brain to meet metabolic demand."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9532709"; "MESH:D002545", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:11890005", "UMLS_CUI:C0007786"; "Ischaemic encephalopathy", "Ischemic encephalopathy", "cerebral ischemia", "ischemic brain disease"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:2316"; rdfs:label "brain ischemia"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "A demyelinating disease that involves damage to the fatty myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord resulting in demyelination and scarring."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30562654"; "CSP2005:2042-2324", "EFO:0003885", "GARD:10255", "ICD10CM:G35", "ICD9CM:340", "MESH:D009103", "NCI:C3243", "OMIM:612594", "OMIM:612595", "OMIM:612596", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:24700007", "UMLS_CUI:C0026769"; "Generalized multiple sclerosis", "insular sclerosis"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:2377"; ; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [LS]."; rdfs:label "multiple sclerosis"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A central nervous system benign neoplasm that has_material_basis_in mature neurons, and is classified by the absence of neoplastic glial cells."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21741275"; "GARD:10638", "MESH:D005729", "NCI:C6934", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:53801007"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:2426"; ; rdfs:label "gangliocytoma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Gangliocytoma"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A cognitive disorder that involves abnormal thinking and perceptions resulting in a disconnection with reality."; ; "EFO:0000677", "ICD9CM:298.8", "UMLS_CUI:C0029516"; "mental or behavioural disorder"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:2468"; rdfs:label "psychotic disorder" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15347872"; "ICD9CM:742", "UMLS_CUI:C0158538"; "Congenital Neurological Deficit", "congenital neurologic anomaly"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:2490"; rdfs:label "congenital nervous system abnormality"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#CongenitalNeurologicalDeficit"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "GARD:6855", "ICD10CM:G40.8", "MESH:D018887", "NCI:C84806", "OMIM:245570", "ORDO:98818", "UMLS_CUI:C0282512"; "Landau Kleffner syndrome is characterized by subacute onset of acquired aphasia in a child with normal previous development and cognition. Seizures may not occur in all cases, and when present are infrequent and self-limiting. However, there is a high risk of significant residual language impairment."; "acquired epileptic aphasia"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:2538"; ; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."; rdfs:label "Landau-Kleffner syndrome"; true . _:3ea253 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Landau Kleffner syndrome is characterized by subacute onset of acquired aphasia in a child with normal previous development and cognition. Seizures may not occur in all cases, and when present are infrequent and self-limiting. However, there is a high risk of significant residual language impairment."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/lks-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A variable age at onset electroclinical syndrome that is consistently induced by identifiable and objective-specific triggers, which may be an afferent stimulus or by the patient's own activity."; ; "MESH:D020195", "MTHICD9_2006:345.5", "NCI:C85041", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:79745005", "UMLS_CUI:C0270857"; "Reflex epilepsies are characterized by the presence of reflex seizures and the absence of spontaneous seizures. Reflex seizures may occur in epilepsies of varied etiologies (e.g. in structural brain abnormality and in genetic/idiopathic generalized epilepsies), however these are not categorized as reflex epilepsies as spontaneous seizures occur in addition to reflex seizures."; "epilepsy, sensory-induced"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:2548"; ; rdfs:label "reflex epilepsy"; true; true; true . _:3ea263 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Reflex epilepsies are characterized by the presence of reflex seizures and the absence of spontaneous seizures. Reflex seizures may occur in epilepsies of varied etiologies (e.g. in structural brain abnormality and in genetic/idiopathic generalized epilepsies), however these are not categorized as reflex epilepsies as spontaneous seizures occur in addition to reflex seizures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/reflex-epilepsies-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "A cardiovascular organ benign neoplasm that has_material_basis_in endothelial cells that line blood vessels and is characterised by increased number of normal or abnormal vessels filled with blood."; ; "ICD10CM:D18.0", "ICD10CM:D18.00", "ICD9CM:228.0", "ICD9CM:228.00", "MESH:D006391", "NCI:C3085", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:2099007", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:93474003", "UMLS_CUI:C0018916"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:255"; ; rdfs:label "hemangioma" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An endocrine system disease that is located_in the pancreas."; ; "ICD10CM:K86.8", "ICD10CM:K86.89", "ICD9CM:577.8", "UMLS_CUI:C0029771"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:26"; rdfs:label "pancreas disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease of anatomical entity that is located_in endocrine glands which secretes a type of hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body."; ; "ICD10CM:E34.9", "ICD9CM:259.9", "MESH:D004700", "NCI:C3009", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:67432001", "UMLS_CUI:C0014130"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:28"; , , , ; rdfs:label "endocrine system disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A bronchial disease that is characterized by chronic inflammation and narrowing of the airways, which is caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. The disease has_symptom recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling sound while breathing), has_symptom chest tightness, has_symptom shortness of breath, has_symptom mucus production and has_symptom coughing. The symptoms appear due to a variety of triggers such as allergens, irritants, respiratory infections, weather changes, exercise, stress, reflux disease, medications, foods and emotional anxiety."; ; "DOID:12703", "DOID:13829", "DOID:13830", "DOID:2840", "DOID:5783"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1169/"; "EFO:0000270", "GARD:10246", "ICD10CM:J45", "ICD10CM:J45.90", "ICD10CM:J45.909", "ICD9CM:493", "ICD9CM:493.9", "KEGG:05310", "MESH:D001249", "NCI:C28397", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:21341004", "UMLS_CUI:C0004096"; "Exercise induced asthma", "bronchial hyperreactivity", "chronic obstructive asthma", "chronic obstructive asthma with acute exacerbation", "chronic obstructive asthma with status asthmaticus", "exercise-induced asthma"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:2841"; ; rdfs:comment "Xref MGI."; rdfs:label "asthma"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An autosomal genetic disease that is characterized by delayed repolarization of the heart following a heartbeat increases the risk of episodes of torsade de pointes (TDP, a form of irregular heartbeat that originates from the ventricles)."; ; "DOID:4069"; "CSP2005:4009-0053", "GARD:6922", "ICD10CM:I45.81", "ICD9CM:426.82", "MESH:D008133", "MESH:D029597", "NCI:C34786", "NCI:C85049", "OMIM:PS192500", "ORDO:101016", "ORDO:768", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:20852007", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:9651007", "UMLS_CUI:C0023976", "UMLS_CUI:C0035828"; "LQT", "Romano-Ward syndrome", "long Q-T syndrome"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:2843"; , ; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."; rdfs:label "long QT syndrome"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#longqt"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A sleep disorder that involves involuntarily grinding or clenching of the teeth while sleeping."; ; "DOID:8891"; "ICD10CM:F45.8", "ICD10CM:G47.63", "ICD9CM:327.53", "MESH:D002012", "MESH:D020186", "MTHICD9_2006:306.8", "NCI:C73511", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:90207007", "UMLS_CUI:C0006325", "UMLS_CUI:C0393774"; "Bruxism - teeth grinding", "Grinding teeth", "Teeth grinding", "sleep related bruxism"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:2846"; ; rdfs:label "bruxism"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://s3.amazonaws.com/host-article-assets/rou/588018d47f8c9d0a098b4e3a/fulltext.pdf", "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Bruxism"; true; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease of anatomical entity that is located_in the immune system."; ; "EFO:0000540", "ICD10CM:D89.9", "ICD9CM:279", "ICD9CM:279.9", "UMLS_CUI:C0041806"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:2914"; , , , ; rdfs:label "immune system disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A hypersensitivity reaction disease that is characterized by a cell-mediated response to antigens, where Th1 helper T cells react with antigens on antigen-presenting cells and cause a delayed type immune response."; ; "ICD10CM:C88.9", "MESH:D007160", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:86295000", "UMLS_CUI:C0021070"; "disease_ontology"; "immunoproliferative disease"; "DOID:2916"; rdfs:label "hypersensitivity reaction type IV disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An inherited metabolic disorder that affect the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates."; ; "DOID:9434"; "CSP2005:0551-8201", "MESH:D002239", "UMLS_CUI:C0007001"; "disorder of carbohydrate transport and metabolism", "inborn carbohydrate metabolism disorder", "inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:2978"; rdfs:label "carbohydrate metabolic disorder" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A substance-related disorder that involves a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment in functioning."; ; "MESH:D019966", "NCI:C16522", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:26416006", "UMLS_CUI:C0013146"; "disease_ontology"; "drug abuse"; "DOID:302"; ; rdfs:label "substance abuse"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SubstanceAbuse", "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/triggers-seizures/drug-abuse"; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "A disease of mental health involving the abuse or dependence on a substance that is ingested in order to produce a high, alter one's senses, or otherwise affect functioning."; ; "MESH:D019966", "NCI:C92203", "UMLS_CUI:C0236969"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:303"; ; rdfs:label "substance-related disorder" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An astrocytoma characterized by the presence of small areas of necrotizing tissue that is surrounded by anaplastic cells as well as the presence of hyperplastic blood vessels, and that has_material_basis_in abnormally proliferating cells derives_from multiple cell types including astrocytes and oligondroctyes."; ; "DOID:3075", "DOID:3080"; "CSP2005:2012-6410", "GARD:2491", "MESH:D005909", "NCI2004_11_17:C3058", "NCI2004_11_17:C9094", "NCI:C129295", "NCI:C3058", "NCI:C39750", "NCI:C9094", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:63634009", "UMLS_CUI:C0017636", "UMLS_CUI:C0278878", "UMLS_CUI:C1514422"; "GBM", "adult glioblastoma multiforme", "grade IV adult Astrocytic tumor", "primary glioblastoma multiforme", "spongioblastoma multiforme"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:3068"; , ; rdfs:label "glioblastoma multiforme"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#GlioblastomaMultiforme"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A malignant glioma that is has_material_basis_in astrocyte cells, a type of star-shaped glial cell, located in the brain and spinal cord."; ; "DOID:4861"; "CSP2005:2012-6768", "ICDO:M9400/3", "MESH:D001254", "NCI:C4951", "NCI:C60781", "NCI:C6958", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:38713004", "UMLS_CUI:C0004114", "UMLS_CUI:C0750935"; "Astrocytic tumor", "Astrocytoma, NOS", "astrocytoma of Cerebrum", "astrocytoma of brain", "astroglioma", "cerebral astrocytoma"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:3069"; ; rdfs:label "astrocytoma" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "CSP2005:0485-7984", "MESH:D004831", "MTHICD9_2006:345.1", "UMLS_CUI:C0014550"; "Early myoclonic encephalopathy is a syndrome characterized by frequent intractable seizures and severe early encephalopathy resulting in limited development and reduced life expectancy."; "Epileptic seizures - myoclonic", "Epileptic seizures, myoclonic", "Myoclonic seizure", "Myoclonic seizure disorder", "myoclonia epileptica", "myoclonic epilepsy"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:308"; rdfs:label "early myoclonic encephalopathy"; true; true; true . _:3ea273 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Early myoclonic encephalopathy is a syndrome characterized by frequent intractable seizures and severe early encephalopathy resulting in limited development and reduced life expectancy."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/eme-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "ICD10CM:E88.42", "MESH:D017243", "MTHICD9_2006:277.87", "NCI:C84889", "OMIM:545000", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:57254004", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:68448003", "UMLS_CUI:C0162672"; "MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibres) presents in the second decade or later, as progressive myoclonus epilepsy with typical EEG findings of giant somatosensory potentials and photosensitivity. Clinically, patients show prominent myoclonic seizures as well as other seizure types."; "Fukuhara syndrome", "Myoclonic epilepsy - ragged red fibers", "Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibres", "Myoclonus epilepsy AND ragged red fibers", "Myoclonus with epilepsy and with Ragged Red Fibers"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:310"; ; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."; rdfs:label "MERRF syndrome"; true . _:3ea283 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibres) presents in the second decade or later, as progressive myoclonus epilepsy with typical EEG findings of giant somatosensory potentials and photosensitivity. Clinically, patients show prominent myoclonic seizures as well as other seizure types."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/metabolic-groupoverview.html#mitochondrial" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A gastrointestinal system disease that is located_in the liver and/or biliary tract."; ; "NCI:C3959", "UMLS_CUI:C0267792"; "liver and biliary tract disease"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:3118"; ; rdfs:label "hepatobiliary disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A porphyria that has_symptom abdominal pain, has_symptom neuropathy, has_symptom autonomic instability and has_symptom psychosis."; ; "MESH:D017094", "OMIM:612740", "ORDO:100924", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:55056006", "UMLS_CUI:C0162533"; "hepatic porphyria"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:3133"; ; rdfs:comment "Xref MGI."; rdfs:label "acute porphyria"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/metabolic-disorders/inborn-errors/hepatic-porphyria"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "DOID:3182"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26478444"; "GARD:9953", "MESH:D009837", "NCI2004_11_17:C6960", "NCI:C129319", "NCI:C6960", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:73348003", "UMLS_CUI:C0028945", "UMLS_CUI:C1335110"; "Oligodendrogliomas are cerebral tumors that are differentiated from other gliomas on the basis of their unique genetic characteristics and better response to chemotherapy. These tumors are classified according to their grade (low grade oligodendrogliomas: grade II of the WHO classification and anaplastic oligodendrogliomas: grade III of the WHO classification) and according to their pure or mixed histology (oligoastrocytomas)."; "oligodendroglial neoplasm", "oligodendroglial tumor"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:3181"; ; rdfs:label "oligodendroglioma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Oligodendroglioma"; ""; true . _:3ea293 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Oligodendrogliomas are cerebral tumors that are differentiated from other gliomas on the basis of their unique genetic characteristics and better response to chemotherapy. These tumors are classified according to their grade (low grade oligodendrogliomas: grade II of the WHO classification and anaplastic oligodendrogliomas: grade III of the WHO classification) and according to their pure or mixed histology (oligoastrocytomas)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0018744" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "ICD10CM:G95.9", "ICD9CM:336.9", "MESH:D013118", "NCI:C97110", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:48522003", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:95648003", "UMLS_CUI:C0037928"; "disease_ontology"; "myelopathy"; "DOID:319"; ; rdfs:label "spinal cord disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An inherited metabolic disorder that involve an abnormal accumulation of substances inside the lysosome resulting from defects in lysosomal function."; ; "CSP2005:1849-5878", "MESH:D016464", "NCI:C61250", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:23585005", "UMLS_CUI:C0085078"; "disorder of lysosomal enzyme", "inborn lysosomal enzyme disorder", "lysosomal storage metabolism disorder"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:3211"; , ; rdfs:label "lysosomal storage disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by damage to the myelin sheath present around nerve axons."; ; "MESH:D003711", "NCI2004_11_17:C34527", "NCI:C34527", "UMLS_CUI:C0011303"; "demyelinating disorder"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:3213"; ; rdfs:label "demyelinating disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A vascular disease that is characterized by a restriction in blood supply to tissues."; ; "MESH:D007511", "NCI:C34738", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:52674009", "UMLS_CUI:C0022116"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:326"; ; rdfs:label "ischemia" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A nervous system disease that affects either the spinal cord (myelopathy) or brain (encephalopathy) of the central nervous system."; ; "ICD10CM:G96.9", "MESH:D002493", "NCI:C2934", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:23853001", "UMLS_CUI:C0007682"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:331"; , , ; rdfs:label "central nervous system disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A mood disorder that involves alternating periods of mania and depression."; ; "DOID:3311", "DOID:9554", "DOID:9555"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31552392"; "CSP2005:2483-6684", "CSP2005:2483-6691", "EFO:0000289", "ICD10CM:F31", "ICD10CM:F31.9", "ICD9CM:296.40", "ICD9CM:296.60", "ICD9CM:296.80", "MESH:D001714", "NCI2004_11_17:C34423", "NCI2004_11_17:C34805", "NCI:C34423", "NCI:C34424", "NCI:C34805", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:13746004", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:16506000", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:68569003", "UMLS_CUI:C0005586", "UMLS_CUI:C0005587", "UMLS_CUI:C0024713", "UMLS_CUI:C0236780"; "Manic Bipolar Affective disorder", "Manic Depressive disorder", "Manic bipolar I disorder", "bipolar depression", "bipolar disorder manic phase", "manic depression", "manic disorder", "mixed bipolar disorder"; "disease_ontology"; "Depressive-manic psych."; "DOID:3312"; ; rdfs:label "bipolar disorder"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#BipolarDisorder"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A cognitive disorder that involves a disturbance in mood as the predominant underlying feature."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18472483"; "EFO:0004247", "ICD10CM:F30-F39", "ICD10CM:F39", "MESH:D019964", "NCI:C92200", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:46206005", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:74421008", "UMLS_CUI:C0525045"; "episodic mood disorder"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:3324"; ; rdfs:comment "Updating outdated UMLS CUI."; rdfs:label "mood disorder"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "MESH:D004833", "MTHICD9_2006:345.4", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:84340007", "UMLS_CUI:C0014556"; "A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the temporal lobe, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see epilepsy, complex partial) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (i.e., related to an identified disease process or lesion)."; "epilepsy, temporal lobe"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:3328"; rdfs:label "temporal lobe epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#TemporalLobeEpilepsy"; true; "" . _:3ea2a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the temporal lobe, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see epilepsy, complex partial) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (i.e., related to an identified disease process or lesion)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0005115" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "MESH:D019305", "OMIM:117100", "UMLS_CUI:C0376532"; "Childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (previously known as benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BCECTS) or Rolandic epilepsy) is a self-limiting epilepsy seen in children in their early school years. The seizures are brief, hemifacial seizures that may evolve to a focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure if they occur nocturnally. This epilepsy occurs in children who are otherwise neurologically and cognitively normal and imaging studies are unremarkable. The EEG shows a normal background with high amplitude centrotemporal sharp waves, which are activated with drowsiness and sleep. Seizures cease by mid to late adolescence."; "BCECTS", "BenignChildhoodEpilepsyWithCentrotemporalSpikes", "benign Rolandic epilepsy", "benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spike", "rolandic epilepsy", "sylvan seizures"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:3329"; rdfs:label "benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#BenignChildhoodEpilepsyWithCentrotemporalSpikes"; "" . _:3ea2b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (previously known as benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BCECTS) or Rolandic epilepsy) is a self-limiting epilepsy seen in children in their early school years. The seizures are brief, hemifacial seizures that may evolve to a focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure if they occur nocturnally. This epilepsy occurs in children who are otherwise neurologically and cognitively normal and imaging studies are unremarkable. The EEG shows a normal background with high amplitude centrotemporal sharp waves, which are activated with drowsiness and sleep. Seizures cease by mid to late adolescence."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/ects-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "MESH:D017034", "UMLS_CUI:C0085541"; "A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by seizures which arise in the frontal lobe. A variety of clinical syndromes exist depending on the exact location of the seizure focus. Frontal lobe seizures may be idiopathic (cryptogenic) or caused by an identifiable disease process such as traumatic injuries, neoplasms, or other macroscopic or microscopic lesions of the frontal lobes (symptomatic frontal lobe seizures)."; "Frontal lobe epilepsy"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:3331"; rdfs:label "frontal lobe epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#FrontalLobeEpilepsy"; true; "" . _:3ea2c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by seizures which arise in the frontal lobe. A variety of clinical syndromes exist depending on the exact location of the seizure focus. Frontal lobe seizures may be idiopathic (cryptogenic) or caused by an identifiable disease process such as traumatic injuries, neoplasms, or other macroscopic or microscopic lesions of the frontal lobes (symptomatic frontal lobe seizures)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0002612" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A bone disease that results_in inflammation of the located_in bone."; ; "CSP2005:2715-2703", "MESH:D010000", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:44462005", "UMLS_CUI:C0029400"; "Inflammatory disorder of bone", "bone inflammatory disease", "osteitis"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:3342"; rdfs:label "bone inflammation disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An artery disease that is characterized by plaque building up along the inner walls of the arteries of the heart resulting in a narrowing of the arteries and a reduced blood supply to the cardiac muscles."; ; "DOID:10506", "DOID:3363", "DOID:3394", "DOID:9420"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32014726"; "CSP2005:1393-3397", "EFO:0001645", "ICD10CM:I20-I25", "ICD10CM:I25", "ICD10CM:I25.1", "ICD10CM:I25.10", "ICD10CM:I25.9", "ICD10CM:K76.1", "ICD9CM:410-414.99", "ICD9CM:414.0", "ICD9CM:414.9", "MESH:D003324", "MESH:D003327", "MESH:D017202", "NCI2004_11_17:C26732", "NCI:C35505", "NCI:C50625", "OMIM:300464", "OMIM:607339", "OMIM:608316", "OMIM:608318", "OMIM:608320", "OMIM:610947", "OMIM:611139", "OMIM:612030", "OMIM:614293", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:2610009", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:32598000", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:41702007", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:53741008", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:84537008", "UMLS_CUI:C0010054", "UMLS_CUI:C0010068", "UMLS_CUI:C0151744", "UMLS_CUI:C0264694"; "CHD", "Coronary disease", "coronary arteriosclerosis", "coronary heart disease"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:3393"; ; rdfs:comment "Xref MGI."; rdfs:label "coronary artery disease"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A cerebrovascular disease that is characterized by tissue necrosis located_in the brain, resulting from inadequate blood flow through the brain."; ; "MESH:D020520", "UMLS_CUI:C0751955"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:3454"; rdfs:label "brain infarction" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "A skin disease where there is a diffuse infection of connective tissue with severe inflammation of dermal and subcutaneous layers of the skin. Cellulitis can be caused by normal skin flora or by exogenous bacteria, and often occurs where the skin has previously been broken: cracks in the skin, cuts, blisters, burns, insect bites, surgical wounds, or sites of intravenous catheter insertion."; ; "DOID:2472"; "ICD10CM:L03.90", "MESH:D002481", "NCI:C26715", "NCI:C34454", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:62837005", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:74276003", "UMLS_CUI:C0007642", "UMLS_CUI:C0007646"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:3488"; ; rdfs:label "cellulitis" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A cerebrovascular disease that is characterized by an area of necrotic tissue in the brain resulting from a blockage or narrowing in the arteries supplying blood and oxygen to the brain."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30022372"; "ICD10CM:I63", "ICD10CM:I63.9", "MESH:D002544", "NCI:C50486", "OMIM:601367", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:20059004", "UMLS_CUI:C0007785"; "CVA - Cerebral infarction", "Cerebral infarct", "Cerebral infarction"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:3526"; ; rdfs:label "cerebral infarction"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#CerebralInfarction"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A central nervous system cancer that are manifested in the central nervous system and arise from the arachnoid cap cells of the arachnoid villi in the meninges."; ; "DOID:1137", "DOID:3554", "DOID:3567", "DOID:4750"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31604333"; "GARD:7015", "ICD10CM:D32.9", "ICDO:M9530/3", "MESH:D008577", "MESH:D008579", "NCI:C3229", "NCI:C3230", "NCI:C4656", "NCI:C6971", "NCI:C7048", "UMLS_CUI:C0025284", "UMLS_CUI:C0025286", "UMLS_CUI:C0349604", "UMLS_CUI:C1334698", "UMLS_CUI:C1336537"; "intracranial meningioma", "meningeal neoplasm", "meningothelial cell tumor", "neoplasm of the meninges", "primary Meningeal tumor", "supratentorial meningioma"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:3565"; , , ; rdfs:label "meningioma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Meningioma"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A nervous system cancer that is located_in the central nervous system."; ; "DOID:0060093", "DOID:1318"; "CSP2005:2012-5421", "EFO:0000326", "ICD10CM:C72.9", "MESH:D016543", "NCI2004_11_17:C4627", "NCI2004_11_17:C9293", "NCI:C4627", "NCI:C9293", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:93744007", "UMLS_CUI:C0085136", "UMLS_CUI:C0348374"; "CNS neoplasm", "central nervous system tumor", "central nervous system tumors", "malignant neoplasm of central nervous system", "malignant tumor of CNS", "neoplasm of central nervous system"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:3620"; ; rdfs:label "central nervous system cancer" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A urinary system disease that is located_in the bladder."; ; "ICD10CM:N32.9", "ICD9CM:596.9", "MESH:D001745", "NCI:C2900", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:42643001", "UMLS_CUI:C0005686"; "Urinary Bladder Disease"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:365"; ; rdfs:label "bladder disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A mitochondrial encephalomyopathy that is characterized by mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes, has_symptom myalgia, motor weakness, headaches, seizures, and stroke-like episodes with acute hemiparesis and severe headaches, and develops_from mutation in mitochondrial genes including MT-TL1, which encodes tRNA proteins."; ; "ICD10CM:E88.41", "MESH:D017241", "NCI:C84885", "OMIM:540000", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:39925003", "UMLS_CUI:C0162671"; "MELAS (mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes) frequently leads to seizures, especially during acute stroke-like episodes where focal seizures arise in the involved cortical areas. Epilepsia partialis continua may occur."; "MELAS", "MITOCHONDRIAL MYOPATHY, ENCEPHALOPATHY, LACTIC ACIDOSIS, AND STROKE-LIKE EPISODES", "Mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:3687"; ; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."; rdfs:label "MELAS syndrome"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#MitochondrialEncephalomyopathyLacticAcidosisStrokelikeEpisodes"; ""; true . _:3ea2d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "MELAS (mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes) frequently leads to seizures, especially during acute stroke-like episodes where focal seizures arise in the involved cortical areas. Epilepsia partialis continua may occur."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/metabolic-groupoverview.html#mitochondrial" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An integumentary system disease that is located_in skin."; ; "DOID:1576", "DOID:1698", "DOID:187", "DOID:6486", "DOID:8948"; "ICD9CM:702", "MESH:D012871", "MESH:D012873", "NCI:C27554", "NCI:C3371", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:5613003", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:80659006", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:95320005", "UMLS_CUI:C0029574", "UMLS_CUI:C0037274", "UMLS_CUI:C0037277"; "Genodermatosis", "skin and subcutaneous tissue disease"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:37"; ; rdfs:label "skin disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An acquired metabolic disease that is characterized by an insufficient intake of food or of certain nutrients, by an inability of the body to absorb and use nutrients, or by overconsumption of certain foods."; ; "MESH:D009748", "NCI2004_11_17:C26836", "NCI:C26836", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:2492009", "UMLS_CUI:C3714509"; "Nutritional disorder"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:374"; ; rdfs:label "nutrition disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A primary bacterial infectious disease that is located_in lungs, located_in lymph nodes, located_in pericardium, located_in brain, located_in pleura or located_in gastrointestinal tract, has_material_basis_in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is transmitted_by droplets released into the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes."; ; "DOID:10096", "DOID:12688", "DOID:12691", "DOID:415", "DOID:9901", "DOID:9902"; "GARD:7827", "MESH:D014375", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:15202009", "UMLS_CUI:C0041295"; "Seizures can occur in meningo-tuberculosis due to cerebral vasculitis and infarction, especially in young children and in people co-infected with HIV. Seizures with focal features may also occur as a consequence of tuberculomas, identified as ring-enhancing lesions on neuroimaging."; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:399"; ; rdfs:label "tuberculosis"; true . _:3ea2e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Seizures can occur in meningo-tuberculosis due to cerebral vasculitis and infarction, especially in young children and in people co-infected with HIV. Seizures with focal features may also occur as a consequence of tuberculomas, identified as ring-enhancing lesions on neuroimaging."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/infectious-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease is a disposition (i) to undergo pathological processes that (ii) exists in an organism because of one or more disorders in that organism."; ; "MESH:D004194", "NCI:C2991", "SNOMEDCT_US_2020_09_01:64572001", "UMLS_CUI:C0012634"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:4"; , ; rdfs:label "disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; ; "DOID:2164", "DOID:2165", "DOID:46"; "ICD10CM:K70-K77", "ICD10CM:K76.9", "ICD9CM:573.9", "MESH:D008107", "NCI2004_11_17:C3196", "NCI:C3196", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:62857009", "UMLS_CUI:C0023895"; "disorder of liver", "hepatic disorder"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:409"; ; rdfs:label "liver disease"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/gastrointestinal-liver-disease"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A communication disorder that is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss."; ; "DOID:4019"; "GARD:8", "ICD10CM:R48.1", "ICD10CM:R48.2", "MESH:D000377", "MESH:D001072", "NCI:C84542", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:42341009", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:68345001", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:6950007", "UMLS_CUI:C0001816", "UMLS_CUI:C0003635"; "Dyspraxia", "Dyspraxia syndrome"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:4090"; ; rdfs:label "agnosia" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An immune system disease that is an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body resulting from an abnormal functioning of the immune system that results in the production of antibodies or T cell directed against the host tissues."; ; "autoimmune disease"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30562654"; "ICD9CM:720", "OMIM:109100", "UMLS_CUI:C0003089"; "autoimmune disease", "hypersensitivity reaction type II disease"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:417"; rdfs:comment "Xref MGI."; rdfs:label "autoimmune hypersensitivity disease"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "MESH:D044882", "NCI:C53655", "UMLS_CUI:C1257958"; "disorder of glucose metabolism"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:4194"; ; rdfs:label "glucose metabolism disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21851492"; "MESH:D023921", "NCI:C80427", "UMLS_CUI:C0242231"; "Coronary artery stenosis"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:4248"; ; rdfs:label "coronary stenosis"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An autoimmune disease of the nervous system that has_material_basis_in antibodies to acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, has_symptom ptosis, has_symptom diplopia, has_symptom dysphagia, has_symptom dysarthria, has_symptom muscle weakness and has_symptom dyspnea."; ; "DOID:443", "DOID:444"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30562654"; "GARD:7122", "ICD10CM:G70.0", "ICD10CM:G70.00", "ICD9CM:358.0", "ICD9CM:358.00", "MESH:D009157", "NCI:C60989", "OMIM:254200", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:91637004", "UMLS_CUI:C0026896", "UMLS_CUI:C1260409"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:437"; ; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."; rdfs:label "myasthenia gravis"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An autoimmune hypersensitivity disease affecting the nervous system."; ; "CSP2005:1560-5548", "MESH:D020274", "NCI:C99383", "UMLS_CUI:C0751871"; "disease_ontology"; "autoimmune nervous system disorder"; "DOID:438"; ; rdfs:label "autoimmune disease of the nervous system" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A reading disorder resulting from a developmental reading disability involving the inability to process graphic symbols resulting in impairment of reading ability."; ; "ICD10CM:F81.0", "MESH:D004410", "NCI:C96410", "OMIM:300509", "OMIM:600202", "OMIM:604254", "OMIM:606616", "OMIM:606896", "OMIM:608995", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:52824009", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:59770006", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:9236007", "UMLS_CUI:C0476254"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:4428"; ; rdfs:comment "Xref MGI."; rdfs:label "dyslexia"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/cognitive-overview.html"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A writing disorder that involves a deficiency in the ability to write where the writing is distorted or incorrect, spelling difficulty, poor handwriting or trouble putting thoughts on paper."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26132164"; "ICD10CM:R48.8", "MESH:D000381", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:27206009", "UMLS_CUI:C0001825"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:4540"; rdfs:label "dysgraphia"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/cognitive-overview.html"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An amnestic disorder that involves a loss of one's pre-existing memories to conscious recollection."; ; "ICD10CM:R41.2", "MESH:D000648", "NCI:C34372", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:51921000", "UMLS_CUI:C0002624"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:4543"; ; rdfs:label "retrograde amnesia"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A brain disease that is characterized by excess accumulation of fluid in the intracellular and/or extracellular spaces of the brain, has_symptom nausea, has_symptom vomiting, has_symptom blurred vision, has_symptom seizure, has_symptom coma."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6527775"; "CSP2005:0485-0998", "MESH:D001929", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:2032001", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:85974009", "UMLS_CUI:C1527311"; "intracranial swelling", "wet brain"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:4724"; rdfs:label "brain edema"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease of mental health that involves physical symptoms suggesting a physical illness where the biological or medical cause of the symptoms is indeterminate."; ; "DOID:10133", "DOID:144"; "CSP2005:2482-7019", "ICD10CM:F45", "ICD10CM:F45.0", "ICD10CM:F45.9", "ICD9CM:300.8", "ICD9CM:300.81", "MESH:D013001", "NCI:C34956", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:31297008", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:60368009", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:9514005", "UMLS_CUI:C0037650", "UMLS_CUI:C0520482"; "physiological malfunction arising from mental factor", "psychophysiologic disorder", "psychosomatic disorder"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:4737"; ; rdfs:label "somatoform disorder" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A brain disease that is characterized by a clinical syndrome of either hyperkinetic movement or hyperkinetic movement unrelated to weakness or spasticity."; ; "MESH:D009069", "NCI:C116757", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:60342002", "UMLS_CUI:C0026650"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:480"; ; rdfs:label "movement disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An astrocytoma that is characterized by cells that look like fibers when viewed under a microscope and is located_in the brain."; ; "GARD:9808", "MESH:D001254", "NCI2004_11_17:C4047", "NCI:C4047", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:67859002", "UMLS_CUI:C0334583"; "Piloid astrocytoma", "grade I Astrocytic tumor"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:4851"; , ; rdfs:label "pilocytic astrocytoma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#PilocyticAstrocytoma"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31361236"; "NCI2004_11_17:C4323", "NCI:C4323", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:78838008", "UMLS_CUI:C0334586"; "Pleomorphic Xantho-astrocytoma"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:4852"; ; rdfs:label "pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#PleomorhicXanthoastrocytoma"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "A adolescence-adult electroclinical syndrome that is characterized by brief, involuntary twitching of a muscle or a group of muscles (myoclonus) early in the morning with onset between 12 and 18 years."; ; "DOID:0050326"; "GARD:6808", "MESH:D020190", "NCI:C84796", "OMIM:254770", "ORDO:307", "ORDO:862", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:6204001", "UMLS_CUI:C0270853"; "This syndrome is one of the most common genetic/idiopathic generalized epilepsies and is characterized by myoclonic and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in an otherwise normal adolescent or adult. The EEG shows generalized spike-and-wave and polyspike-and-wave. Photosensitivity is common."; "Janz syndrome"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:4890"; , ; rdfs:comment """Xref MGI. OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."""; rdfs:label "juvenile myoclonic epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#JuvenileMyoclonicEpilepsy"; true; ""; true . _:3ea2f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This syndrome is one of the most common genetic/idiopathic generalized epilepsies and is characterized by myoclonic and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in an otherwise normal adolescent or adult. The EEG shows generalized spike-and-wave and polyspike-and-wave. Photosensitivity is common."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/jme-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An endocrine system disease that is located_in the thyroid."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18777476", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26362394"; "ICD10CM:E00-E07", "ICD10CM:E07.9", "ICD9CM:240-246.99", "ICD9CM:246.9", "MESH:D013959", "NCI:C26893", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:14304000", "UMLS_CUI:C0040128"; "Transient ischemic attack"; "disease_ontology"; "Thyroid hormone abnormalities"; "DOID:50"; ; rdfs:label "thyroid gland disease"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A cell type benign neoplasm that has_material_basis_in glial-type cells."; ; "DOID:5606", "DOID:5607"; "GARD:2430", "MESH:D018303", "NCI:C27362", "NCI:C27363", "NCI:C3788", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:89880005", "UMLS_CUI:C0206716", "UMLS_CUI:C1332202", "UMLS_CUI:C1332969"; "A gangliogliomas is a glioneuronal tumor that is cortically based, and may have a solid and/or multicystic appearance. Histologically, gangliogliomas are characterized by large ganglion-like cells, intermixed with glial (predominantly astrocytic) cells. They are commonly found in the temporal lobes, but can be found elsewhere. They may co-occur with adjacent focal cortical dysplasia (FCD IIIb), suggesting a common developmental etiology for both structural abnormalities."; "CNS ganglioglioma", "adult ganglioglioma", "childhood ganglioglioma"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:5078"; ; rdfs:label "ganglioglioma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Ganglioglioma"; ""; true . _:3ea303 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A gangliogliomas is a glioneuronal tumor that is cortically based, and may have a solid and/or multicystic appearance. Histologically, gangliogliomas are characterized by large ganglion-like cells, intermixed with glial (predominantly astrocytic) cells. They are commonly found in the temporal lobes, but can be found elsewhere. They may co-occur with adjacent focal cortical dysplasia (FCD IIIb), suggesting a common developmental etiology for both structural abnormalities."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/ganglioglioma-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A nutrition disease that is characterized by deficiency of a nutritional element, such as a vitamin, mineral, carbohydrate, protein, fat, or general energy content."; ; "MESH:D003677", "UMLS_CUI:C0011156"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:5113"; rdfs:label "nutritional deficiency disease"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/triggers-seizures/nutritional-deficiencies"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A viral infectious disease that results in destruction of immune system, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers, has_material_basis_in Human immunodeficiency virus 1 or has_material_basis_in Human immunodeficiency virus 2, which are transmitted by sexual contact, transmitted by transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk, transmitted by congenital method, and transmitted by contaminated needles. The virus infects helper T cells (CD4+ T cells) which are directly or indirectly destroyed, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The infection has symptom diarrhea, has symptom fatigue, has symptom fever, has symptom vaginal yeast infection, has symptom headache, has symptom mouth sores, has symptom muscle aches, has symptom sore throat, and has symptom swollen lymph glands."; ; "CSP2005:1560-6305", "ICD10CM:B20", "ICD10CM:B20-B20", "ICD9CM:042", "ICD9CM:042-042.99", "MESH:D015658", "NCI:C3108", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:86406008", "UMLS_CUI:C0019693"; "Seizures can result from primary cerebral HIV infection, especially in children. In adults, most seizures are cause by related opportunistic central nervous system infections such as toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningitis and tuberculomas; or due to secondary neoplastic lesions."; "HIV", "HIV infection"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:526"; , ; rdfs:label "human immunodeficiency virus infectious disease"; true . _:3ea313 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Seizures can result from primary cerebral HIV infection, especially in children. In adults, most seizures are cause by related opportunistic central nervous system infections such as toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningitis and tuberculomas; or due to secondary neoplastic lesions."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/infectious-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A gastrointestinal system disease that is located_in the intestine."; ; "DOID:10759", "DOID:11222", "DOID:11789", "DOID:8531", "DOID:8558", "DOID:8591"; "ICD10CM:K63.9", "ICD9CM:569.9", "MESH:D007410", "NCI:C26801", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:85919009", "UMLS_CUI:C0021831"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:5295"; ; rdfs:label "intestinal disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An amnestic disorder that involves the impaired or lost ability to memorize new things."; ; "ICD10CM:R41.1", "MESH:D020324", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:88822006", "UMLS_CUI:C0233795"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:5340"; rdfs:label "anterograde amnesia"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease of mental health that involves disruption of sleep patterns."; ; "DOID:9028"; "ICD9CM:307.4", "UMLS_CUI:C0154564"; "Non-organic sleep disorder"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:535"; ; rdfs:label "sleep disorder"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SleepDisorder", "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/sleep-disorders"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30924504"; "NCI:C7739", "UMLS_CUI:C0238814"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:5393"; ; rdfs:label "brain angioma"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A psychotic disorder that is characterized by a disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness."; ; "DOID:14734"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8252282"; "EFO:0000692", "ICD10CM:F20", "ICD10CM:F20.9", "ICD9CM:295", "ICD9CM:295.9", "ICD9CM:295.90", "MESH:D012559", "NCI:C3362", "OMIM:181500", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:58214004", "UMLS_CUI:C0036341"; "schizophrenia-1"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:5419"; , ; rdfs:comment """Xref MGI. OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."""; rdfs:label "schizophrenia"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Schizophrenia"; true; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A urinary system disease that is located_in the kidney."; ; "EFO:0003086", "ICD10CM:N08", "ICD10CM:N28.9", "MESH:D007674", "NCI:C3149", "NCI:C34843", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:90708001", "UMLS_CUI:C0022658"; "Renal Disorders", "nephropathy"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:557"; , ; rdfs:label "kidney disease"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/renal-disorders"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An eye and adnexa disease that is located_in the eye."; ; "DOID:2933"; "ICD10CM:H44", "ICD10CM:H44.9", "ICD9CM:360", "ICD9CM:360.9", "ICD9CM:379.90", "MESH:D005128", "NCI:C26767", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:79517001", "UMLS_CUI:C0015397"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:5614"; , ; rdfs:label "eye disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A neuropathy that is located_in one of the twelve cranial nerves."; ; "ICD10CM:G52.9", "ICD9CM:352.9", "MESH:D003389", "NCI2004_11_17:C26733", "NCI:C26733", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:73013002", "UMLS_CUI:C0010266"; "Cranial nerve disorder", "disorder of cranial nerve"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:5656"; ; rdfs:label "cranial nerve disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A nervous system disease that affects the peripheral nervous system."; ; "DOID:13069"; "CSP2005:2042-6617", "ICD10CM:G64", "ICD9CM:350-359.99", "MESH:D010523", "MTH:516", "NCI:C119734", "NCI:C27580", "NCI:C27587", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:42658009", "UMLS_CUI:C0031117", "UMLS_CUI:C1335029"; "disease_ontology"; "peripheral nerve disease", "peripheral neuropathy"; "DOID:574"; , , ; rdfs:label "peripheral nervous system disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A coronary artery disease characterized by myocardial cell death (myocardial necrosis) due to prolonged ischaemia."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19655091"; "CSP2005:1393-3417", "EFO:0000612", "ICD10CM:I21", "ICD10CM:I22", "MESH:D009203", "NCI:C27996", "OMIM:608557", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:22298006", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:66514008", "UMLS_CUI:C0027051"; "Myocardial infarct", "heart attack"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:5844"; ; rdfs:comment "Xref MGI."; rdfs:label "myocardial infarction"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An anxiety disorder where fear and anxiety are triggered by a specific stimulus or situation."; ; "ICD10CM:F40", "ICD10CM:F40.9", "ICD9CM:300.2", "ICD9CM:300.20", "MESH:D010698", "NCI:C35420", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:52039009", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:65673007", "UMLS_CUI:C0349231"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:591"; ; rdfs:label "phobic disorder" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A phobic disorder involving the specific anxiety about being in a place or situation where escape is difficult or embarrassing or where help may be unavailable."; ; "ICD10CM:F40.0", "ICD10CM:F40.00", "MESH:D000379", "NCI:C34362", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:70691001", "UMLS_CUI:C0001818"; "Fear of open spaces"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:593"; ; rdfs:label "agoraphobia"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An anxiety disorder that is characterized by unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms that may include chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, or abdominal distress."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30865078"; "CSP2005:4000-0280", "EFO:0004262", "ICD10CM:F41.0", "MESH:D016584", "NCI:C34890", "OMIM:167870", "OMIM:607853", "OMIM:609985", "UMLS_CUI:C0030319"; "panic anxiety syndrome"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:594"; ; rdfs:comment "Xref MGI."; rdfs:label "panic disorder"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A heart disease that is characterized by any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the heart to fill with or pump a sufficient amount of blood throughout the body."; ; "DOID:395"; "CSP2005:1393-3597", "ICD10CM:I50", "ICD10CM:I50.9", "ICD9CM:428", "ICD9CM:428.0", "ICD9CM:428.9", "MESH:D006333", "MTHICD9_2006:428.0", "MTHICD9_2006:428.9", "NCI2004_11_17:C3080", "NCI:C3080", "NCI:C50577", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:42343007", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:84114007", "UMLS_CUI:C0018801", "UMLS_CUI:C0018802"; "CHF", "Cardiac Failure Congestive", "Congestive heart disease", "Weak heart"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:6000"; ; rdfs:label "congestive heart failure"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/cardiac-disorders"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease that has_material_basis_in genetic variations in the human genome."; ; "MESH:D030342", "NCI:C3101", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:32895009", "UMLS_CUI:C0019247"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:630"; ; rdfs:label "genetic disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A Human immunodeficiency virus infectious disease that results_in reduction in the numbers of CD4-bearing helper T cells below 200 per ��L of blood or 14% of all lymphocytes thereby rendering the subject highly vulnerable to life-threatening infections and cancers, has_material_basis_in Human immunodeficiency virus 1 or has_material_basis_in Human immunodeficiency virus 2, which are transmitted_by sexual contact, transmitted_by transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk, transmitted_by congenital method, and transmitted_by contaminated needles. Opportunistic infections are common in people with AIDS."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10474720"; "EFO:0000765", "ICD10CM:B20", "MESH:D000163", "NCI2004_11_17:C2851", "NCI:C2851", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:62479008", "UMLS_CUI:C0001175"; "AIDS", "acquired Immune deficiency"; "disease_ontology"; "acquired immune deficiency syndrome"; "DOID:635"; , ; rdfs:label "acquired immunodeficiency syndrome"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/infectious-states-seizures/viral-infections/human"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A brain disease that is characterized by moderate to severe headaches, nausea, extreme sensitivity to light and sound and intense unilaterial throbbing or pulsing."; ; "DOID:12437"; "EFO:0003821", "ICD10CM:G43", "ICD10CM:G43.9", "ICD10CM:G43.909", "ICD9CM:346", "ICD9CM:346.9", "MESH:D008881", "NCI:C89715", "OMIM:157300", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:37796009", "UMLS_CUI:C0042331", "UMLS_CUI:C0149931"; "migraine disorder", "migraine variant", "migraine with or without aura"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:6364"; ; rdfs:comment """Xref MGI. OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."""; rdfs:label "migraine"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/migraine-epilepsy"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An encephalitis that involves inflammation of the brain caused by viral infection."; ; "DOID:10248", "DOID:10249", "DOID:10839"; "CSP2005:2042-4896", "MESH:D004671", "NCI:C34576", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:20411005", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:68197003", "UMLS_CUI:C0014055"; "Encephalitis is a recognized complication of infections with a number of viruses. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is the most common viral cause. Affected individuals present with acute encephalopathy and seizures, epilepsy develops in around 50% of cases. Other less common etiologies for viral encephalitis include human herpes virus 6 (associated with acute limbic encephalitis and febrile status epilepticus), influenza B, varicella, measles, mumps and rubella viruses."; "epidemic encephalitis"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:646"; ; rdfs:label "viral encephalitis"; true . _:3ea323 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Encephalitis is a recognized complication of infections with a number of viruses. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is the most common viral cause. Affected individuals present with acute encephalopathy and seizures, epilepsy develops in around 50% of cases. Other less common etiologies for viral encephalitis include human herpes virus 6 (associated with acute limbic encephalitis and febrile status epilepticus), influenza B, varicella, measles, mumps and rubella viruses."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/infectious-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A musculoskeletal system disease that affects tissues such as skin, tendons, and cartilage."; ; "CSP2005:0729-7208", "MESH:D003240", "NCI:C26729", "UMLS_CUI:C0009782"; "connective tissue disorder", "disorder of connective tissue"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:65"; ; rdfs:label "connective tissue disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A nutrition disease that is characterized by an excess of a nutritional element, such as a vitamin, mineral, carbohydrate, protein, fat, or general energy content."; ; "MESH:D044343", "UMLS_CUI:C1257763"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:654"; rdfs:comment "Updated outdated UMLS CUI."; rdfs:label "overnutrition" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "A disease of metabolism that is characterized by enzyme deficiency or accumulation of enzymes or toxins which interfere with normal function due to inherited enzyme abnormality."; ; "CSP2005:1849-0057", "MESH:D008661", "NCI2004_11_17:C34816", "NCI:C34816", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:86095007", "UMLS_CUI:C0025521"; "Inborn Errors of Metabolism", "Metabolic hereditary disorder", "inborn metabolism disorder"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:655"; , ; rdfs:label "inherited metabolic disorder" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A brain angioma that is characterized by vascular abnormalities that develops from cranial and spinal blood vasculature, has_material_basis_in abnormally proliferating cells, derives_from endothelial cells in and about the vascular lumen."; ; "NCI2004_11_17:C5433", "NCI:C5433", "UMLS_CUI:C0877388"; "Cerebral angiomas are vascular abnormalities comprised of clusters of abnormally dilated blood vessels. They can be singular or multiple, and are found in the brain, spinal cord, and rarely, in other areas of the body including the skin and retina."; "hemangioma of Cerebrum"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:6621"; ; rdfs:label "cerebral angioma"; true . _:3ea333 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Cerebral angiomas are vascular abnormalities comprised of clusters of abnormally dilated blood vessels. They can be singular or multiple, and are found in the brain, spinal cord, and rarely, in other areas of the body including the skin and retina."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/cerebral-angioma-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "An vascular disease that is characterized by dysfunction of the blood vessels supplying the brain."; ; "DOID:12214", "DOID:3455", "DOID:8231"; "CSP2005:0617-5539", "EFO:0000712", "ICD10CM:I60-I69", "ICD10CM:I63.9", "ICD10CM:I67.9", "ICD9CM:430-438.99", "ICD9CM:437.9", "MESH:D002561", "MESH:D020521", "NCI:C2938", "NCI:C3390", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:62914000", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:82797006", "UMLS_CUI:C0007820", "UMLS_CUI:C0038454"; "CVA", "Cerebrovascular accident", "cerebrovascular accident", "cerebrovascular disorder", "stroke"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:6713"; ; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."; rdfs:label "cerebrovascular disease"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#CerebrovascularDisease"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A neurodegenerative disease that has_material_basis_in the pathological aggregation of tau protein in so-called neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in the human brain."; ; "MESH:D024801", "UMLS_CUI:C0949664"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:680"; ; rdfs:label "tauopathy" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease that manifests in a defined anatomical structure."; ; "DOID:1", "DOID:2", "DOID:5", "DOID:71", "DOID:72", "DOID:8"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:7"; rdfs:label "disease of anatomical entity" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An arthritis that is an autoimmune disease which attacks healthy cells and tissue located_in joint."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27856781"; "EFO:0000685", "ICD10CM:M06.9", "ICD9CM:714.0", "KEGG:05323", "MESH:D001172", "MTHICD9_2006:714.0", "NCI2004_11_17:C27206", "NCI:C2884", "OMIM:180300", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:69896004", "UMLS_CUI:C0003873"; "Arthritis or polyarthritis, rheumatic", "atrophic Arthritis"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:7148"; ; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."; rdfs:label "rheumatoid arthritis"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.healio.com/rheumatology/rheumatoid-arthritis/news/online/%7Bc65ca682-7bc8-4bae-8c69-45b38526cf5e%7D/patients-with-ra-may-be-at-higher-risk-for-epilepsy"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease of anatomical entity that is located_in the gastrointestinal tract."; ; "DOID:27", "DOID:944"; "CSP2005:1248-3545", "ICD10CM:K92.9", "ICD9CM:520-579.99", "MESH:D004066", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:53619000", "UMLS_CUI:C0012242"; "GIT disease", "Gastroenteropathy", "alimentary system disease", "digestive system disorder", "gastrointestinal disease", "gastrointestinal disorder"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:77"; , , ; rdfs:label "gastrointestinal system disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "An adolescence-adult electroclinical syndrome starting in adolescence exhibiting generalized tonic-clonic seizures as the only seizure type."; ; "MESH:D004830", "MTHICD9_2006:345.1", "NCI2004_11_17:C3022", "NCI:C3022", "UMLS_CUI:C0014549"; "This syndrome (previously known as epilepsy with grand mal seizures on awakening) is a common genetic/idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Individuals have infrequent generalized tonic-clonic seizures from the second decade of life, typically provoked by sleep deprivation."; "Epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizure alone", "Epileptic seizures, tonic-clonic", "Grand Mal epilepsy", "Primary generalized tonic-clonic seizure", "tonic-clonic epilepsy"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:7725"; ; rdfs:comment "JA:Epilepsy Genetics Kiel"; rdfs:label "epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures"; true . _:3ea343 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This syndrome (previously known as epilepsy with grand mal seizures on awakening) is a common genetic/idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Individuals have infrequent generalized tonic-clonic seizures from the second decade of life, typically provoked by sleep deprivation."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/egtcsa-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A thyroid gland disease that involves an over production of thyroid hormone."; ; "ICD10CM:E05.9", "MESH:D006980", "NCI2004_11_17:C3123", "NCI:C3123", "OMIM:603373", "OMIM:609152", "ORDO:99819", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:34486009", "UMLS_CUI:C0020550"; "overactive thyroid"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:7998"; ; rdfs:comment "Xref MGI."; rdfs:label "hyperthyroidism"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/metabolic-disorders/hyperthyroidism"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A syndrome that is characterized by absence or underdeveloped tissue connecting the left and right halves of the brain, infantile spasms and chorioretinal lacunae, which are defects in the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20301555"; "GARD:5764", "MESH:D058540", "NCI:C35256", "OMIM:304050", "ORDO:50", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:80651009", "UMLS_CUI:C0175713"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:8461"; , ; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."; rdfs:label "Aicardi syndrome"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/aicardi-syndrome"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A bone inflammation disease that involves a response to irritation or injury, characterized by joint pain, swelling, stiffness located_in joint and/or redness located_in skin over the joint."; ; "ICD10CM:M19.90", "MESH:D001168", "NCI:C2883", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:3723001", "UMLS_CUI:C0003864"; "Inflammatory disorder of joint"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:848"; ; rdfs:label "arthritis" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A lower respiratory tract disease in which the function of the lungs is adversely affected by narrowing or blockage of the airways resulting in poor air flow, a loss of elasticity in the lungs that produces a decrease in the total volume of air that the lungs are able to hold, and clotting, scarring, or inflammation of the blood vessels that affect the ability of the lungs to take up oxygen and to release carbon dioxide."; ; "DOID:11894", "DOID:11895", "DOID:29", "DOID:766"; "ICD10CM:J98.4", "MESH:D008171", "NCI:C3198", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:19829001", "UMLS_CUI:C0024115"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:850"; ; rdfs:comment "Updating out dated CUI and removing lung abscess as a synonym."; rdfs:label "lung disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An autoimmune disease of skin and connective tissue characterized by large blisters."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30562654"; "GARD:5972", "ICD10CM:L12", "ICD10CM:L12.0", "ICD10CM:L12.9", "ICD9CM:694.5", "MESH:D010391", "NCI:C34908", "NCI:C84389", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:77090002", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:86142006", "UMLS_CUI:C0030805"; "Bullous pemphigoid"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:8506"; ; rdfs:label "bullous pemphigoid"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2609/"; "ICD10CM:K21", "ICD10CM:K21.9", "ICD9CM:530.81", "MESH:D005764", "MTHICD9_2006:530.81", "NCI2004_11_17:C26781", "NCI:C26781", "OMIM:109350", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:54856001", "UMLS_CUI:C0017168"; "A chronic disorder characterized by reflux of the gastric and/or duodenal contents into the distal esophagus. It is usually caused by incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Symptoms include heartburn and acid indigestion. It may cause injury to the esophageal mucosa."; "Acid reflux", "GERD", "GERD - Gastro-esophageal reflux disease", "Gastresophageal reflux", "Gastro-esophageal reflux", "Gastroesophageal reflux", "Gastroesophageal reflux disease"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:8534"; ; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."; rdfs:label "gastroesophageal reflux disease"; true . _:3ea353 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A chronic disorder characterized by reflux of the gastric and/or duodenal contents into the distal esophagus. It is usually caused by incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Symptoms include heartburn and acid indigestion. It may cause injury to the esophageal mucosa."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MONDO_0007186" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease of anatomical entity that is located_in the central nervous system or located_in the peripheral nervous system."; ; "ICD10CM:G00-G99", "ICD10CM:G98", "ICD10CM:G98.8", "ICD9CM:349.9", "MESH:D009422", "NCI:C26835", "UMLS_CUI:C0027765"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:863"; , , ; rdfs:label "nervous system disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A nervous system disease that is located_in nerves or nerve cells."; ; "ICD10CM:G62.9", "NCI:C4731", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:42658009", "UMLS_CUI:C0442874"; "peripheral neuropathy"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:870"; ; rdfs:label "neuropathy" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An intestinal disease that involves inflammation located_in intestine."; ; "DOID:8784", "DOID:8855", "DOID:8942"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26549780"; "EFO:0000384", "GARD:10232", "ICD10CM:K50.1", "ICD9CM:555.1", "MESH:D003424", "NCI2004_11_17:C37262", "NCI:C35211", "NCI:C37262", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:50440006", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:7620006", "UMLS_CUI:C0156147"; "Crohn disease", "Crohn's disease of colon", "Crohn's disease of large bowel", "Granulomatous Colitis", "Pediatric Crohn's disease"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:8778"; ; rdfs:comment "MESH:C536215 added from NeuroDevNet [WAK]."; rdfs:label "Crohn's disease"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/inflammatory-disorders"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An autoimmune hypersensitivity disease that is characterized by a constellation of findings that include elevated antibodies to nuclear antigens, antiphospholipids, low complement levels, ulcers, non-scarring alopecia, renal or neurologic damage, and low white blood cell and platelet counts, has_symptom rashes, fatigue, arthritis, hair loss, seizures, and symptoms related to affected organs, and has_material_basis_in autoimmune disorder."; ; "ICD10CM:L93", "ICD10CM:L93.0", "ICD9CM:695.4", "NCI2004_11_17:C27153", "NCI:C27153", "UMLS_CUI:C0409974"; "lupus"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:8857"; ; rdfs:label "lupus erythematosus" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , , , ; "A central nervous system disease characterized by inflammation of the optic nerve (optic neuritis) and inflammation of the spinal cord (myelitis)."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29379967", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30562654"; "EFO:0004256", "GARD:6267", "ICD10CM:G36.0", "ICD9CM:341.0", "MESH:D009471", "NCI:C84934", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:25044007", "UMLS_CUI:C0027873"; "Devic's disease", "Devic's syndrome"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:8869"; , ; rdfs:label "neuromyelitis optica"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A skin disease that is characterized by patches of thick red skin and silvery scales."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24687183"; "EFO:0000676", "GARD:10262", "ICD10CM:L40", "ICD10CM:L40.9", "MESH:D011565", "NCI:C3346", "OMIM:PS177900", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:9014002", "UMLS_CUI:C0033860"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:8893"; ; rdfs:comment """Xref MGI. Update outdated UMLS CUI from C00295134 to C0033860."""; rdfs:label "psoriasis"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A variable age at onset electroclinical syndrome characterised by a relentlessly progressive disease course until death."; ; "GARD:7140", "MESH:D020191", "NCI2004_11_17:C7636", "NCI:C7636", "OMIM:310370", "OMIM:PS254800", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:89480000", "UMLS_CUI:C0751778"; """Progressive myoclonus epilepsy should considered in a patient with myoclonic seizures, with or without generalized tonic-clonic seizures in the following settings: Progressive cognitive decline , Myoclonus resulting in progressive motor impairment, Cerebellar signs , Background slowing on EEG (particularly if increasing over time), Myoclonus that is refractory to trials of appropriate anti-seizure medication"""; "PME", "progressive Myoclonus epilepsy", "progressive myoclonic epilepsy"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:891"; ; rdfs:comment """OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]. OMIM mapping submitted by NeuroDevNet. [LS]."""; rdfs:label "progressive myoclonus epilepsy"; true; true . _:3ea363 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget """Progressive myoclonus epilepsy should considered in a patient with myoclonic seizures, with or without generalized tonic-clonic seizures in the following settings: Progressive cognitive decline , Myoclonus resulting in progressive motor impairment, Cerebellar signs , Background slowing on EEG (particularly if increasing over time), Myoclonus that is refractory to trials of appropriate anti-seizure medication"""; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/pme-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A specific developmental disorder that involves difficulty in scholastic skills such as reading, writing, spelling, reasoning, recalling and/or organizing information resulting from the brain's inability to receive and process information."; ; "DOID:2847"; "CSP2005:2483-6402", "ICD10CM:F81.9", "MESH:D007859", "NCI:C89334", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:1855002", "UMLS_CUI:C0023186", "UMLS_CUI:C0751265"; "Academic skill disorder", "learning disorder"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:8927"; , ; rdfs:label "learning disability"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A viral infectious disease that results_in infection located_in brain and that has_material_basis_in Measles virus which is immune resistant."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24073547"; "CSP2005:2042-2360", "GARD:7708", "ICD10CM:A81.1", "ICD9CM:046.2", "MESH:D013344", "NCI:C85171", "OMIM:260470", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:84196008", "UMLS_CUI:C0038522"; "Immunosuppressive measles encephalitis", "Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis", "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis", "Van Bogaert's sclerosing leukoencephalitis", "subacute sclerosing leukoencephalopathy"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:8970"; ; rdfs:label "subacute sclerosing panencephalitis"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A sleep disorder that involves an excessive urge to sleep at inappropriate times, such as while at work."; ; "DOID:8985"; "CSP2005:2056-7716", "EFO:0000614", "GARD:7162", "ICD10CM:G47.41", "ICD10CM:G47.419", "ICD9CM:347.0", "MESH:D009290", "NCI:C84489", "OMIM:161400", "OMIM:605841", "OMIM:609039", "OMIM:612417", "OMIM:612851", "OMIM:614223", "OMIM:614250", "ORDO:2073", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:60380001", "UMLS_CUI:C0027404"; "Narcolepsy, without cataplexy", "paroxysmal sleep"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:8986"; , ; rdfs:comment "Xref MGI."; rdfs:label "narcolepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Narcolepsy", "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/sleep-disorders/narcolepsy"; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An inherited metabolic disorder that involves peroxisome malfunction."; ; "ICD10CM:E71.5", "ICD10CM:E71.50", "ICD9CM:277.86", "ICD9CM_2006:277.86", "MESH:D018901", "NCI:C85005", "UMLS_CUI:C0282528"; "Peroxisomal disorders are an uncommon cause of epilepsy, usually presenting with seizures in early life, in a neonate or infant with severe neurological impairment. Malformations of cortical development may co-occur in specific peroxisomal disorders, including Zellweger syndrome and neonatal adrenoleucodystrophy. Focal seizures, generalized seizures and epileptic spasms may occur. Diagnosis is through identification of abnormal levels of very long chain fatty acids."; "Peroxisomal disorder", "peroxisomal disorder"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:906"; , ; rdfs:label "peroxisomal disease"; true . _:3ea373 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Peroxisomal disorders are an uncommon cause of epilepsy, usually presenting with seizures in early life, in a neonate or infant with severe neurological impairment. Malformations of cortical development may co-occur in specific peroxisomal disorders, including Zellweger syndrome and neonatal adrenoleucodystrophy. Focal seizures, generalized seizures and epileptic spasms may occur. Diagnosis is through identification of abnormal levels of very long chain fatty acids."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/metabolic-groupoverview.html#peroxisomal" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "A lupus erythematosus that is an inflammation of connective tissue marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys and inflammation of the tissue surrounding the heart."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25214788"; "CSP2005:0729-7721", "EFO:0002690", "GARD:10253", "ICD10CM:M32", "ICD10CM:M32.9", "ICD9CM:710.0", "KEGG:05322", "MESH:D008180", "MTH:U002054", "NCI2004_11_17:C3201", "NCI:C3201", "OMIM:152700", "OMIM:300809", "OMIM:605480", "OMIM:608437", "OMIM:609903", "OMIM:609939", "OMIM:610065", "OMIM:610066", "OMIM:612254", "OMIM:612378", "OMIM:613145", "OMIM:614420", "ORDO:536", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:55464009", "UMLS_CUI:C0024141"; "Lupus Erythematosus, systemic", "SLE - Lupus Erythematosus, systemic", "disseminated lupus erythematosus"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:9074"; , ; rdfs:comment "Xref MGI."; rdfs:label "systemic lupus erythematosus"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A sleep disorder that involves abnormal behavior including the acting out of violent or dramatic dreams during the sleep phase with rapid eye movement."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29791879"; "ICD10CM:G47.52", "ICD9CM:327.42", "MESH:D020187", "UMLS_CUI:C0751772"; "REM sleep disorders occur when the physiological REM atonia of dreaming sleep does not occur normally, causing individuals to act out the motor movements of their dreams. Kicking, running, shouting and even more complex movements can occur."; "REM sleep behaviour disorder", "REM sleep disorder", "Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder", "Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder", "Rapid eye movement sleep disorder"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:9091"; rdfs:label "REM sleep behavior disorder"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#RapidEyeMovementBehaviorDisorder"; ""; true; true . _:3ea383 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "REM sleep disorders occur when the physiological REM atonia of dreaming sleep does not occur normally, causing individuals to act out the motor movements of their dreams. Kicking, running, shouting and even more complex movements can occur."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#rem" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A communication disorder that involves difficulty with the act of speech production."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29241678"; "MESH:D013064", "NCI:C5041", "UMLS_CUI:C0037822"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:92"; ; rdfs:label "speech disorder"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A sleep disorder that involves involuntary limb movement during sleep."; ; "ICD10CM:G47.61", "ICD9CM:327.51", "MESH:D020189", "UMLS_CUI:C0751774"; "The movements occuring principally in stage 1 and 2 of non-rapid eye movement sleep and are characteristically repetitive stereotyped flexion of toes, ankles, knees and hips though sometimes the upper limbs may also flex."; "Periodic leg movement", "nocturnal myoclonus"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:9207"; rdfs:label "periodic limb movement disorder"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#PeriodicLimbMovementDisorder", "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/sleep-disorders/periodic-limb-movements-and-restless-legs"; true; ""; true . _:3ea393 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The movements occuring principally in stage 1 and 2 of non-rapid eye movement sleep and are characteristically repetitive stereotyped flexion of toes, ankles, knees and hips though sometimes the upper limbs may also flex."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#per-legmov" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An inherited metabolic disorder that is characterized by impaired synthesis and degradation of amino acids."; ; "GARD:5793", "ICD10CM:E72.9", "ICD9CM:270", "ICD9CM:270.9", "MESH:D000592", "NCI:C97090", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:42930003", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:44779003", "UMLS_CUI:C0002514"; "inborn errors of amino acid metabolism"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:9252"; ; rdfs:label "amino acid metabolic disorder" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An amino acid metabolic disorder that is characterized by a mutation in the gene for the hepatic enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), rendering it nonfunctional."; ; "DOID:14455"; "CSP2005:1849-1177", "GARD:7383", "ICD9CM:270.1", "MESH:D010661", "MESH:D017042", "MTHICD9_2006:270.1", "NCI:C81315", "OMIM:261600", "ORDO:716", "UMLS_CUI:C0031485", "UMLS_CUI:C0085547"; "F��lling's disease", "PKU", "maternal phenylketonuria", "phenylalaninemia"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:9281"; ; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."; rdfs:label "phenylketonuria"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/metabolic-disorders/inborn-errors/phenylketonuria"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A communication disorder that involves the processing of linguistic information."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29241678"; "ICD10CM:F80.9", "MESH:D007806", "NCI:C97155", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:62305002", "UMLS_CUI:C0023015"; "Language Dysfunction", "dysphasia"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:93"; ; rdfs:label "language disorder"; true; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "DOID:10750", "DOID:10751", "DOID:9482"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29720810"; "ICD10CM:H53.42", "ICD10CM:H53.45", "ICD9CM:368.42", "ICD9CM:368.44", "ICD9CM_2006:368.42", "MESH:D012607", "MTHICD9_2006:368.42", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:33970004", "UMLS_CUI:C0029657", "UMLS_CUI:C0152192"; "Blind spot area scotoma", "Enlarged angioscotoma", "Enlarged blind spot", "Enlarged paracaecal scotoma", "Generalized visual field contraction or constriction", "Scotoma of blind spot area", "Sector or arcuate visual field defects"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:9335"; rdfs:label "scotoma"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease by infectious agent that results in infection, has_material_basis_in Viruses."; ; "DOID:1329"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83677/"; "CSP2005:3099-8150", "ICD10CM:A94", "ICD10CM:B34", "ICD10CM:B34.9", "ICD9CM:060-066.99", "ICD9CM:066.9", "MESH:D001102", "MESH:D014777", "NCI2004_11_17:C3439", "NCI:C3439", "NCI:C34396", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:34014006", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:40610006", "UMLS_CUI:C0003723", "UMLS_CUI:C0042769"; "Viral Infection", "Viral disease", "virus infection"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:934"; , , ; rdfs:label "viral infectious disease"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A glucose metabolism disease characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both."; ; "ICD10CM:E08-E13", "ICD9CM:250", "MESH:D003920", "NCI:C2985", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:73211009", "UMLS_CUI:C0011849"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:9351"; ; rdfs:label "diabetes mellitus" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A central nervous system disease that is located_in the brain."; ; "DOID:8510"; "ICD10CM:G93.40", "ICD10CM:G93.9", "ICD9CM:348.3", "ICD9CM:348.30", "ICD9CM:348.9", "MESH:D001927", "NCI:C26920", "NCI:C96413", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:76011009", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:81308009", "UMLS_CUI:C0006111", "UMLS_CUI:C0085584"; "encephalopathy"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:936"; ; rdfs:label "brain disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A brain disease that is characterized by high pressure inside the skull, the brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid, has_symptom headache, has_symptom vomiting, has_symptom altered mental status, has_symptom papilledema."; ; "MESH:D019586", "NCI:C84791", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:28073009", "UMLS_CUI:C0151740"; "Raised intracranial pressure may cause decerebrate or decorticate posturing, which can be paroxysmal and mistaken for tonic-clonic or tonic seizures. Affected individuals with raised intracranial pressure are expected to show signs of encephalopathy including alteration in conscious level (not improving in the minutes after the event, as one would expect in a post-ictal state), abnormalities of tone and reflexes and pupillary abnormality."; "Raised intracranial pressure"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:9428"; ; rdfs:label "intracranial hypertension"; true . _:3ea3a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Raised intracranial pressure may cause decerebrate or decorticate posturing, which can be paroxysmal and mistaken for tonic-clonic or tonic seizures. Affected individuals with raised intracranial pressure are expected to show signs of encephalopathy including alteration in conscious level (not improving in the minutes after the event, as one would expect in a post-ictal state), abnormalities of tone and reflexes and pupillary abnormality."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#intracranial" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A lysosomal storage disease that involves the accumulation of harmful amounts of lipids (fats) in some of the body's cells and tissues."; ; "DOID:10583"; "CSP2005:1849-5707", "ICD10CM:E75.6", "ICD9CM:272.7", "ICD9CM:272.8", "MESH:D008064", "MTHICD9_2006:272.7", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:10741005", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:11455007", "UMLS_CUI:C0023794", "UMLS_CUI:C0029591"; "Lipoid storage diseas", "Lipoidosis", "inborn lipid storage disorder", "lipoidosis"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:9455"; rdfs:label "lipid storage disease" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A brain disease that is characterized as an acute inflammation of the brain with flu-like symptoms."; ; "DOID:2160"; "MESH:D004660", "NCI:C26760", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:45170000", "UMLS_CUI:C0014038"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:9588"; ; rdfs:label "encephalitis"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Encephalitis"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A hereditary ataxia characterized by sporadic bouts of ataxia with or without continuous muscle movement."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29791879"; "GARD:9851", "MESH:C580065", "ORDO:211062", "UMLS_CUI:C1720189"; "Episodic ataxias are rare autosomal dominant disorders divided into two major categories: episodic ataxia type 1 (EA1) and 2 (EA2) both of which are channelopathies in which a movement disorder and epilepsy may co-exist."; "Isaacs syndrome"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:963"; ; rdfs:comment """Xref MGI. OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]. Updated outdated UMLS CUI."""; rdfs:label "episodic ataxia"; true; true . _:3ea3b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Episodic ataxias are rare autosomal dominant disorders divided into two major categories: episodic ataxia type 1 (EA1) and 2 (EA2) both of which are channelopathies in which a movement disorder and epilepsy may co-exist."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#episodic-ataxias" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A diabetes mellitus that results from the body's failure to produce insulin and has_material_basis_in autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30600130"; "EFO:0001359", "GARD:10268", "ICD10CM:E10", "KEGG:04940", "MESH:D003922", "NCI:C2986", "OMIM:222100", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:46635009", "UMLS_CUI:C0011854"; "Diabetes Mellitus Type 1", "IDDM", "insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus", "type I diabetes mellitus"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:9744"; ; rdfs:comment """Xref MGI. OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."""; rdfs:label "type 1 diabetes mellitus"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An overnutrition that is characterized by excess body fat, traditionally defined as an elevated ratio of weight to height (specifically 30 kilograms per meter squared), has_material_basis_in a multifactorial etiology related to excess nutrition intake, decreased caloric utilization, and genetic susceptibility, and possibly medications and certain disorders of metabolism, endocrine function, and mental illness."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20161538"; "EFO:0001073", "ICD10CM:E66.9", "ICD9CM:278.00", "MESH:D009765", "NCI:C3283", "OMIM:601665", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:5476005", "UMLS_CUI:C0028754"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:9970"; , ; rdfs:comment "OMIM mapping confirmed by DO. [SN]."; rdfs:label "obesity"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A substance-related disorder that involves the continued use of alcohol or other drugs despite problems related to use of the substance."; ; "NCI:C35458", "UMLS_CUI:C0439857"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:9973"; ; rdfs:label "substance dependence" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "A glucose metabolism disease that is characterized by abnormally low levels of blood glucose."; ; "ICD10CM:E16.2", "ICD9CM:251.2", "MESH:D007003", "NCI:C3126", "SNOMEDCT_US_2018_03_01:66694000", "UMLS_CUI:C0020615"; "Hypoglycaemia"; "disease_ontology"; "DOID:9993"; ; rdfs:label "hypoglycemia"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/metabolic-disorders/electrolyte-abnormalities/hypoglycemia"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Flow cytometry is a technique."; ; "A technique is a planned process used to accomplish a specific activity or task."; "PERSON: Melissa Haendel"; "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technique"; ; "Diagnostic Test"; rdfs:comment "Protocol is added to eagle-i temporarily until a relationship between the informatio entity \"protocol\" and these planned processes is created. This class refers to the axtual process not the document"; rdfs:label "technique"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An drug intervention for cancer."; ; "A planned process used to influence one or more factors in a research study, and the independent variable in an interventional study wherein the influence is measured or evaluated."; "PERSON: Melanie Wilson"; "PERSON: Melissa Haendel"; ; rdfs:label "intervention" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "educational intervention"; ; "An intervention which involves education, training programs, and courses in various fields and disciplines, and for training groups of persons."; "PERSON: Melanie Wilson"; "PERSON: Melanie Wilson"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK100608/"; rdfs:comment "MeSH ID: Q000193"; rdfs:label "educational intervention"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "psychological and behavioral intervention"; ; "Psychological or behavior intervention is a combination of program elements, strategies, or modalities designed to influence psychological or behavioral processes or outcomes."; "PERSON: Matthew Brush"; "PERSON: Melanie Wilson"; ; rdfs:label "psychological and behavioral intervention" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3ea3c3; "PCR."; ; "An assay that generates data about the presence, abundance, structure, function, or activity of biological molecules, or a process that occurs at a molecular level of granularity."; "PERSON: Nicole Vasilevsky"; "PERSON: Matthew Brush"; ; rdfs:label "molecular assay" . _:3ea3c3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A spinal tap may be performed to determine if a patient has a neurological disorder."; ; "A technique used to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from an organism, which involves inserting a needle between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae in the back and extracting a sample of fluid."; "PERSON: Nicole Vasilevsky"; "CSF collection ", "Cerebrospinal fluid collection ", "Spinal tap"; "http://www.weissandnewberrymds.com/services.htm"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26468872"; "Lumbar Puncture"; rdfs:label "cerebro-spinal tap"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "A DNA sequencing technique that became commercially available in 2004 and is used by specific commercial platforms that embody a complex interplay of enzymology, chemistry, high-resolution optics, hardware, and software engineering. These instruments allow highly streamlined sample preparation steps prior to DNA sequencing, which provides a significant time savings and a minimal requirement for associated equipment in comparison to the highly automated, multistep pipelines necessary for clone-based high-throughput sequencing. Each technology amplifies single strands of a fragment library and perform sequencing reactions on the amplified strands. The fragment libraries are obtained by annealing platform-specific linkers to blunt-ended fragments generated directly from a genome or DNA source of interest. Because the presence of adapter sequences means that the molecules then can be selectively amplified by PCR, and no bacterial cloning step is required to amplify the genomic fragment in a bacterial intermediate as is done in traditional sequencing approaches."; "PERSON: Nicole Vasilevsky"; "Genome sequencing", "High throughput DNA sequencing", "High throughput nucleotide sequencing", "NGS", "Next gen", "Next gen sequencing", "Next generation sequencing of target genes", "Nucleotide sequencing, high-throughput", "Second generation sequencing", "Sequencing, high-throughput nucleotide"; "Mardis (2008) Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 9:387-402"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30661434"; rdfs:label "next generation DNA sequencing"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3ea3d3; "Used to study brain function and activity."; ; "A physiological assay that uses nuclear magnetic resonance of protons to produce proton density images."; "PERSON: Nicole Vasilevsky"; "MRI"; "http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=mri"; ; rdfs:label "magnetic resonance imaging"; true; true . _:3ea3d3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Used to study brain function and activity."; ; "A physiological assay that complements magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a non-invasive means for the characterization of tissue. While MRI uses the signal from hydrogen protons to form anatomic images, proton MRS uses this information to determine the concentration of brain metabolites such as N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr) and lactate in the tissue examined."; "PERSON: Nicole Vasilevsky"; "MRS"; "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16148633"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27430454"; rdfs:label "magnetic resonance spectroscopy"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Phenotype characterization of a transgenic mouse."; ; "An assay that generates data about the physical characteristics, physological functions, or behavior of organisms or viruses."; "PERSON: Nicole Vasilevsky"; "PERSON: Matthew Brush"; ; rdfs:label "organismal assay" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "PCR."; ; "A molecular assay that generates data about the presence, abundance, structure, function, or activity of nucleic acids."; "PERSON: Nicole Vasilevsky"; "PERSON: Matthew Brush"; ; rdfs:label "nucleic acid assay" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Electrocardiogram."; ; "An organismal assay designed to capture information pertaining to the the organic processes and phenomena of an organism or any of its parts or of a particular bodily process."; "PERSON: Nicole Vasilevsky"; "http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/physiology"; ; rdfs:label "physiological assay" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "MRI."; ; "A technique used to create a representation or reproduction of an object's outward form; especially a visual representation (i.e., the formation of an image)."; "PERSON: Nicole Vasilevsky"; "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaging"; ; rdfs:label "imaging technique" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "A physiological assay that utilizes systematic administration of defined procedures to measure specific psychological functions known to be linked to particular brain structures or pathways in humans."; "PERSON: Nicole Vasilevsky"; "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychological_test"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27789166"; "neuropsychological evaluation"; rdfs:label "neuropsychological testing"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3ea3e3; ; "An imaging technique, in which a gamma camera rotates around the patient and takes pictures from many angles, and a tomographic (cross-sectional) image is generated."; "PERSON: Nicole Vasilevsky"; "SPECT"; "http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=18450"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21490734"; rdfs:label "single photon emission computed tomography"; true; true; true . _:3ea3e3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Karyotyping of patient to determine if they carry a genetic disease."; ; "A molecular assay used to determine the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell."; "PERSON: Nicole Vasilevsky"; "Chromosomal analysis"; "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyotype"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29722352"; rdfs:label "karyotyping"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "A physiological assay used in the study of sleep and as a diagnostic tool in sleep medicine. "; "PERSON: Nicole Vasilevsky"; "Sleep study"; "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysomnography"; ; rdfs:label "polysomnography"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3ea3f3; ; "An imaging technique that produces a three-dimensional image or picture of functional processes in the body. The system detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a positron-emitting radionuclide (tracer), which is introduced into the body on a biologically active molecule. Three-dimensional images of tracer concentration within the body are then constructed by computer analysis."; "PERSON: Nicole Vasilevsky"; "PET"; "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14537108"; rdfs:label "positron emission tomography"; true; true; true . _:3ea3f3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A genotyping assay that determines the complete DNA sequence of a cell or organism's genome at a single time."; "PERSON:Matthew Brush"; "complete genome sequencing", "entire genome sequencing", "full genome sequencing", "whole genome sequence analysis"; "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29722352"; rdfs:comment "Includes chromosomal and mitochondiral genomes, and chloroplast genomes in plants."; rdfs:label "whole genome sequencing"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A magnetic resonance imaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow. The procedure is similar to MRI but uses the change in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood as its basic measure. "; "PERSON:Tenille Johnson"; "fMRI", "functional MRI"; "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging"; ; rdfs:label "functional magnetic resonance imaging"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "a laboratory test that has a blood specimen as specified input"; "John Judkins"; "Blood test"; "EuPathDB"; ; rdfs:label "blood test"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/guide/epilepsy-blood-test"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22554135"; "fma"; "FMA:242176"; rdfs:label "Broca's area"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/frontal-lobe-overview.html"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17855377"; "Supracalacrine"; "fma"; "FMA:71055"; rdfs:label "Supracalcarine cortex (SCAL)"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective."; ; "organ system process"; "biological_process"; "GO:0003008"; rdfs:label "system process" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers."; ; "biological_process"; "muscle physiological process"; "GO:0003012"; rdfs:label "muscle system process" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis."; ; "MIPS_funcat:36.25.09", "Wikipedia:Muscle_contraction"; "biological_process"; "GO:0006936"; ; rdfs:label "muscle contraction"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell."; ; "GO:0023033"; "MIPS_funcat:30", "Wikipedia:Signal_transduction"; "signaling cascade", "signalling cascade"; "biological_process"; "signaling pathway", "signalling pathway"; "GO:0007165"; , , , , , ; rdfs:comment "Note that signal transduction is defined broadly to include a ligand interacting with a receptor, downstream signaling steps and a response being triggered. A change in form of the signal in every step is not necessary. Note that in many cases the end of this process is regulation of the initiation of transcription. Note that specific transcription factors may be annotated to this term, but core/general transcription machinery such as RNA polymerase should not."; rdfs:label "signal transduction" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane."; ; "GO:0038042"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26721354"; "MIPS_funcat:30.01.05.05", "MIPS_funcat:30.05.02.24"; "G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway", "G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway", "G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction", "G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway", "G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway", "G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway", "GPCR signaling pathway", "GPCR signalling pathway"; "G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway via GPCR dimer", "dimeric G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway", "dimeric G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway"; "biological_process"; "GO:0007186"; ; rdfs:label "G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity."; , ; "janelomax"; "2012-09-20T14:06:08Z"; "GO:0023032", "GO:0044708", "GO:0044709"; "Wikipedia:Behavior"; "behavioral response to stimulus", "behaviour", "behavioural response to stimulus"; "biological_process"; "single-organism behavior"; "GO:0007610"; , , ; rdfs:comment """1. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation reviews. 2. While a broader definition of behavior encompassing plants and single cell organisms would be justified on the basis of some usage (see PMID:20160973 for discussion), GO uses a tight definition that limits behavior to animals and to responses involving the nervous system, excluding plant responses that GO classifies under development, and responses of unicellular organisms that has general classifications for covering the responses of cells in multicellular organisms (e.g. cell chemotaxis)."""; rdfs:label "behavior" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task)."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28089585"; "Wikipedia:Memory"; "biological_process"; "GO:0007613"; rdfs:label "memory"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "biological_process"; "A biological process represents a specific objective that the organism is genetically programmed to achieve. Biological processes are often described by their outcome or ending state, e.g., the biological process of cell division results in the creation of two daughter cells (a divided cell) from a single parent cell. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence."; , , ; "janelomax"; "2012-09-19T15:05:24Z"; "GO:0000004", "GO:0007582", "GO:0044699"; "Wikipedia:Biological_process"; "biological process", "physiological process"; "biological_process"; "single organism process", "single-organism process"; "GO:0008150"; , , , , , , , , ; rdfs:comment "Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code \"no data\" (ND), is used to indicate this."; rdfs:label "biological_process" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3ea403; "Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level."; ; "janelomax"; "2012-12-11T16:56:55Z"; "GO:0008151", "GO:0044763", "GO:0050875"; "cell physiology", "cellular physiological process"; "cell growth and/or maintenance"; "biological_process"; "single-organism cellular process"; "GO:0009987"; ; rdfs:label "cellular process" . _:3ea403 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state."; ; "GO:0007222"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18976727"; "MIPS_funcat:30.05.02.20"; "Wg signaling pathway", "Wg signalling pathway", "Wingless signaling pathway", "Wingless signalling pathway", "Wnt receptor signaling pathway", "Wnt receptor signalling pathway", "frizzled signaling pathway", "frizzled signalling pathway"; "biological_process"; "Wnt-activated signaling pathway"; "GO:0016055"; rdfs:label "Wnt signaling pathway"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents."; ; "janelomax"; "2012-09-19T15:56:06Z"; "GO:0044702"; "biological_process"; "single organism reproductive process"; "GO:0022414"; rdfs:label "reproductive process" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism."; ; "biological_process"; "GO:0022600"; rdfs:label "digestive system process" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The progression of physiological phases, occurring in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years. The menstrual cycle is an ovulation cycle where the endometrium is shed if pregnancy does not occur."; ; "biological_process"; "GO:0022601"; ; rdfs:label "menstrual cycle phase" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function."; ; , ; "janelomax"; "2012-09-19T16:07:47Z"; "GO:0044707", "GO:0050874"; "organismal physiological process"; "biological_process"; "single-multicellular organism process"; "GO:0032501"; ; rdfs:label "multicellular organismal process" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The cyclic, physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and endometrial tissues from the nonpregnant uterus."; ; "Wikipedia:Menstruation"; "biological_process"; "GO:0042703"; ; rdfs:label "menstruation"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The hardening, enlarging and rising of the penis which often occurs in the sexually aroused male and enables sexual intercourse. Achieved by increased inflow of blood into the vessels of erectile tissue, and decreased outflow."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2605/"; "Wikipedia:Erection#Penile_erection"; "biological_process"; "GO:0043084"; rdfs:label "penile erection"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs."; ; "organismal reproductive process"; "reproductive process in a multicellular organism"; "biological_process"; "GO:0048609"; rdfs:label "multicellular organismal reproductive process" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The behavior in which an organism sheds tears, often accompanied by non-verbal vocalizations and in response to external or internal stimuli."; , ; "cry"; rdfs:label "crying behavior"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The process of biting and mashing food with the teeth prior to swallowing."; ; "midori"; "2010-02-10T11:19:48Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2782045"; "chewing"; "biological_process"; "GO:0071626"; rdfs:label "mastication"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of an intracellular signal (e.g. DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress etc.), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. The intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway is crucially regulated by permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOMP)."; ; "paola"; "2011-11-23T09:40:50Z"; "GO:0008629"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17371290"; "intrinsic apoptotic pathway", "intrinsic apoptotic signalling pathway", "mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway"; "intrinsic apoptosis"; "biological_process"; "induction of apoptosis by intracellular signals"; "GO:0097193"; rdfs:comment "The signals that start intrinsic apoptosis may come from extracellular sources (e.g. oxidative stress, UV exposure), but the reception of the signal and thus the signaling pathway start inside the cell (as a result of DNA damage, redox imbalance, etc.). Examples are ZPR9 (ZNF622) and ASK1 (MAP3K5) (UniProt symbols Q969S3 and Q99683) in PMID:21771788. A diagram of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway including examples of molecular players can be found in Figure 2 in PMID:21760595."; rdfs:label "intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Dysfunction of the urinary bladder."; ; "HP:0004424", "HP:0008731"; "UMLS:C3806583"; "Poor bladder function"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0000009"; rdfs:label "Functional abnormality of the bladder" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the urinary bladder."; ; "UMLS:C0149632"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0000014"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the bladder" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the urinary system."; ; "UMLS:C4021821"; "Urinary tract abnormalities", "Urinary tract abnormality", "Urinary tract anomalies"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0000079"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the urinary system" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A phenotypic abnormality."; , ; "UMLS:C4021819"; "Organ abnormality"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0000118"; rdfs:comment "This is the root of the phenotypic abnormality subontology of the HPO."; rdfs:label "Phenotypic abnormality" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The presence of any abnormality of the genitourinary system."; ; "HP:0008658", "HP:0008688", "HP:0008704", "HP:0008713"; "MSH:D014564", "SNOMEDCT_US:287085006", "SNOMEDCT_US:42030000", "UMLS:C0042063", "UMLS:C0080276", "UMLS:C4020895"; "Abnormality of the GU system", "Genitourinary abnormality", "Genitourinary tract anomalies", "Genitourinary tract malformation", "Urogenital abnormalities", "Urogenital anomalies"; "human_phenotype"; "Genitourinary disease", "Genitourinary dysplasia"; "HP:0000119"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the genitourinary system" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of head and neck."; ; "UMLS:C4021817"; "Abnormality of head or neck", "Head and neck abnormality"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0000152"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of head or neck" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the mouth."; ; "MSH:D009056", "SNOMEDCT_US:128334002", "UMLS:C0026633"; "Abnormal mouth", "Abnormality of the mouth"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0000153"; ; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the mouth" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the head."; ; "UMLS:C4021812"; "Abnormal head", "Abnormality of the head", "Head abnormality"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0000234"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the head" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the face."; ; "Abnormality of the countenance", "Abnormality of the physiognomy", "Abnormality of the visage", "Disorder of face"; "SNOMEDCT_US:118930001", "SNOMEDCT_US:32003007", "SNOMEDCT_US:398206004", "SNOMEDCT_US:398302004", "UMLS:C0266617", "UMLS:C1290857", "UMLS:C4025871"; "Abnormal face", "Abnormality of the face", "Facial abnormality"; "Disorder of the face"; "human_phenotype"; "Anomaly of face", "Anomaly of the face", "Facial anomaly"; "HP:0000271"; ; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the face" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "An anomaly of a muscle that is innervated by the facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve)."; ; "UMLS:C4025865"; "Abnormality of facial muscles", "Facial muscle issue"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0000301"; rdfs:comment "Facial muscles control facial expression and are innervated by the seventh cranial nerve. Facial muscles around the eye are responsible for eye blink and eyelid closure."; rdfs:label "Abnormality of facial musculature" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "HP:0000284"; "UMLS:C4025863"; "Abnormality of the eye region", "Abnormality of the region around the eyes"; "Anomaly of the orbital region of the face", "Deformity of the orbital region of the face", "Malformation of the orbital region of the face"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0000315"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the orbital region" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "Facial myokymia is a fine fibrillary activity of one or more muscles innervated by the facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve)."; ; "HP:0004651"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29961525"; "MSH:D005155", "SNOMEDCT_US:1070000", "UMLS:C0270871"; "Involuntary facial contraction", "Involuntary facial quivering"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0000317"; rdfs:comment "Facial myokymia may be caused by a plaque of multiple sclerosis or have other causes."; rdfs:label "Facial myokymia"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the sensory perception of sound."; ; "UMLS:C4025860"; "Abnormal hearing", "Hearing abnormality"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0000364"; rdfs:comment "According to the World Health Organization, deafness refers to the complete loss of hearing ability in one or two ears. Hearing impairment refers to both complete and partial loss of the ability to hear."; rdfs:label "Hearing abnormality" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A decreased magnitude of the sensory perception of sound."; ; "HP:0000404", "HP:0001728", "HP:0001729", "HP:0001754", "HP:0008560", "HP:0008563"; "Fyler:4868", "MSH:D003638", "MSH:D034381", "SNOMEDCT_US:103276001", "SNOMEDCT_US:15188001", "SNOMEDCT_US:343087000", "SNOMEDCT_US:95828007", "UMLS:C0011053", "UMLS:C0018772", "UMLS:C0339789", "UMLS:C1384666"; "Congenital deafness", "Congenital hearing loss", "Deafness", "Hearing defect", "Hearing impairment"; "human_phenotype"; "Hearing loss", "Hypoacusis"; "HP:0000365"; rdfs:comment "Hearing loss can be categorized by which part of the auditory system is damaged, as conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss. Another axis of classification uses the degree of hearing impairment. The degree of hearing loss is computed by using a three frequency average taken at 500 Hz, 1,000 Hz and 2,000 Hz. The average of these three frequencies is called the Pure Tone Average (PTA). 0-20 dB is considered normal, 21-40 dB mild loss, 41-60 dB moderate loss, 61-70 dB moderately severe loss,71-90 dB severe loss, and greater than 90 dB profound loss. Note that the word deafness is occasionally used to describe partial hearing loss. The World Health Organization uses the word deafness to refer to complete loss of the ability to hear, and hearing impairment to refer to any degree of reduced hearing."; rdfs:label "Hearing impairment"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/progressive-myoclonus-epilepsy/"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Any abnormality of the eye, including location, spacing, and intraocular abnormalities."; ; "MSH:D005124", "MSH:D005128", "SNOMEDCT_US:19416009", "SNOMEDCT_US:371405004", "SNOMEDCT_US:371409005", "UMLS:C0015393", "UMLS:C0015397"; "Abnormal eye", "Abnormality of the eye"; "human_phenotype"; "Eye disease"; "HP:0000478"; ; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the eye" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality in voluntary or involuntary eye movements or their control."; ; "HP:0006860"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12365699"; "SNOMEDCT_US:103252009", "UMLS:C0497202"; "Abnormal extraocular movement", "Abnormal extraocular movements", "Abnormal eye motility", "Abnormal eye movement", "Abnormal eye movements", "Abnormal motility of the globe of the eye", "Abnormal movement of the globe of the eye", "Abnormal ocular movements", "Abnormality of eye movement", "Eye movement abnormalities", "Eye movement issue", "Ocular movement abnormalities", "Oculomotor abnormalities"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0000496"; ; rdfs:label "Abnormality of eye movement"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Abnormality of eyesight (visual perception)."; ; "UMLS:C4025846"; "Abnormality of sight", "Abnormality of vision", "Vision issue"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0000504"; ; rdfs:label "Abnormality of vision" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Visual impairment (or vision impairment) is vision loss (of a person) to such a degree as to qualify as an additional support need through a significant limitation of visual capability resulting from either disease, trauma, or congenital or degenerative conditions that cannot be corrected by conventional means, such as refractive correction, medication, or surgery."; ; "HP:0000516", "HP:0000566", "HP:0007758", "HP:0007860", "HP:0007983"; "MSH:D014786", "MSH:D015354", "SNOMEDCT_US:246635007", "SNOMEDCT_US:397540003", "SNOMEDCT_US:7973008", "UMLS:C0042798", "UMLS:C3665347"; "Impaired vision", "Loss of eyesight", "Poor vision", "Visual impairment"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0000505"; ; rdfs:label "Visual impairment" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Any deviation from the normal motor coordination of the eyes that allows for bilateral fixation on a single object."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=%27Abnormal+conjugate+eye+movement%27+epilepsy"; "UMLS:C1845274"; "Disconjugate eye movements"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0000549"; rdfs:label "Abnormal conjugate eye movement"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of eye movement characterized by impairment of fast (saccadic) eye movements."; ; "HP:0000604"; "UMLS:C1842584", "UMLS:C4025841"; "Abnormality of saccadic eye movements"; "human_phenotype"; "Impaired saccades"; "HP:0000570"; rdfs:comment "Fast (saccadic) eye movements comprise voluntary or involuntary refixation movements, the fast phase of vestibular nystagmus, optokinetic nystagmus, and microsaccades."; rdfs:label "Abnormal saccadic eye movements"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Saccadic undershoot, i.e., a saccadic eye movement that has less than the magnitude that would be required to gain fixation of the object."; ; "SNOMEDCT_US:246768008", "UMLS:C0423082"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0000571"; rdfs:label "Hypometric saccades" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the ear."; ; "SNOMEDCT_US:275259005", "UMLS:C0266589"; "Abnormality of the ear", "Ear anomaly"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0000598"; ; rdfs:comment "Either a morphological abnormality or hearing deficit. This should be split more cleanly in the future."; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the ear" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the nervous system."; ; "HP:0001333", "HP:0006987"; "Brain and/or spinal cord issue"; "MSH:D009421", "SNOMEDCT_US:88425004", "UMLS:C0497552"; "Abnormality of the nervous system", "Neurologic abnormalities", "Neurological abnormality"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0000707"; rdfs:comment "The nervous system comprises the neuraxis (brain, spinal cord, and ventricles), the autonomic nervous system, the enteric nervous system, and the peripheral nervous system."; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the nervous system" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of mental functioning including various affective, behavioural, cognitive and perceptual abnormalities."; ; "HP:0000715", "HP:0002368", "HP:0002456"; "MSH:D000066553", "MSH:D001526", "SNOMEDCT_US:25786006", "SNOMEDCT_US:277843001", "UMLS:C0004941", "UMLS:C0233514"; "Behavioral abnormality", "Behavioral changes", "Behavioral disorders", "Behavioral disturbances", "Behavioral problems", "Behavioral/psychiatric abnormalities", "Behavioural abnormality", "Behavioural/Psychiatric abnormality", "Psychiatric disorders", "Psychiatric disturbances"; "human_phenotype"; "Behavioral symptoms"; "HP:0000708"; rdfs:label "Behavioral abnormality" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Unstable emotional experiences and frequent mood changes; emotions that are easily aroused, intense, and/or out of proportion to events and circumstances."; ; "HP:0008766"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8441366"; "SNOMEDCT_US:18963009", "UMLS:C0085633"; "Emotional instability"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0000712"; rdfs:label "Emotional lability"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Frequent feelings of being down, miserable, and/or hopeless; difficulty recovering from such moods; pessimism about the future; pervasive shame; feeling of inferior self-worth; thoughts of suicide and suicidal behavior."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17260039", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20301709", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28139515"; "MSH:D003866", "SNOMEDCT_US:21061000119107", "SNOMEDCT_US:35489007", "SNOMEDCT_US:78667006", "UMLS:C0011581"; "Depression"; "human_phenotype"; "Depressive disorder"; "HP:0000716"; rdfs:label "Depressivity"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A stereotypy is a repetitive, simple movement that can be voluntarily suppressed. Stereotypies are typically simple back-and-forth movements such as waving of flapping the hands or arms, and they do not involve complex sequences or movement fragments. Movement is often but not always rhythmic and may involve fingers, wrists, or more proximal portions of the upper extremity. The lower extremity is not typically involved. Stereotypies are more commonly bilateral than unilateral."; ; "HP:0008758", "HP:0008759"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29791879"; "MSH:D013239", "MSH:D019956", "SNOMEDCT_US:5507002", "SNOMEDCT_US:84328007", "UMLS:C0038271", "UMLS:C0038273"; "Stereotypies (or mannerisms) are repetitive movements, postures, or utterances that may be simple (such as body rocking, head banging) or complex (such as finger movements or wrist flexion/extension). They may be primary (seen in otherwise normal individuals) or secondary (associated with autism, intellectual impairment and other disorders). Stereotypies can be distinguished from epileptic automatisms by the characteristic movements (a video of events can be helpful to aid diagnosis)."; "Repetitive movements", "Repetitive or self-injurious behavior", "Stereotyped behavior", "Stereotyped, repetitive behaviour", "Stereotypic behavior", "Stereotypic behaviors", "Stereotypical motor behaviors", "Sterotyped behavior"; "human_phenotype"; "Stereotyped behaviors"; "HP:0000733"; rdfs:comment "An abnormality of behavior characterized by one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of behavior such as inflexible adherence to specific, nonfunctional routines or rituals, stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms (e.g., hand or finger flapping or twisting, or complex whole-body movements), or persistent preoccupation with parts of objects. The behaviour does not serve an observable goal. In general the movements are not aimed at the environment, but at the person itself. Stereotypical behaviour is seen especially in children with sensory, intellectual and/or cognitive handicaps."; rdfs:label "Stereotypy"; true; true . _:3ea413 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Stereotypies (or mannerisms) are repetitive movements, postures, or utterances that may be simple (such as body rocking, head banging) or complex (such as finger movements or wrist flexion/extension). They may be primary (seen in otherwise normal individuals) or secondary (associated with autism, intellectual impairment and other disorders). Stereotypies can be distinguished from epileptic automatisms by the characteristic movements (a video of events can be helpful to aid diagnosis)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#stereotypies" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Lack of the ability to control the urinary bladder leading to involuntary urination at an age where control of the bladder should already be possible."; ; "MSH:D004775", "SNOMEDCT_US:8009008", "UMLS:C0014394"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0000805"; rdfs:label "Enuresis" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the endocrine system."; ; "MSH:D004700", "SNOMEDCT_US:362969004", "UMLS:C0014130", "UMLS:C4025823"; "human_phenotype"; "Endocrine system disease"; "HP:0000818"; rdfs:comment "The endocrine system is composed of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream and includes the following glands: thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, gonads (testicles and ovaries), and pituitary. Many other organs, such as the kidney, liver, and heart, have secondary endocrine functions."; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the endocrine system" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The onset of secondary sexual characteristics before a normal age. Although it is difficult to define normal age ranges because of the marked variation with which puberty begins in normal children, precocious puberty can be defined as the onset of puberty before the age of 8 years in girls or 9 years in boys."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13365719", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30838190"; "MSH:D011629", "SNOMEDCT_US:123527003", "SNOMEDCT_US:400179000", "UMLS:C0034013"; "Early onset of puberty", "Early puberty"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0000826"; rdfs:label "Precocious puberty"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#PrecociousPuberty"; true; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the skeletal system."; ; "UMLS:C4021790"; "Abnormality of the skeletal system", "Skeletal abnormalities", "Skeletal anomalies"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0000924"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the skeletal system" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the skin."; ; "HP:0001478", "HP:0001479", "HP:0005591", "HP:0006736", "HP:0007415", "HP:0007580"; "MSH:D012868", "MSH:D012871", "SNOMEDCT_US:199879009", "SNOMEDCT_US:95320005", "UMLS:C0037268", "UMLS:C0037274"; "Abnormality of the skin", "dermatopathy", "dermopathy"; "human_phenotype"; "Skin abnormality"; "HP:0000951"; ; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the skin" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Redness of the skin of the face, caused by hyperemia of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin."; ; "HP:0001068"; "MSH:D001821", "MSH:D012393", "SNOMEDCT_US:20255002", "SNOMEDCT_US:271811009", "SNOMEDCT_US:398909004", "UMLS:C0005874", "UMLS:C0035854", "UMLS:C0239488", "UMLS:C4020880"; "Blushed cheeks", "Blushing", "Red face", "Red in the face"; "Rosacea"; "human_phenotype"; "Ruddy face"; "HP:0001041"; rdfs:label "Facial erythema"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29172092"; "SNOMEDCT_US:12184005", "UMLS:C3887875"; "Partial loss of field of vision", "Visual field defects"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0001123"; rdfs:label "Visual field defect"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Loss of strength in the arm, leg, and sometimes face on one side of the body. Hemiplegia refers to a complete loss of strength, whereas hemiparesis refers to an incomplete loss of strength."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31603835"; "MSH:D010291", "SNOMEDCT_US:127377003", "SNOMEDCT_US:20022000", "UMLS:C0018989"; "Weakness of one side of body"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0001269"; rdfs:label "Hemiparesis"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "A condition in which there is increased muscle tone so that arms or legs, for example, are stiff and difficult to move."; ; "HP:0002388"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27188686"; "MSH:D009122", "SNOMEDCT_US:41581000", "SNOMEDCT_US:56731001", "UMLS:C0026826"; "Hypertonicity", "Increased muscle tone"; "Spasticity and rigidity of muscles"; "human_phenotype"; "Muscle hypertonia"; "HP:0001276"; rdfs:comment "Spasticity is a term that is often used interchangeably with hypertonia. Spasticity, however, is a particular type of hypertonia in which the muscles' spasms are increased by movement. In this type, patients usually have exaggerated reflex responses."; rdfs:label "Hypertonia"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Syncope refers to a generalized weakness of muscles with loss of postural tone, inability to stand upright, and loss of consciousness. Once the patient is in a horizontal position, blood flow to the brain is no longer hindered by gravitation and consciousness is regained. Unconsciousness usually lasts for seconds to minutes. Headache and drowsiness (which usually follow seizures) do not follow a syncopal attack. Syncope results from a sudden impairment of brain metabolism usually due to a reduction in cerebral blood flow."; ; "peter"; "2008-02-25T10:37:00Z"; "MSH:D013575", "SNOMEDCT_US:271594007", "SNOMEDCT_US:272030005", "SNOMEDCT_US:309585006", "UMLS:C0039070"; "Fainting spell"; "human_phenotype"; "Syncope and anoxic seizures"; "HP:0001279"; rdfs:label "Syncope"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#syncope"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the function of the electrical signals with which nerve cells communicate with each other or with muscles as measured by electrophysiological investigations."; ; "HP:0002531", "HP:0003129"; "UMLS:C4021781"; "Neurophysiologic abnormalities", "Neurophysiologic abnormality"; "human_phenotype"; "Electrophysiological Data"; "HP:0001311"; rdfs:label "Abnormal nervous system electrophysiology"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#ElectrophysiologicalData"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Very brief, involuntary random muscular contractions occurring at rest, in response to sensory stimuli, or accompanying voluntary movements."; ; "HP:0002535", "HP:0007087"; "Jerking"; "MSH:D009207", "SNOMEDCT_US:127324008", "SNOMEDCT_US:17450006", "UMLS:C0027066", "UMLS:C1854302"; "Myoclonic jerks", "myoclonic contraction", "myoclonic jerk"; "human_phenotype"; "Involuntary jerking movements"; "HP:0001336"; rdfs:comment "Myoclonus may be synchronous (several muscle contracting simultaneously), spreading (several muscles contracting in sequence), or asynchronous (several muscles contracting with varying and unpredictable relative timing). Myoclonus is characterized by sudden unidirectional movement due to muscle contraction (positive myoclonus) or due to sudden brief muscle relaxation (negative myoclonus)."; rdfs:label "Myoclonus"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Hemorrhage into the parenchyma of the brain."; ; "HP:0002137"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2761703"; "MSH:D002543", "MSH:D020300", "SNOMEDCT_US:230706003", "SNOMEDCT_US:274100004", "UMLS:C0553692", "UMLS:C2937358"; "Bleeding in brain", "Cerebral haemorrhage", "Intracerebral hemorrhage"; "human_phenotype"; "Hemorrhagic stroke"; "HP:0001342"; rdfs:comment "A cerebral hemorrhage (or intracerebral hemorrhage, ICH), is a type of intracranial hemorrhage that occurs within the brain tissue itself."; rdfs:label "Cerebral hemorrhage"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#CerebralHemorrhage"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , , , ; "A flexion contracture is a bent (flexed) joint that cannot be straightened actively or passively. It is thus a chronic loss of joint motion due to structural changes in muscle, tendons, ligaments, or skin that prevents normal movement of joints."; ; "HP:0001372", "HP:0001381", "HP:0005053", "HP:0005189", "HP:0005660"; "MSH:D003286", "SNOMEDCT_US:203598005", "SNOMEDCT_US:385522000", "SNOMEDCT_US:55033002", "SNOMEDCT_US:57048009", "SNOMEDCT_US:7890003", "SNOMEDCT_US:88565003", "UMLS:C0009917", "UMLS:C0009918", "UMLS:C0333068", "UMLS:C1850530"; "Contracture", "Flexed joint that cannot be straightened", "Flexion contractures", "Flexion contractures of joints", "Joint contracture", "Joint contractures"; "human_phenotype"; "Contractures"; "HP:0001371"; rdfs:label "Flexion contracture"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "HP:0008904"; "UMLS:C0262361"; "Abnormal growth", "Growth abnormality", "Growth issue"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0001507"; rdfs:label "Growth abnormality" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Smaller than normal size according to sex and gestational age related norms, defined as a weight below the 10th percentile for the gestational age."; ; "HP:0001422", "HP:0008849", "HP:0008919", "HP:0008927"; "MSH:D007230", "SNOMEDCT_US:267258002", "SNOMEDCT_US:276610007", "UMLS:C0024032", "UMLS:C0235991"; "Birth weight less than 10th percentile", "Low birth weight", "Small for gestational age"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0001518"; rdfs:label "Small for gestational age"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/about-epilepsy-basics/what-are-risk-factors"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the integument, which consists of the skin and the superficial fascia."; ; "UMLS:C4025761"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0001574"; rdfs:comment "Abnormality of skin, hair, or nails."; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the integument" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Any abnormality of the cardiovascular system."; ; "MSH:D002318", "MSH:D018376", "SNOMEDCT_US:49601007", "UMLS:C0007222", "UMLS:C0243050"; "Abnormality of the cardiovascular system", "Cardiovascular abnormality"; "human_phenotype"; "Cardiovascular disease"; "HP:0001626"; rdfs:comment "The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, vasculature, and the lymphatic system."; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the cardiovascular system" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the hematopoietic system."; ; "HP:0003135"; "MSH:D006402", "SNOMEDCT_US:191124002", "SNOMEDCT_US:34093004", "UMLS:C0018939", "UMLS:C0850715", "UMLS:C4020864"; "Abnormality of blood and blood-forming tissues", "Abnormality of the hematopoietic system", "Hematological abnormality"; "human_phenotype"; "Abnormality of the haematopoietic system", "Hematologic disease"; "HP:0001871"; rdfs:comment "The hematopoietic system comprises the organs that are involved in the production of blood, primarily the bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes."; rdfs:label "Abnormality of blood and blood-forming tissues" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormal susceptibility to bleeding, often referred to as a bleeding diathesis. A bleeding diathesis may be related to vascular, platelet and coagulation defects."; ; "HP:0004830", "HP:0004834", "HP:0004849", "HP:0004862", "HP:0004865", "HP:0008183"; "SNOMEDCT_US:248250000", "SNOMEDCT_US:64779008", "UMLS:C1458140"; "Bleeding diathesis", "Bleeding tendency", "Hemorrhagic diathesis"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0001892"; rdfs:comment "This term is kept for historical reasons. If possible, a more exact description of the phenotype (i.e., whether there is a vascular, platelet and coagulation defect) should be attempted."; rdfs:label "Abnormal bleeding" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "HP:0002146", "HP:0004355", "HP:0004367"; "UMLS:C4021768"; "Laboratory abnormality", "Metabolism abnormality"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0001939"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Venous or arterial thrombosis (formation of blood clots) of spontaneous nature and which cannot be fully explained by acquired risk (e.g. atherosclerosis)."; ; "UMLS:C4025731"; "Abnormal blood clot", "Abnormal blood clotting"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0001977"; rdfs:label "Abnormal thrombosis" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormal morphology (form) of the face or its components."; ; "HP:0002004", "HP:0002260", "HP:0004643", "HP:0004649", "HP:0004652", "HP:0004655", "HP:0004675", "HP:0005124"; "Deformity of face", "Malformation of face"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26864574"; "SNOMEDCT_US:248200007", "SNOMEDCT_US:32003007", "SNOMEDCT_US:398206004", "SNOMEDCT_US:398302004", "UMLS:C0266617", "UMLS:C0424503", "UMLS:C1385263", "UMLS:C4072832", "UMLS:C4072833"; "Abnormal facial shape", "Abnormal morphology of the face", "Distinctive facies", "Dysmorphic facial features", "Dysmorphic facies", "Facial dysmorphism", "Unusual facial appearance", "Unusual facies"; "human_phenotype"; "Distortion of face", "Funny looking face"; "HP:0001999"; ; rdfs:comment "This term now covers many of the historical inexact descriptions such as Bird-like facies that probably should be avoided in modern genetics. This portion of the Ontology should be revised."; rdfs:label "Abnormal facial shape"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.mendelian.co/symptoms/abnormal-facial-shape-and-polymicrogyria"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A structural abnormality of the central nervous system."; ; "HP:0002405", "HP:0002413", "HP:0002481", "HP:0007319"; "MSH:D002493", "SNOMEDCT_US:23853001", "UMLS:C0007682", "UMLS:C4021765"; "Abnormality of the central nervous system", "Morphological abnormality of the CNS"; "human_phenotype"; "Central nervous system disease"; "HP:0002011"; rdfs:label "Morphological abnormality of the central nervous system" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Forceful ejection of the contents of the stomach through the mouth by means of a series of involuntary spasmic contractions."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30118929"; "MEDDRA:10047700", "MSH:D014839", "SNOMEDCT_US:249497008", "SNOMEDCT_US:300359004", "SNOMEDCT_US:422400008", "UMLS:C0042963"; "Emesis", "Throwing up", "Vomiting"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002013"; ; rdfs:label "Vomiting"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "SNOMEDCT_US:16932000", "UMLS:C0027498"; "Nausea and vomiting"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002017"; rdfs:label "Nausea and vomiting" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Generalized tonic-clonic seizures are generalized seizures with bilateral symmetrical tonic contraction then bilateral clonic contractions of somatic muscles usually associated with autonomic phenomena."; ; "HP:0001306", "HP:0002407", "HP:0007252"; "MSH:D012640", "SNOMEDCT_US:54200006", "UMLS:C0494475"; "Generalized tonic-clonic seizures are bilateral and symmetric generalized motor seizures, that occur in an individual with loss of consciousness. The tonic-clonic seizure consists of a tonic (bilateral increased tone, lasting seconds to minutes) and then a clonic (bilateral sustained rhythmic jerking) phase, typically in this order, however variations such as clonic-tonic-clonic and myoclonic-tonic-clonic can also occur."; "Generalised tonic-clonic seizures", "Generalized clonic-tonic seizures", "Generalized tonic clonic seizures", "Grand mal seizures", "Seizures, generalized tonic-clonic", "Seizures, generalized, tonic-clonic", "Seizures, tonic-clonic", "Tonic-clonic convulsion", "Tonic-clonic convulsions"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002069"; rdfs:comment "In a generalized tonic-clonic seizure, the patient suddenly loses conciousness, the eyes roll back, and the entire body musculature undergoes tonic contractions. In the clonic phase of the seizure, there are rhythmic contractions of the musculature alternating with relaxation of all muscle groups. Loss of sphincter control during the seizure is common. This form of seizure was formerly commonly called grand mal seizure."; rdfs:label "Generalized tonic-clonic seizures"; true . _:3ea423 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Generalized tonic-clonic seizures are bilateral and symmetric generalized motor seizures, that occur in an individual with loss of consciousness. The tonic-clonic seizure consists of a tonic (bilateral increased tone, lasting seconds to minutes) and then a clonic (bilateral sustained rhythmic jerking) phase, typically in this order, however variations such as clonic-tonic-clonic and myoclonic-tonic-clonic can also occur."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/tonic-clonic-variants-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the respiratory system, which include the airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles."; ; "UMLS:C4018871"; "Respiratory abnormality"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002086"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the respiratory system" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizures with sudden, brief (< 100 msec) involuntary single or multiple contraction(s) of muscles(s) or muscle groups of variable topography (axial, proximal limb, distal)."; ; "HP:0006869", "HP:0006902", "HP:0007075", "HP:0007202", "HP:0007284", "HP:0007294"; "Myoclonic seizures"; "MSH:D004831", "MSH:D020191", "SNOMEDCT_US:192992007", "SNOMEDCT_US:267581004", "SNOMEDCT_US:37356005", "UMLS:C0014550", "UMLS:C0751778", "UMLS:C4021759"; "A myoclonic seizure is a single or series of jerks (brief muscle contractions). Each jerk is typically milliseconds in duration. Myoclonic status epilepticus is characterized by ongoing (> 30 minutes) irregular jerking, often with partially retained awareness. These two features distinguish a myoclonic status epilepticus from a generalized clonic seizure, where consciousness is lost and the jerking is sustained and rhythmic."; "Generalised myoclonic seizures", "Myoclonus seizures"; "human_phenotype"; "Myoclonic epilepsy, progressive"; "HP:0002123"; rdfs:label "Generalized myoclonic seizures"; true . _:3ea433 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A myoclonic seizure is a single or series of jerks (brief muscle contractions). Each jerk is typically milliseconds in duration. Myoclonic status epilepticus is characterized by ongoing (> 30 minutes) irregular jerking, often with partially retained awareness. These two features distinguish a myoclonic status epilepticus from a generalized clonic seizure, where consciousness is lost and the jerking is sustained and rhythmic."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/myoclonic-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Polymicrogyria is a congenital malformation of the cerebral cortex characterized by abnormal cortical layering (lamination) and an excessive number of small gyri (folds)."; ; "MSH:D065706", "SNOMEDCT_US:4945003", "UMLS:C0266464"; "Polymicrogyria is a common malformation of cortical development, where there is abnormal layering, excessive gyration (folding), and gyral fusion in the cerebral cortex. Polymicrogyria may be bilateral, or less commonly unilateral. It occurs most frequently in the perisylvian cortex (80%) and can result in the Sylvian fissure having an abnormal extension and orientation."; "More grooves in brain"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002126"; rdfs:comment "Polymicrogyria, one of the most common malformations of cortical development, is characterized histologically by the appearance of an excessive number of small cortical folds, often fused together, with disordered cortical lamination."; rdfs:label "Polymicrogyria"; true . _:3ea443 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Polymicrogyria is a common malformation of cortical development, where there is abnormal layering, excessive gyration (folding), and gyral fusion in the cerebral cortex. Polymicrogyria may be bilateral, or less commonly unilateral. It occurs most frequently in the perisylvian cortex (80%) and can result in the Sylvian fissure having an abnormal extension and orientation."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/polymicrogyria-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Status epilepticus is a type of prolonged seizure. The definition is based on both the length of the seizure and the time point (t1) beyond which the seizure should be regarded as continuous seizure activity. The second time point (t2) is the time of ongoing seizure activity after which there is a risk of long-term consequences. See the comment for information on t1 and t2."; ; "MSH:D013226", "SNOMEDCT_US:230456007", "UMLS:C0038220"; "Repeated seizures without recovery between them"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002133"; rdfs:comment "In 2015 the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus concluded that the evidence to define time points 1 and 2 in humans was incomplete. For tonic-clonic status epilepticus t1 is defined as 5 minutes and t2 as 30 minutes. For focal status epilepticus with impaired consciousness t1 is defined as 10 minutes and t2 over 60 minutes. For absence status epilepticus t1 is defined as 10-15 minutes and t2 is unknown. Status epilepticus is a condition that can have long-term consequences (after time point t2), including neuronal death, neuronal injury, and alteration of neuronal networks, depending on the type and duration of seizures."; rdfs:label "Status epilepticus" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Hemorrhage occurring between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2744032/"; "MSH:D013345", "SNOMEDCT_US:21454007", "UMLS:C0038525"; "Subarachnoid (aneurysmal) Hemorrhage", "Subarachnoid haemorrhage"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002138"; rdfs:comment "Bleeding into the subarachnoid space the area between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater surrounding the brain. Subarachnoid hemorrhage may occur spontaneously, usually from a ruptured cerebral aneurysm, or may result from head injury."; rdfs:label "Subarachnoid hemorrhage"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SubarachnoidHemorrhage"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "MSH:D013064", "UMLS:C0037822"; "Speech disorder", "Speech impairment", "Speech impediment"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002167"; rdfs:label "Neurological speech impairment" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "Hemorrhage occurring within the skull."; ; "MSH:D020300", "SNOMEDCT_US:1386000", "UMLS:C0151699"; "Bleeding within the skull", "Intracranial haemorrhage"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002170"; rdfs:label "Intracranial hemorrhage" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A tendency to fall or the inability to keep oneself from falling; imbalance. The retropulsion test is widely regarded as the gold standard to evaluate postural instability, Use of the retropulsion test includes a rapid balance perturbation in the backward direction, and the number of balance correcting steps (or total absence thereof) is used to rate the degree of postural instability. Healthy subjects correct such perturbations with either one or two large steps, or without taking any steps, hinging rapidly at the hips while swinging the arms forward as a counterweight. In patients with balance impairment, balance correcting steps are often too small, forcing patients to take more than two steps. Taking three or more steps is generally considered to be abnormal, and taking more than five steps is regarded as being clearly abnormal. Markedly affected patients continue to step backward without ever regaining their balance and must be caught by the examiner (this would be called true retropulsion). Even more severely affected patients fail to correct entirely, and fall backward like a pushed toy soldier, without taking any corrective steps."; ; "UMLS:C1843921"; "Balance impairment"; "human_phenotype"; "Abnormal retropulsion test", "Imbalance"; "HP:0002172"; rdfs:label "Postural instability"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/atonic-seizures"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizures of with initial involvement of both cerebral hemispheres."; ; "HP:0002409", "HP:0007114", "HP:0007339"; "MSH:D012640", "SNOMEDCT_US:246545002", "UMLS:C0234533", "UMLS:C1833488"; "A generalized seizure is conceptualized as originating at some point within, and rapidly engaging, bilaterally distributed networks. Such bilateral networks can include cortical and subcortical structures, but do not necessarily include the entire cortex. Although individual seizure onsets can appear localized, the location and lateralization are not consistent from one seizure to another."; "Generalized seizures", "Generalized-onset seizures"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002197"; rdfs:comment "Generalized seizures are sub-categorized into several major types: generalized tonic clonic; myoclonic; absence; and atonic."; rdfs:label "Generalized-onset seizure"; true . _:3ea453 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A generalized seizure is conceptualized as originating at some point within, and rapidly engaging, bilaterally distributed networks. Such bilateral networks can include cortical and subcortical structures, but do not necessarily include the entire cortex. Although individual seizure onsets can appear localized, the location and lateralization are not consistent from one seizure to another."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/generalized-seizure-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A focal clonic seizure is a type of focal motor seizure characterized by sustained rhythmic jerking, that is regularly repetitive."; ; "MSH:D020938", "UMLS:C0752323"; "The movement involves sustained rhythmic jerking, this may involve a distal limb, one limb or one side of the body. The jerking may spread to involve parts of the body according to their representation on the motor cortex (according to the homunculus), this is known as a Jacksonian march."; "Focal clonic seizures", "Localised clonic seizure", "Localized clonic seizure", "Partial clonic seizure", "Segmental clonic seizure"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002266"; rdfs:comment "The movement involves sustained rhythmic jerking, this may involve a limb, half the face or one side of the body, and may spread according to a Jacksonian march: The jerking may spread to involve parts of the body according to their representation on the motor cortex (according to the homunculus)."; rdfs:label "Focal clonic seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.medlink.com/article/focal_clonic_seizures"; true; true . _:3ea463 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The movement involves sustained rhythmic jerking, this may involve a distal limb, one limb or one side of the body. The jerking may spread to involve parts of the body according to their representation on the motor cortex (according to the homunculus), this is known as a Jacksonian march."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/motor-overview.htm" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Heterotopia or neuronal heterotopia are macroscopic clusters of misplaced neurons (gray matter), most often situated along the ventricular walls or within the subcortical white matter."; ; "HP:0002281", "HP:0007314"; "MSH:D002828", "SNOMEDCT_US:128490007", "SNOMEDCT_US:416286003", "SNOMEDCT_US:417338002", "UMLS:C0008519"; "Grey matter heterotopia is a malformation of cortical development, where cortical cells (grey matter) are present in inappropriate locations in the brain, due to interruption in their migration to their correct location in the cerebral cortex. Grey matter heterotopia may be unilateral or bilateral, singular or multiple, separate or contiguous."; "Gray matter heterotopias", "Grey matter heterotopia", "Heterotopia", "Heterotopias", "Neuronal heterotopia"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002282"; rdfs:comment "Gray matter heterotopia is caused by clumps of grey matter being located in the wrong part of the brain. It is characterized as a type of cortical malformation. The neurons in heterotopia may appear to be normal, except for their mislocation; nuclear studies have shown glucose metabolism equal to that of normally positioned gray matter. The condition causes a variety of symptoms, but usually includes some degree of epilepsy or recurring seizures, and often affects the brain's ability to function on higher levels. Symptoms range from nonexistent to profound, in which case heterotopia can result in severe seizure disorder, loss of motor skills, and mental retardation. Neuronal heterotopia consists of grey matter within the white matter, and the term grey matter heterotopia is more frequently used."; rdfs:label "Gray matter heterotopia"; true . _:3ea473 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Grey matter heterotopia is a malformation of cortical development, where cortical cells (grey matter) are present in inappropriate locations in the brain, due to interruption in their migration to their correct location in the cerebral cortex. Grey matter heterotopia may be unilateral or bilateral, singular or multiple, separate or contiguous."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/grey-matter-heterotopia-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "Habitual flow of saliva out of the mouth."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30125861"; "MSH:D012798", "SNOMEDCT_US:275295002", "SNOMEDCT_US:53827007", "SNOMEDCT_US:62718007", "UMLS:C0013132", "UMLS:C0037036"; "Dribbling", "Drooling", "Sialorrhea"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002307"; rdfs:label "Drooling"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Cephalgia, or pain sensed in various parts of the head, not confined to the area of distribution of any nerve."; ; "HP:0000266", "HP:0001354"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2605/"; "MSH:D006261", "SNOMEDCT_US:25064002", "UMLS:C0018681"; "Headache", "Headaches"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002315"; rdfs:comment "Headache is one of the most common types of recurrent pain as well as one of the most frequent symptoms in neurology. In addition to occasional headaches, there are well-defined headache disorders that vary in incidence, prevalence and duration and can be divided into two broad categories. In secondary headache disorders, headaches are attributed to another condition, such as brain tumour or head injury; for the primary disorders the headache is not due to another condition."; rdfs:label "Headache"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/about-epilepsy-basics/what-happens-during-seizure"; true; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Excessive daytime sleepiness."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2605/"; "MSH:D012894", "SNOMEDCT_US:271782001", "SNOMEDCT_US:79519003", "UMLS:C0013144"; "Drowsiness", "Sleepy"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002329"; rdfs:label "Drowsiness"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A type of focal-onset seizure in which awareness is preserved. Awareness during a seizure is defined as the patient being fully aware of themself and their environment throughout the seizure, even if immobile."; ; "MSH:D004828", "SNOMEDCT_US:117891000119100", "SNOMEDCT_US:79348005", "UMLS:C0234974"; "Awareness during a seizure is defined as the patient being fully aware of themself and their environment throughout the seizure, even if immobile. If awareness is preserved, the seizure is a focal aware seizure. Previously this seizure type was known as a simple partial seizure."; "Focal aware seizures", "Focal seizure with retained awareness", "Focal seizure without impairment of awareness", "Focal seizure without impairment of consciousness or awareness", "Focal seizures without impairment of consciousness or awareness", "Partial seizure with retained awareness", "Partial seizure without impairment of awareness", "Simple partial seizure", "Simple partial seizures"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002349"; rdfs:comment "In the previous (1981) ILAE classification of seizure types, the term 'simple partial seizure' was used to denote a focal aware seizure. Awareness during a seizure is defined as the patient being fully aware of themself and their environment throughout the seizure, even if immobile. If awareness is preserved throughout, then the seizure is a focal aware seizure. Previously the terms simple partial was used to describe focal aware seizures."; rdfs:label "Focal aware seizure"; true . _:3ea483 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Awareness during a seizure is defined as the patient being fully aware of themself and their environment throughout the seizure, even if immobile. If awareness is preserved, the seizure is a focal aware seizure. Previously this seizure type was known as a simple partial seizure."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/aware-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Abnormality observed by electroencephalogram (EEG), which is used to record of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp."; ; "HP:0001346", "HP:0002429", "HP:0006841"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12199726"; "SNOMEDCT_US:274521009", "UMLS:C0151611"; "Abnormal EEG", "Abnormal electroencephalogram", "EEG abnormalities", "Electroencephalogram abnormal", "Electroencephalogram abnormalities"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002353"; rdfs:label "EEG abnormality"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A type of focal-onset saeizure characterized by impaired awareness. Awareness during a seizure is defined as the patient being fully aware of themself and their environment throughout the seizure, even if immobile. If awareness is impaired at any point during the seizure, the seizure is a focal impaired awareness seizure. The degree of loss of awareness may vary."; ; "HP:0002278", "HP:0011146"; "SNOMEDCT_US:4103001", "UMLS:C0149958", "UMLS:C0270834"; "If awareness is impaired at any point during the seizure, the seizure is a focal impaired awareness seizure. The degree of loss of awareness may vary. The terms complex partial seizure and focal dyscognitive seizure were previously used to denote a focal impaired awareness seizure."; "Complex focal seizures", "Complex partial seizures", "DialepticSeizure", "Dyscognitive seizures", "Focal impaired awareness seizures", "Focal seizures with impairment of consciousness or awareness"; "human_phenotype"; "Dialeptic seizure"; "HP:0002384"; rdfs:comment "In the previous (1981) ILAE classification of seizure types, the term 'complex partial seizure' was used to denote a focal impaired awareness seizure. The term Dialeptic seizure referred to seizures that have as their main ictal manifestations an alteration of consciousness that is independent of ictal EEG manifestations. The term is no longer recommended according to the 2017 ILAE seizure classification."; rdfs:label "Focal impaired awareness seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#DialepticSeizure"; true . _:3ea493 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "If awareness is impaired at any point during the seizure, the seizure is a focal impaired awareness seizure. The degree of loss of awareness may vary. The terms complex partial seizure and focal dyscognitive seizure were previously used to denote a focal impaired awareness seizure."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/focal-impaired-awareness-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The presence of complexes of repetitive spikes and waves in EEG."; ; "UMLS:C4021757"; "EEG: spike and multispike waves, 3-4 hz", "electroencephalogram with polyspike wave complex"; "human_phenotype"; "Polyspike-and-Slow-Wave Complex"; "HP:0002392"; rdfs:label "EEG with polyspike wave complexes"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Myokymia consists of involuntary, fine, continuous, undulating contractions that spread across the affected striated muscle."; ; "MSH:D020385", "SNOMEDCT_US:27678003", "UMLS:C0684219"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002411"; rdfs:comment "Myokymia is characterized electrophysiologically by rhythmic or semi-rhythmic bursts of a single motor unit discharging several times a second at a rate of 3-8 Hz. These myokymic discharges are nonsynchronous in different muscles or even in the same muscle, with intervals of 100-200 milliseconds separating individual bursts. The spontaneous discharges are not initiated by voluntary movement, although they may increase with such activity."; rdfs:label "Myokymia" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The presence of a hamartoma of the hypothalamus."; ; "MSH:C537158", "SNOMEDCT_US:237714006", "UMLS:C0342418"; "Hypothalamic hamartomas are rare malformations of fetal brain development, affecting development of the hypothalamus, and are placed within the spectrum of grey matter heterotopia. Pathologically, lesions show mature neuronal and glial cells and some myelinated fibres."; "human_phenotype"; "Hamartoma"; "HP:0002444"; rdfs:comment "Hypothalamic hamartoma is a malformation, not a tumor. Hypothalamic hamartomas grow at the rate of, or slower than, the surrounding brain tissue. A hamartoma of the hypothalamus appears as a non-enhancing mass in the floor of the third ventricle posterior to the optic chiasm that is isointense to grey matter on T1 and T2 pulse sequences of an MRI, but may have distinct intensity on FLAIR (neither cranial CT examination nor cranial ultrasound examination is adequate for diagnosis of hypothalamic hamartom). Individuals with hypothalamic hamartomas may have neurologic symptoms, although most are asymptomatic. Removal of the hypothalamic hamartoma is not indicated and often results in iatrogenic pituitary insufficiency."; rdfs:label "Hypothalamic hamartoma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Hamartoma", "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#HypothalamicHamartoma"; true; true; ""; true . _:3ea4a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Hypothalamic hamartomas are rare malformations of fetal brain development, affecting development of the hypothalamus, and are placed within the spectrum of grey matter heterotopia. Pathologically, lesions show mature neuronal and glial cells and some myelinated fibres."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/hh-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A functional anomaly of the upper motor neuron. The upper motor neurons are neurons of the primary motor cortex which project to the brainstem and spinal chord via the corticonuclear, corticobulbar and corticospinal (pyramidal) tracts. They are involved in control of voluntary movements. Dysfunction leads to weakness, impairment of fine motor movements, spasticity, hyperreflexia and abnormal pyramidal signs."; ; "UMLS:C1504405", "UMLS:C1839042"; "Corticospinal tract dysfunction", "Pyramidal tract dysfunction"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002493"; rdfs:comment "A functional deficit of the tract that conveys nervous impulses from the motor cortex of the brain to the spinal cord. The corticospinal tract mediates discrete voluntary skilled movements. Clinical features of corticospinal tract dysfunction may include spasticity and weakness, particularly affecting the lower limbs, as well as hyperreflexia, clonus at the ankles and knees, and extensor plantar responses (Babinski response)."; rdfs:label "Upper motor neuron dysfunction" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Hypsarrhythmia is abnormal interictal high amplitude waves and a background of irregular spikes. There is continuous (during wakefulness), high-amplitude (>200 Hz), generalized polymorphic slowing with no organized background and multifocal spikes demonstrated by electroencephalography (EEG)."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29656099"; "MSH:D013036", "SNOMEDCT_US:28055006", "UMLS:C0684276"; "Hypsarrhythmia by EEG"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002521"; rdfs:label "Hypsarrhythmia"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Hypsarrhythmia"; true; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Abnormal intestinal contractions, such as spasms and intestinal paralysis, related to the loss of the ability of the gut to coordinate muscular activity because of endogenous or exogenous causes."; ; "UMLS:C1836923"; "GI dysmotility"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002579"; ; rdfs:label "Gastrointestinal dysmotility" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the vasculature."; ; "UMLS:C0241657"; "Abnormality of blood vessels", "Abnormality of the vasculature", "Vascular abnormalities"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002597"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the vasculature" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Low Blood Pressure, vascular hypotension."; ; "HP:0005127", "HP:0006701"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30378543"; "MSH:D007022", "SNOMEDCT_US:45007003", "UMLS:C0020649"; "Arterial hypotension", "Low blood pressure"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002615"; rdfs:label "Hypotension"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An organ or organ-system abnormality that consists of uncontrolled autonomous cell-proliferation which can occur in any part of the body as a benign or malignant neoplasm (tumour)."; ; "HP:0003008", "HP:0006741"; "Abnormal tissue mass"; "MSH:D009369", "NCIT:C3262", "SNOMEDCT_US:108369006", "SNOMEDCT_US:363346000", "UMLS:C0006826", "UMLS:C0027651"; "Epileptogenic tumors are, in the majority, biologically benign lesions that do not usually change over time. As a result, they do not require oncological surgery and surveillance, instead their management centres on control of seizures. Some tumors are highly associated with refractory epilepsy, and are amenable to epilepsy surgery due to their anatomic and imaging features, epilepsy surgery is therefore an important treatment option for this group of patients."; "Neoplasia", "Oncological abnormality", "Tumor", "Tumour"; "human_phenotype"; "Cancer", "Oncology"; "HP:0002664"; rdfs:comment "The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies neoplasms into four main groups: (i) benign neoplasm, (ii) in situ neoplasm, (iii) malignant neoplasm, and (iv) neoplasm of uncertain or unknown behavior. A malignant neoplasm is also known as cancer."; rdfs:label "Neoplasm"; true . _:3ea4b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Epileptogenic tumors are, in the majority, biologically benign lesions that do not usually change over time. As a result, they do not require oncological surgery and surveillance, instead their management centres on control of seizures. Some tumors are highly associated with refractory epilepsy, and are amenable to epilepsy surgery due to their anatomic and imaging features, epilepsy surgery is therefore an important treatment option for this group of patients."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/tumors-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the immune system."; ; "HP:0003257", "HP:0003346", "HP:0010986"; "UMLS:C4021753"; "Abnormality of the immune system", "Immunological abnormality"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002715"; rdfs:comment "The immune system is composed of organs and interdependent cell types that collectively protect the body from infections and from the growth of tumor cells. The organs of the immune system comprise the bone marrow, the spleen, the thymus,the lymph nodes, and the cell types comprise B cells, T cells, natural killer cells, granulocytes,dendritic cells, and macrophages."; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the immune system" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Increased resistance to the passage of air in the upper airway."; ; "UMLS:C0740852"; "mposed upper airways obstruction (suffocation) is a rare but important cause of life-threatening syncope in infants. The events always occur in the presence of a particular individual with others never seeing the beginning of an event. The syncope takes longer to evolve than in reflex anoxic seizures or breath holding. This is one form of fabricated or induced illness."; "IUAO", "Upper airway obstruction", "imposed upper airways obstruction"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002781"; ; rdfs:label "Upper airway obstruction"; true . _:3ea4c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "mposed upper airways obstruction (suffocation) is a rare but important cause of life-threatening syncope in infants. The events always occur in the presence of a particular individual with others never seeing the beginning of an event. The syncope takes longer to evolve than in reflex anoxic seizures or breath holding. This is one form of fabricated or induced illness."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#imposed-upper" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Fyler:4200", "UMLS:C4025677"; "Abnormal respiration", "Functional respiratory abnormality"; "human_phenotype"; "Respiratory problem"; "HP:0002795"; rdfs:comment "This category describes not-primarily structural lesions."; rdfs:label "Functional respiratory abnormality" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The presence of an ependymoma of the central nervous system."; ; "MSH:D004806", "NCIT:C3017", "SNOMEDCT_US:443643007", "SNOMEDCT_US:57706008", "UMLS:C0014474"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002888"; rdfs:comment "According to MPATH, ependymomas are neoplasms derived from the ependymal cells lining the ventricles and aqueduct of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord and may be malignant or benign."; rdfs:label "Ependymoma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Ependymoma"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormally decreased calcium concentration in the blood."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20430655"; "MSH:D006996", "SNOMEDCT_US:5291005", "UMLS:C0020598"; "Hypocalcaemia", "Low blood calcium levels"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002901"; rdfs:label "Hypocalcemia"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/metabolic-disorders/electrolyte-abnormalities/hypocalcemia"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormally decreased sodium concentration in the blood."; ; "MSH:D007010", "SNOMEDCT_US:89627008", "UMLS:C0020625"; "Low blood sodium levels"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002902"; rdfs:label "Hyponatremia"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/metabolic-disorders/electrolyte-abnormalities/hyponatremia"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormally decreased magnesium concentration in the blood."; ; "HP:0003284"; "SNOMEDCT_US:190855004", "UMLS:C0151723"; "Low blood Mg levels", "Low blood magnesium levels"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002917"; rdfs:label "Hypomagnesemia"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/metabolic-disorders/electrolyte-abnormalities"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)."; ; "UMLS:C0151583"; "Abnormal CSF findings", "Abnormality of the CSF"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0002921"; rdfs:comment "The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is secreted by the choroid plexus, and flows uninterrupted throughout the central nervous system (the central cerebrospinal canal of the spinal cord and through the four interconnected cerebral ventricles in the brain)."; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the cerebrospinal fluid" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Abnormality originating in one or more muscles, i.e., of the set of muscles of body."; ; "HP:0003197", "HP:0003708", "HP:0040290"; "UMLS:C4021745"; "Muscular abnormality"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0003011"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the musculature" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Abnormality of the homeostasis (concentration) of a monoatomic ion."; ; "HP:0003253"; "SNOMEDCT_US:237840007", "UMLS:C1704431", "UMLS:C4025654"; "Abnormality of ion homeostasis", "Electrolyte disorders"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0003111"; rdfs:label "Abnormal blood ion concentration" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormally increased sodium concentration in the blood."; ; "MSH:D006955", "SNOMEDCT_US:286926003", "SNOMEDCT_US:39355002", "UMLS:C0020488"; "High blood sodium levels"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0003228"; rdfs:label "Hypernatremia"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/metabolic-disorders/electrolyte-abnormalities-0"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An elevation of the level of the enzyme creatine kinase (also known as creatine phosphokinase, CPK; EC 2.7.3.2) in the blood. CPK levels can be elevated in a number of clinical disorders such as myocardial infarction, rhabdomyolysis, and muscular dystrophy."; ; "HP:0002147", "HP:0002906", "HP:0003078", "HP:0003525", "HP:0003531", "HP:0008164"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28288363"; "UMLS:C0151576", "UMLS:C0241005"; "Elevated blood creatine phosphokinase", "Elevated circulating creatine phosphokinase", "Elevated creatine kinase", "Elevated serum CPK", "Elevated serum creatine kinase", "Elevated serum creatine phosphokinase", "High serum creatine kinase", "Increased CPK", "Increased creatine kinase", "Increased creatine phosphokinase", "Increased serum CK", "Increased serum creatine kinase", "Increased serum creatine phosphokinase"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0003236"; rdfs:comment """'has part' some ('increased amount' and ('inheres in' some (IMR_0002602 and ('part of' some blood))) and ('has modifier' some abnormal))"""; rdfs:label "Elevated serum creatine kinase"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Sudden and involuntary contractions of one or more muscles."; ; "HP:0009018", "HP:0031988"; "MSH:D009120", "SNOMEDCT_US:55300003", "UMLS:C0026821"; "Muscle cramps"; "human_phenotype"; "Spasm"; "HP:0003394"; rdfs:label "Muscle spasm"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Any abnormality of the soft tissues, including both connective tissue (tendons, ligaments, fascia, fibrous tissues, and fat)."; ; "UMLS:C4025596"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0003549"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of connective tissue" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A condition in which muscles cannot be moved quickly without accompanying pain or spasm."; ; "HP:0009014"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28139515"; "SNOMEDCT_US:16046003", "UMLS:C0221170"; "stiffness"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0003552"; rdfs:label "Muscle stiffness"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/seizure-types#.XJsKjZgzbIU"; true; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Excessive production of saliva."; ; "MSH:D012798", "SNOMEDCT_US:275295002", "SNOMEDCT_US:53827007", "SNOMEDCT_US:62718007", "UMLS:C0013132", "UMLS:C0037036"; "Excessive production of saliva", "Excessive salivation", "Hypersalivation", "Mouth watering", "Oversalivation", "Ptyalism", "Watery mouth"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0003781"; rdfs:label "Excessive salivation" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "UMLS:C0852413"; "Abnormal muscle tone"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0003808"; rdfs:label "Abnormal muscle tone" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Involuntary contractions of muscle leading to involuntary movements of extremities, neck, trunk, or face."; ; "peter"; "2008-02-20T12:18:00Z"; "HP:0007120"; "SNOMEDCT_US:102542000", "UMLS:C0235086"; "Involuntary movements", "Involuntary muscle contractions"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0004305"; rdfs:label "Involuntary movements" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormal increase or decrease of weight or an abnormal distribution of mass in the body."; ; "peter"; "2008-02-27T03:21:00Z"; "HP:0010718"; "UMLS:C0878621", "UMLS:C4025357"; "Abnormality of body weight"; "human_phenotype"; "Abnormality of habitus"; "HP:0004323"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of body weight" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Abnormally low body weight."; ; "peter"; "2008-02-27T03:22:00Z"; "HP:0001823", "HP:0001826"; "MSH:D013851", "MSH:D015431", "SNOMEDCT_US:161832001", "SNOMEDCT_US:248342006", "SNOMEDCT_US:262285001", "SNOMEDCT_US:89362005", "UMLS:C0041667", "UMLS:C1262477", "UMLS:C1844806"; "Decreased body weight", "Decreased weight", "Low body weight", "Low weight", "Weight less than 3rd percentile"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0004325"; rdfs:label "Decreased body weight" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Any structural anomaly of the vitreous body."; ; "peter"; "2008-02-27T04:20:00Z"; "UMLS:C4025356"; "Abnormal vitreous humour morphology"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0004327"; ; rdfs:comment "The vitreous humor is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina."; rdfs:label "Abnormal vitreous humor morphology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "peter"; "2008-02-27T04:25:00Z"; "UMLS:C4025354"; "Abnormal morphology of the posterior segment of the globe", "Abnormality of the posterior segment of the eye", "Abnormality of the posterior segment of the eyeball", "Abnormality of the posterior segment of the globe"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0004329"; rdfs:comment "The posterior segment comprises the anterior hyaloid membrane and all of the optical structures behind it: the vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic nerve."; rdfs:label "Abnormal posterior eye segment morphology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Any deviation from the normal concentration of calcium in the blood circulation."; ; "peter"; "2008-03-17T04:15:00Z"; "HP:0040077"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20430655"; "Abnormal blood calcium concentration", "Abnormal blood calcium levels", "Abnormal circulating Ca concentration", "Abnormal circulating Ca2+ concentration"; "HP:0004363"; rdfs:label "Abnormal circulating calcium concentration"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "peter"; "2008-03-18T07:12:00Z"; "SNOMEDCT_US:3006004", "UMLS:C0234428"; "Disturbances of consciousness", "Lowered consciousness", "Reduced consciousness/confusion"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0004372"; rdfs:label "Reduced consciousness/confusion" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Loss of strength in the arm, leg, and sometimes face on one side of the body. Hemiplegia refers to a severe or complete loss of strength, whereas hemiparesis refers to a relatively mild loss of strength."; ; "peter"; "2008-03-18T07:35:00Z"; "UMLS:C0375206"; "Paralysis or weakness of one side of body"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0004374"; rdfs:label "Hemiplegia/hemiparesis" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Inflammation of a vein associated with venous thrombosis (blood clot formation within the vein)."; ; "peter"; "2008-03-18T09:30:00Z"; "MSH:D013924", "SNOMEDCT_US:64156001", "UMLS:C0040046"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0004418"; rdfs:label "Thrombophlebitis"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.longdom.org/open-access/a-case-of-thrombophlebitis-caused-by-carbamazepine-2161-1025.1000121.pdf"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of magnesium ion homeostasis."; ; "HP:0008274"; "UMLS:C4020826", "UMLS:C4025274"; "Abnormal Mg concentration", "Abnormality of magnesium homeostasis"; "human_phenotype"; "Abnormal magnesium metabolism"; "HP:0004921"; rdfs:label "Abnormal magnesium concentration" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a vein, causing the obstruction of blood flow."; ; "MSH:D020246", "SNOMEDCT_US:111293003", "UMLS:C0042487"; "Blood clot in vein"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0004936"; rdfs:label "Venous thrombosis" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A separation (dissection) of the layers of an artery."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3728598/"; "MSH:D000784", "SNOMEDCT_US:233992003", "SNOMEDCT_US:26845001", "SNOMEDCT_US:710864009", "SNOMEDCT_US:9406001", "UMLS:C0002949"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0005294"; rdfs:label "Arterial dissection"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "UMLS:C1846620"; "Unilateral clonic seizures"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0006813"; rdfs:label "Hemiclonic seizures" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Enlargement of all or parts of one cerebral hemisphere."; ; "MSH:D065705", "SNOMEDCT_US:253170008", "UMLS:C0431391"; "Hemimegalencephaly is a malformation of cortical development, where there is an abnormally large and malformed cerebral hemisphere, with abnormal cortical formation, white matter volume and ventricular morphology. The other hemisphere is usually normal, but may be smaller in size. Hemimegalencephaly can co-occur with other structural abnormalities including enlargement of the ipsilateral cerebellar hemisphere and brainstem, polymicrogyria and grey matter heterotopia. It can occur in tuberous sclerosis, linear nevus sebaceous syndrome (50% have hemimegalencephaly), hypomelanosis of Ito, neurofibromatosis, Proteus syndrome and in Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome."; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0007206"; rdfs:comment "The affected hemisphere may have focal or diffuse neuronal migration defects, with areas of polymicrogyria, pachygyria, and heterotopia."; rdfs:label "Hemimegalencephaly"; true . _:3ea4d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Hemimegalencephaly is a malformation of cortical development, where there is an abnormally large and malformed cerebral hemisphere, with abnormal cortical formation, white matter volume and ventricular morphology. The other hemisphere is usually normal, but may be smaller in size. Hemimegalencephaly can co-occur with other structural abnormalities including enlargement of the ipsilateral cerebellar hemisphere and brainstem, polymicrogyria and grey matter heterotopia. It can occur in tuberous sclerosis, linear nevus sebaceous syndrome (50% have hemimegalencephaly), hypomelanosis of Ito, neurofibromatosis, Proteus syndrome and in Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/hemimegalencephaly-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizures of which initial semiology indicates, or is consistent with, initial activation of only part of one cerebral hemisphere."; ; "peter"; "2008-03-31T05:27:00Z"; "HP:0002358"; "MSH:D012640", "SNOMEDCT_US:29753000", "UMLS:C0751495"; "Focal seizures are conceptualized as originating within networks limited to one hemisphere. They may be discretely localized or more widely distributed. Focal seizures may originate in subcortical structures. For each seizure type, ictal onset is consistent from one seizure to another, with preferential propagation patterns that can involve the ipsilateral and/or contralateral hemisphere."; "Focal seizure", "Focal seizures", "Focal-onset seizures", "Partial seizures", "Seizure affecting one half of brain"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0007359"; rdfs:comment "Partial seizures can be classified as simple (consciousness is maintained) or complex (consciousness is impaired or lost)."; rdfs:label "Focal-onset seizure"; true . _:3ea4e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Focal seizures are conceptualized as originating within networks limited to one hemisphere. They may be discretely localized or more widely distributed. Focal seizures may originate in subcortical structures. For each seizure type, ictal onset is consistent from one seizure to another, with preferential propagation patterns that can involve the ipsilateral and/or contralateral hemisphere."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/focal-seizure-overview.html#" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "peter"; "2008-04-04T12:35:00Z"; "HP:0000827"; "UMLS:C4024685"; "Puberty and gonadal disorders"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0008373"; rdfs:label "Puberty and gonadal disorders" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Spinal myoclonus is generally due to a tumor, infection, injury, or degenerative process of the spinal cord, and is characterized by involuntary rhythmic muscle contractions, usually at a rate of more than one per second. Myoclonus occurs synchronously in several muscles and can be increased in severity and frequency by fatigue or stress, but is usually unaffected by sensory stimuli. Spinal myoclonus ceases during sleep or anesthesia."; ; "peter"; "2009-09-20T08:53:39Z"; "SNOMEDCT_US:698836007", "UMLS:C3697670"; "Spinal myoclonus results in myoclonic jerks of the body that may not be modified by sleep or by voluntary action (therefore it may be present awake and asleep and at rest or during movement). Spinal segmental myoclonus is usually symptomatic of an underlying structural spinal lesion such as syringomyelia. It is confined to one or few contiguous myotomes and may occur irregularly or quasirhythmically, with a variable frequency. Propriospinal myoclonus is a form of spinal myoclonus where the axial muscles are recruited extensively along long propriospinal pathways. Typically, there are axial flexion jerks involving the neck, trunk and hips with a frequency of 1-6 Hz. Propriospinal myoclonus typically occurs spontaneously, especially in the recumbent position, or may be provoked by tapping of the abdomen or by eliciting tendon reflexes."; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0010531"; rdfs:label "Spinal myoclonus"; true . _:3ea4f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Spinal myoclonus results in myoclonic jerks of the body that may not be modified by sleep or by voluntary action (therefore it may be present awake and asleep and at rest or during movement). Spinal segmental myoclonus is usually symptomatic of an underlying structural spinal lesion such as syringomyelia. It is confined to one or few contiguous myotomes and may occur irregularly or quasirhythmically, with a variable frequency. Propriospinal myoclonus is a form of spinal myoclonus where the axial muscles are recruited extensively along long propriospinal pathways. Typically, there are axial flexion jerks involving the neck, trunk and hips with a frequency of 1-6 Hz. Propriospinal myoclonus typically occurs spontaneously, especially in the recumbent position, or may be provoked by tapping of the abdomen or by eliciting tendon reflexes."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#spinal-myoclonus" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Paralysis of voluntary muscles means loss of contraction due to interruption of one or more motor pathways from the brain to the muscle fibers. Although the word paralysis is often used interchangeably to mean either complete or partial loss of muscle strength, it is preferable to use paralysis or plegia for complete or severe loss of muscle strength, and paresis for partial or slight loss. Paralysis due to lesions of the principle motor tracts is related to a lesion in the corticospinal, corticobulbar or brainstem descending (subcorticospinal) neurons."; ; "peter"; "2009-10-01T08:30:25Z"; "UMLS:C4021255"; "Paralysis due to lesions of the principle motor tracts"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0010549"; rdfs:label "Weakness due to upper motor neuron dysfunction" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The presence of a cleft in the cerebral cortex unilaterally or bilaterally, usually located in the frontal area."; ; "peter"; "2009-12-06T08:05:54Z"; "MSH:D065707", "SNOMEDCT_US:253159001", "SNOMEDCT_US:38353004", "UMLS:C0266484"; "Schizencephaly is an uncommon malformation of cortical development that results in a cleft, lined by polymicrogyria, that extends from the ependyma of the ventricles to the pia mater. The majority of clefts are posterior frontal or parietal, but temporal or occipital location can occur."; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0010636"; rdfs:label "Schizencephaly"; true . _:3ea503 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Schizencephaly is an uncommon malformation of cortical development that results in a cleft, lined by polymicrogyria, that extends from the ependyma of the ventricles to the pia mater. The majority of clefts are posterior frontal or parietal, but temporal or occipital location can occur."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/schizencephaly-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Enuresis occurring during sleeping hours."; ; "sandra1"; "2010-03-01T09:11:31Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30666028"; "MSH:D053206", "SNOMEDCT_US:8009008", "UMLS:C0270327"; "Nocturnal enuresis"; "human_phenotype"; "Bedwetting"; "HP:0010677"; rdfs:label "Enuresis nocturna"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Bedwetting"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Redness of the skin, caused by hyperemia of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin."; ; "peter"; "2010-04-30T11:40:43Z"; "MSH:D004890", "MSH:D005483", "SNOMEDCT_US:20255002", "SNOMEDCT_US:238810007", "SNOMEDCT_US:247441003", "SNOMEDCT_US:271811009", "SNOMEDCT_US:444827008", "SNOMEDCT_US:70819003", "SNOMEDCT_US:86735004", "UMLS:C0016382", "UMLS:C0041834"; "Redness of skin or mucous membrane"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0010783"; ; rdfs:label "Erythema" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Generalized seizures with sustained increase in muscle contraction lasting a few seconds to minutes."; ; "peter"; "2010-07-10T03:03:51Z"; "HP:0002184"; "UMLS:C1836508"; "A generalized tonic seizure involves bilaterally increased tone of the limbs typically lasting seconds to a minute. They often occur out of sleep and in runs of varying intensity of tonic stiffening. The individual is unaware during these events. At the beginning of tonic seizures with more intense stiffening, individuals may make an expiratory sound. More severe and prolonged tonic seizures may have a vibratory component which may be confused with clonic jerking. Tonic seizures often occur in individuals with intellectual impairment."; "Generalised tonic seizures"; "human_phenotype"; "Hypertonic seizures"; "HP:0010818"; rdfs:comment "Characterized by a sudden increase in muscle tone whereby the body, arms, or legs make sudden stiffening movements and consciousness is usually preserved. Tonic seizures can occur during sleep. Tonic seizures usually affect both sides of the body, and cause a fall if the affected person was standing when the seizure started."; rdfs:label "Generalized tonic seizures"; true . _:3ea513 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A generalized tonic seizure involves bilaterally increased tone of the limbs typically lasting seconds to a minute. They often occur out of sleep and in runs of varying intensity of tonic stiffening. The individual is unaware during these events. At the beginning of tonic seizures with more intense stiffening, individuals may make an expiratory sound. More severe and prolonged tonic seizures may have a vibratory component which may be confused with clonic jerking. Tonic seizures often occur in individuals with intellectual impairment."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/tonic-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Atonic seizure is a type of motor seizure characterized by a sudden loss or diminution of muscle tone without apparent preceding myoclonic or tonic event lasting about 1 to 2 seconds, involving head, trunk, jaw, or limb musculature."; ; "peter"; "2010-07-10T03:13:06Z"; "HP:0002124"; "SNOMEDCT_US:189198006", "SNOMEDCT_US:42365007", "UMLS:C0270846", "UMLS:C1836509"; "Astatic seizure", "Astatic seizures", "Atonic seizures", "Drop attacks", "Drop seizures", "Hypotonic seizure"; "human_phenotype"; "Hypotonic seizures", "Sudden loss of muscle tone"; "HP:0010819"; rdfs:comment "This term describes the initial semiology of the seizure without specifying whether the onset is focal or generalized. Thus it can be used for coding atonic seizures when the onset is not known."; rdfs:label "Atonic seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#AtonicSeizure", "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/atonic-overview.html"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A type of seizure characterized by crying or an outburst of crying as a major feature."; ; "peter"; "2010-07-10T03:23:32Z"; "UMLS:C4023693"; "Characterized by the presence of stereotyped crying, this may be accompanied by lacrimation, sad facial expression and sobbing. The subjective emotion of sadness may or may not be present. These seizures often accompany focal emotional seizures with laughing in the setting of a hypothalamic hamartoma. They can also occur in seizures arising in frontal or temporal lobes. Crying is a rare feature of an epileptic seizure, and is more commonly a feature of a non-epileptic seizure."; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0010820"; rdfs:comment "The word dacrystic is derived from the Greek word dakryon (tear)."; rdfs:label "Dacrystic seizures"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/gelastic-and-dacrystic-seizures"; true . _:3ea523 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by the presence of stereotyped crying, this may be accompanied by lacrimation, sad facial expression and sobbing. The subjective emotion of sadness may or may not be present. These seizures often accompany focal emotional seizures with laughing in the setting of a hypothalamic hamartoma. They can also occur in seizures arising in frontal or temporal lobes. Crying is a rare feature of an epileptic seizure, and is more commonly a feature of a non-epileptic seizure."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/emotional-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A type of seizure characterized by laughing or an outburst of laughing as a major feature."; ; "peter"; "2010-07-10T03:27:12Z"; "MSH:D004828", "SNOMEDCT_US:89525009", "UMLS:C0270820"; "Bursts of laughter or giggling, usually without appropriate related emotion of happiness, and described as mirthless. This seizure type is characteristic of seizures arising in the hypothalamus (see hypothalamic hamartoma), but can occur in seizures arising in the frontal or temporal lobes."; "focal emotional seizure with laughing (gelastic)"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0010821"; rdfs:comment "Laughter is usually lasts briefly, about 30s. Laughing can also be a component of several other kinds of seizures such as partial seizures with motor symptoms, myoclonic seizures, axial tonic seizures, flexor spasms, generalized convulsive seizures, and petit mal absences."; rdfs:label "Gelastic seizures"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#GelasticSeizure", "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/gelastic-and-dacrystic-seizures"; true; ""; true . _:3ea533 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Bursts of laughter or giggling, usually without appropriate related emotion of happiness, and described as mirthless. This seizure type is characteristic of seizures arising in the hypothalamus (see hypothalamic hamartoma), but can occur in seizures arising in the frontal or temporal lobes."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/emotional-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Diffuse slowing of cerebral electrical activity recorded along the scalp by electroencephalography (EEG)."; ; "peter"; "2010-07-10T08:15:05Z"; "UMLS:C4021217"; "EEG with generalised slow activity", "EEG: generalised slow activity", "EEG: generalized slow activity", "electroencephalogram with generalized slow activity"; "human_phenotype"; "Slow Activity"; "HP:0010845"; rdfs:comment "Generalized slow activity in the EEG typically signifies serious dysfunction of the entire brain."; rdfs:label "EEG with generalized slow activity"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SlowActivity"; true; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The presence of complexes of slow spikes and slow waves (<2.5 Hz) in electroencephalography (EEG)."; ; "peter"; "2010-07-10T08:18:25Z"; "UMLS:C4023686"; "spike and slow wave complex"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0010847"; rdfs:comment "Spikes (<70 ms) and sharp waves (70-200 ms) are sharp transient waves that have a strong association with epilepsy. No difference is noted in terms of clinical significance of spikes and sharp waves. Significant spikes usually are followed by a slow wave."; rdfs:label "EEG with spike-wave complexes (<2.5 Hz)"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Complexes of spikes (<70 ms) and sharp waves (70-200 ms), which are sharp transient waves that have a strong association with epilepsy, in cerebral electrical activity recorded along the scalp by electroencephalography (EEG)."; ; "peter"; "2010-07-10T08:23:28Z"; "UMLS:C4023683"; "electroencephalogram with spike wave complex"; "human_phenotype"; "Spike Wave"; "HP:0010850"; rdfs:label "EEG with spike-wave complexes"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "EEG abnormalities (epileptiform discharges) evoked by flashing lights or black and white striped patterns."; ; "peter"; "2010-07-11T08:10:17Z"; "HP:0001330"; "UMLS:C3552821"; "Photoparoxysmal response on EEG", "electroencephalogram with photoparoxysmal response"; "human_phenotype"; "Photoparoxysmal Response"; "HP:0010852"; rdfs:comment "In some patients, seizures can be provoked by specific external factors (reflex epilepsy), including flickering lights and patterns. These patients commonly show epileptiform discharges in the EEG when stimulated with flashing lights, black and white striped patterns and television. These evoked EEG abnormalities are called photoparoxysmal responses."; rdfs:label "EEG with photoparoxysmal response"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#PhotoparoxysmalResponse"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs)are periodic, lateralized, and epileptiform. PLEDs show a relatively constant interval between discharges (0.5 to 3 seconds)."; ; "peter"; "2010-07-11T08:25:02Z"; "UMLS:C4021215"; "EEG: periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges", "electroencephalogram with periodic lateralized epileptiform discharge"; "human_phenotype"; "Periodic Lateralized Epileptiform Discharge"; "HP:0010853"; rdfs:comment "The epileptiform morphology of the discharges is not invariable, as PLEDS are often closer to slow waves than to sharp waves in morphology. PLEDs are often are caused by acute destructive focal lesions. PLEDs are often a transitory phenomenon, disappearing in a matter of weeks, even if the causal lesion persists, and often transforming into a less specific but more persistent focal slow appearance."; rdfs:label "EEG with periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#PeriodicLateralizedEpileptiformDischarge"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormal level of a circulating protein in the blood."; ; "peter"; "2010-09-07T01:51:12Z"; "UMLS:C4020763", "UMLS:C4020764", "UMLS:C4023679"; "Abnormality of circulating protein level"; "human_phenotype"; "Blood protein disease", "Serum protein abnormality"; "HP:0010876"; rdfs:label "Abnormal circulating protein level" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of divalent inorganic cation homeostasis."; ; "peter"; "2011-01-06T07:47:18Z"; "UMLS:C4023648"; "Abnormality of divalent inorganic cation homeostasis"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0010927"; rdfs:label "Abnormal blood inorganic cation concentration" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of cation homeostasis."; ; "peter"; "2011-01-06T10:36:04Z"; "UMLS:C4023646"; "Abnormality of cation homeostasis"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0010929"; rdfs:label "Abnormal blood cation concentration" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of monovalent inorganic cation homeostasis."; ; "peter"; "2011-01-06T10:38:38Z"; "UMLS:C4023645"; "Abnormality of monovalent inorganic cation homeostasis"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0010930"; rdfs:label "Abnormal blood monovalent inorganic cation concentration" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormal concentration of sodium."; ; "peter"; "2011-01-06T10:40:20Z"; "UMLS:C4023644"; "Abnormal blood Na+ levels", "Abnormal circulating Na concentration", "Abnormality of sodium homeostasis"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0010931"; rdfs:label "Abnormal blood sodium concentration" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the lower urinary tract."; ; "peter"; "2011-01-16T11:39:17Z"; "UMLS:C4023640"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0010936"; rdfs:comment "The lower urinary tract is a subdivision of urinary system which consists of the urinary bladder and the urethra."; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the lower urinary tract" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A functional abnormality of the immune system."; ; "peter"; "2011-02-07T04:28:55Z"; "UMLS:C4023616"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0010978"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of immune system physiology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the systemic arterial tree, which consists of the aorta and other systemic arteries."; ; "peter"; "2011-02-16T08:46:49Z"; "HP:0002620", "HP:0005114"; "Fyler:2600", "SNOMEDCT_US:234119001", "UMLS:C0151489", "UMLS:C4021205"; "Abnormal systemic artery morphology", "Abnormality of the systemic arterial tree", "Systemic artery abnormality"; "human_phenotype"; "Arterial abnormalities"; "HP:0011004"; rdfs:label "Abnormal systemic arterial morphology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "peter"; "2011-02-28T08:46:34Z"; "UMLS:C4023591"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011021"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of circulating enzyme level" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the gastrointestinal tract."; ; "peter"; "2011-03-01T07:52:06Z"; "MSH:D004066", "MSH:D005767", "SNOMEDCT_US:119292006", "SNOMEDCT_US:25374005", "SNOMEDCT_US:53619000", "UMLS:C0012242", "UMLS:C0017178", "UMLS:C4023588"; "Abnormality of the GI tract", "Abnormality of the gastrointestinal tract"; "human_phenotype"; "Digestive system disease", "Gastrointestinal disease"; "HP:0011024"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the gastrointestinal tract" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Abnormal functionality of the cardiovascular system."; ; "peter"; "2011-03-03T10:23:19Z"; "UMLS:C4023587"; "Abnormality of cardiovascular system physiology"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011025"; rdfs:label "Abnormal cardiovascular system physiology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of blood circulation."; ; "peter"; "2011-03-03T10:25:21Z"; "UMLS:C4020760", "UMLS:C4023585"; "human_phenotype"; "Blood circulation disorder"; "HP:0011028"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of blood circulation" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "The presence of hemorrhage within the body."; ; "peter"; "2011-03-03T10:26:26Z"; "UMLS:C1390214"; "Internal bleeding", "Internal haemorrhage"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011029"; rdfs:label "Internal hemorrhage" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "A sudden flexion, extension or mixed extension-flexion of predominantly proximal and truncal muscles which is usually more sustained than a myoclonic movement but not as sustained as a tonic seizure."; ; "peter"; "2011-05-04T01:56:31Z"; "MSH:D013036", "SNOMEDCT_US:28055006", "UMLS:C0037769", "UMLS:C1527366"; "An epileptic spasm is a sudden flexion, extension or mixed flexion-extension of proximal and truncal muscles, lasting 1-2 seconds i.e. longer than a myoclonic jerk (which lasts milliseconds) but not as long as a tonic seizure (which lasts > 2 seconds). Spasms typically occur in a series, usually on wakening. Subtle forms may occur with only chin movement, grimacing, or head nodding."; "Salaam convulsions", "Salaam seizures"; "human_phenotype"; "West syndrome"; "HP:0011097"; rdfs:comment "The maximum age of onset is between 3 and 12 months, the peak being at 6 months. However, spasms may start from birth, or appear long after the age of 12 months, including into adulthood. Infantile spasms represent a specific type of seizure seen in an epilepsy syndrome of infancy and childhood known as West Syndrome. West Syndrome is characterized by infantile spasms, developmental regression, and hypsarrhythmia (as demonstrated by electroencephalography)."; rdfs:label "Epileptic spasms"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/motor-overview.html"; true . _:3ea543 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "An epileptic spasm is a sudden flexion, extension or mixed flexion-extension of proximal and truncal muscles, lasting 1-2 seconds i.e. longer than a myoclonic jerk (which lasts milliseconds) but not as long as a tonic seizure (which lasts > 2 seconds). Spasms typically occur in a series, usually on wakening. Subtle forms may occur with only chin movement, grimacing, or head nodding."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/epileptic-spasms-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Any morphological abnormality of the skin."; ; "peter"; "2011-06-12T10:03:23Z"; "Fyler:4133", "UMLS:C4023528"; "Abnormal skin morphology", "Abnormal skin structure"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011121"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of skin morphology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Absence seizures accompanied by brief, repetitive, often rhythmic, fast (4-6 Hz) myoclonic jerks of the eyelids with simultaneous upward deviation of the eyeballs and extension of the head. Seizures are typically very brief (less than 6s in duration) and multiple seizures occur on a daily basis. Mostly awareness is retained."; ; "peter"; "2011-10-18T02:03:21Z"; "UMLS:C4023513"; "Absence seizures with eyelid myoclonia"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011149"; rdfs:label "Absence seizure with eyelid myoclonia"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/awsf-eyelid-myoclonia-overview.html"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Rhythmic myoclonic jerks of the shoulders and arms with tonic abduction that results in progressive lifting of the arms during the seizure. The myoclonic jerks are typically bilateral but may be unilateral or asymmetric. Perioral myoclonias and rhythmic jerks of the head and legs may occur. Seizures last 10-60 seconds and typically occur daily. Level of awareness varies from complete loss of awareness to retained awareness."; ; "peter"; "2011-10-18T02:04:35Z"; "UMLS:C4023512"; "Myoclonic absences", "myoclonic absence seizure"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011150"; rdfs:label "Myoclonic absence"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/awsf-myoclonic-absence-overview.html"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A type of focal-onset seizure characterized by a motor sign as its initial semiological manifestation."; ; "peter"; "2011-10-18T02:33:17Z"; "MSH:D020938", "SNOMEDCT_US:128612007", "SNOMEDCT_US:82401000", "UMLS:C0016399"; "A motor onset seizure involves motor activity (movement) and may be due to either an increase or decrease in contraction in a muscle or group of muscles. Depending on the muscle groups involved and the way they are affected, the movement features of a motor onset seizure may be simple or more complex."; "Focal motor seizures", "Localised motor seizure", "Localized motor seizure", "Localized motor seizures", "Partial motor seizure", "Partial motor seizures", "Segmental motor seizure"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011153"; rdfs:comment "A motor onset seizure involves motor activity (movement) and may be due to either an increase or decrease in contraction in a muscle or group of muscles. Depending on the muscle groups involved and the way they are affected, the movement features of a motor onset seizure may be simple or more complex."; rdfs:label "Focal motor seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=32972"; true; true . _:3ea553 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A motor onset seizure involves motor activity (movement) and may be due to either an increase or decrease in contraction in a muscle or group of muscles. Depending on the muscle groups involved and the way they are affected, the movement features of a motor onset seizure may be simple or more complex."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/motor-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Focal seizures with an objectively documented and distinct alteration of autonomic nervous system function involving cardiovascular, pupillary, gastrointestinal, sudomotor, vasomotor and thermoregularity functions."; ; "peter"; "2011-10-18T02:23:31Z"; "UMLS:C4023509"; "Are characterized by alterations in systems controlled by the autonomic nervous system at seizure onset. These may occur with or without objective clinical signs of a seizure evident to the observer."; "Focal autonomic seizures", "autonomic"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011154"; rdfs:label "Focal autonomic seizure"; true . _:3ea563 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Are characterized by alterations in systems controlled by the autonomic nervous system at seizure onset. These may occur with or without objective clinical signs of a seizure evident to the observer."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/autonomic-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A focal sensory seizure involves a sensation being experienced at seizure onset, without objective clinical signs of a seizure evident to the observer."; ; "peter"; "2011-10-18T02:26:40Z"; "MSH:D004827", "SNOMEDCT_US:18618006", "UMLS:C0236018"; "Epileptic aura", "sensory"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011157"; rdfs:label "Focal sensory seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/sensory-overview.html"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A type of focal sensory seizure that is characterized by elementary auditory phenomena including buzzing, ringing, drumming or single tones."; ; "peter"; "2011-10-18T02:26:59Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15642493", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27857611"; "UMLS:C1838063"; "Characterized by elementary auditory phenomena including buzzing, ringing, drumming or single tones. More complex auditory hallucinations such as voices are considered a focal cognitive seizure. Focal sensory auditory seizures involve auditory cortex in the lateral superior temporal lobe."; "Auditory Aura", "Auditory aura"; "human_phenotype"; "Complex Auditory Aura", "Simple Auditory Aura"; "HP:0011158"; rdfs:comment "More complex auditory hallucinations such as voices are considered a focal cognitive seizure. Focal sensory auditory seizures involve auditory cortex in the lateral superior temporal lobe."; rdfs:label "Focal sensory auditory seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#AuditoryAura", "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#ComplexAuditoryAura", "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#ElementaryAuditoryAura"; ""; true; true . _:3ea573 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by elementary auditory phenomena including buzzing, ringing, drumming or single tones. More complex auditory hallucinations such as voices are considered a focal cognitive seizure. Focal sensory auditory seizures involve auditory cortex in the lateral superior temporal lobe."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/sensory-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Auras with abdominal discomfort including nausea, emptiness, tightness, churning, butterflies, malaise, pain, and hunger; sensation may rise to chest or throat. Some phenomena may reflect ictal autonomic dysfunction."; ; "peter"; "2011-10-18T02:27:58Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10919145"; "UMLS:C4023506"; "Abdominal aura", "Visceral aura"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011159"; rdfs:label "Epigastric auras"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Auras with taste sensations including acidic, bitter, salty , sweet or metallic tastes."; ; "peter"; "2011-10-18T02:28:36Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15642493", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27857611"; "MSH:D006212", "SNOMEDCT_US:29139005", "UMLS:C0233766"; "Characterized by taste phenomena including acidic, bitter, salty, sweet, or metallic tastes. These seizures involve the parietal operculum and the insula."; "Gustatory aura", "Gustatory auras", "Taste hallucinations"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011160"; rdfs:label "Focal sensory gustatory seizure"; true; true . _:3ea583 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by taste phenomena including acidic, bitter, salty, sweet, or metallic tastes. These seizures involve the parietal operculum and the insula."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/sensory-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Auras with sensation of odor, usually disagreeable."; ; "peter"; "2011-10-18T02:28:55Z"; "UMLS:C4023504"; "Characterized by olfactory phenomena - usually an odor, which is often unpleasant. These seizures involve the mesial temporal or orbitofrontal regions."; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011161"; rdfs:label "Olfactory auras"; true . _:3ea593 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by olfactory phenomena - usually an odor, which is often unpleasant. These seizures involve the mesial temporal or orbitofrontal regions."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/sensory-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Auras with affective, mnemonic or composite perceptual phenomena including illusory or composite hallucinatory events."; ; "peter"; "2011-10-18T02:29:23Z"; "UMLS:C4023503"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011162"; rdfs:comment "Events may appear alone or in combination. Included are feelings of depersonalisation. These phenomena have subjective qualities similar to those experienced in life but are recognised by the subject as occurring outside of actual context."; rdfs:label "Psychic auras"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#PsychicAura"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Auras with sensation of tingling, numbness, electric shock sensations, pain, sense of movement, or desire to move."; ; "peter"; "2011-10-18T02:29:52Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15911361", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26249726"; "UMLS:C4023502"; "Characterized by sensory phenomena including tingling, numbness, electric-shock like sensation, pain, sense of movement, or desire to move. These seizures involve the sensorimotor cortex."; "Somatosensory auras"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011163"; rdfs:label "Somatosensory auras"; true; true; true . _:3ea5a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by sensory phenomena including tingling, numbness, electric-shock like sensation, pain, sense of movement, or desire to move. These seizures involve the sensorimotor cortex."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/sensory-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A sensation consistent with involvement of the autonomic nervous system, including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, sudomotor, vasomotor and thermoregulatory functions."; ; "peter"; "2011-10-18T02:30:10Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3432285/"; "UMLS:C4021200"; "Autonomic Aura", "Autonomic auras"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011164"; rdfs:label "Vegetative auras"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#AutonomicAura"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Auras with sensation of flashing or flickering lights, spots, simple patterns, scotomata, or amaurosis."; ; "peter"; "2011-10-18T02:31:15Z"; "HP:0007175"; "UMLS:C1850765"; "Characterized by elementary visual hallucinations such as flashing or flickering lights/colours, or other shapes, simple patterns, scotomata, or amaurosis. More complex visual hallucinations such as seeing formed images are considered a focal cognitive seizure. Focal sensory visual seizures arise in the occipital lobe."; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011165"; rdfs:comment "Note that there is a distinction between Visual aura and Simple partial occipital seizures. See HPO term HP:0025121 for comments."; rdfs:label "Visual auras"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#VisualAura", "https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/123/2/244/346024"; true; true; ""; true . _:3ea5b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by elementary visual hallucinations such as flashing or flickering lights/colours, or other shapes, simple patterns, scotomata, or amaurosis. More complex visual hallucinations such as seeing formed images are considered a focal cognitive seizure. Focal sensory visual seizures arise in the occipital lobe."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/sensory-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "peter"; "2011-10-18T02:34:14Z"; "UMLS:C4023501"; "A single or short cluster of brief muscle contractions (jerks), each jerk is typically milliseconds in duration."; "Local myoclonic seizures", "Partial myoclonic seizures"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011166"; rdfs:label "Focal myoclonic seizures"; true . _:3ea5c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A single or short cluster of brief muscle contractions (jerks), each jerk is typically milliseconds in duration."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/motor-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizures with sustained increase in muscle contraction in parts of the body lasting a few seconds to minutes."; ; "peter"; "2011-10-18T02:35:03Z"; "MSH:D020938", "UMLS:C0752324"; "Increased muscle tone, usually lasting for seconds to minute"; "Local tonic seizures", "Partial tonic seizures"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011167"; rdfs:label "Focal tonic seizures"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/tonic-seizures"; true; true . _:3ea5d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Increased muscle tone, usually lasting for seconds to minute"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/motor-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizures with increase in rate of ongoing movements or inappropriately rapid performance of a movement involving predominantly proximal limb or axial muscles producing irregular sequential ballistic movements, such as pedaling, pelvic thrashing, rocking movements."; ; "hecht"; "2011-11-19T10:13:17Z"; "UMLS:C4023497"; "This seizure type involves movements of proximal limb or axial muscles, producing irregular large amplitude movements, such as pedaling, pelvic thrusting, jumping, thrashing and/or rocking movements."; "focal hyperkinetic seizure"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011174"; rdfs:label "Hyperkinetic seizures"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-1-84882-128-6_61"; true; true . _:3ea5e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This seizure type involves movements of proximal limb or axial muscles, producing irregular large amplitude movements, such as pedaling, pelvic thrusting, jumping, thrashing and/or rocking movements."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/motor-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Tonic seizures with a sustained, forced conjugate ocular, cephalic and/or truncal rotation or lateral deviation from the midline."; ; "hecht"; "2011-11-19T10:14:54Z"; "MSH:D020938", "SNOMEDCT_US:246530009", "UMLS:C0422846"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011175"; rdfs:label "Versive seizures"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Epileptiform activity refers to distinctive EEG waves or complexes distinguished from background activity found in in a proportion of human subjects with epilepsy, but which can also be found in subjects without seizures. Interictal epileptiform activity refers to such activity that occurs in the absence of a clinical or subclinical seizure."; ; "hecht"; "2011-11-19T10:32:25Z"; "UMLS:C4023491"; "Epileptiform EEG discharges"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011182"; rdfs:comment "Epileptiform EEG discharges include small sharp spikes (SSSs), wicket spikes, 14- and 6-Hz positive spikes, phantom spike and waves, psychomotor variant, subclinical rhythmic EEG discharges of adults (SREDA), and midline theta rhythm."; rdfs:label "Interictal epileptiform activity" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "EEG discharges recorded in particular areas of a localized (focal) abnormality in cerebral electrical activity recorded along the scalp by electroencephalography (EEG)."; ; "hecht"; "2011-11-19T10:39:02Z"; "HP:0010840"; "UMLS:C4021199"; "Focal EEG Abnormality"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011185"; rdfs:comment "Note that a focal EEG abnormality is not synonymous with \"focal epileptiform discharges\" because a focal EEG abnormality is not necessarily epileptiform (e.g., it could be a focal slowing)."; rdfs:label "EEG with focal epileptiform discharges" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Focal epileptiform discharges with spreading to contralateral hemisphere but without secondary generalization."; ; "hecht"; "2011-11-19T10:40:22Z"; "UMLS:C4023488"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011186"; rdfs:label "Focal epileptiform discharges with limited propagation to contralateral hemisphere" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "EEG discharges recorded on the entire scalp typically seen in persons with epilepsy."; ; "hecht"; "2011-11-19T11:15:46Z"; "HP:0010842"; "UMLS:C4023476"; "EEG with generalised epileptiform discharges"; "human_phenotype"; "EpileptiFormPattern", "Epileptiform Discharge"; "HP:0011198"; rdfs:comment "Spikes (<70 ms) and sharp waves (70-200 ms) are sharp transient waves that have a strong association with epilepsy. No difference is noted in terms of clinical significance of spikes and sharp waves. Significant spikes usually are followed by a slow wave."; rdfs:label "EEG with generalized epileptiform discharges"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#EpileptiformPattern"; true; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "EEG with abnormally slow frequencies."; ; "hecht"; "2011-11-19T11:26:47Z"; "UMLS:C4023471"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011203"; rdfs:label "EEG with abnormally slow frequencies" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "EEG showing diffuse slowing without interruption."; ; "hecht"; "2011-11-19T11:28:47Z"; "UMLS:C4023470"; "electroencephalogram with continuous slow activity"; "human_phenotype"; "Continous Slow Activity"; "HP:0011204"; rdfs:label "EEG with continuous slow activity"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Non-continuous diffuse slowing of electroencephalographic patterns."; ; "hecht"; "2011-11-19T11:30:20Z"; "UMLS:C4023469"; "human_phenotype"; "Intermittent Slow", "Intermittent Slow Activity"; "HP:0011205"; rdfs:label "EEG with intermittent slow activity"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#IntermittentSlowActivity"; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; ; "peter"; "2011-12-29T08:52:53Z"; "MSH:D017445", "SNOMEDCT_US:11263005", "UMLS:C0162819", "UMLS:C1842892"; "Skin vascular malformation"; "human_phenotype"; "Vascular abnormalities restricted to skin"; "HP:0011276"; rdfs:label "Vascular skin abnormality" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the skin that is not localized to any one particular region."; ; "peter"; "2012-03-01T01:55:07Z"; "UMLS:C4021157"; "Generalised abnormality of skin", "Generalized abnormality of skin"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011354"; rdfs:label "Generalized abnormality of skin" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An anomaly of the control or production of movement in the central nervous system."; ; "peter"; "2012-03-18T02:29:04Z"; "UMLS:C4023354"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011442"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of central motor function" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Cognitive, psychiatric or memory anomaly."; ; "peter"; "2012-03-18T04:23:59Z"; "UMLS:C4023352"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011446"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of higher mental function" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A type of infection of the central nervous system that can be regarded as a sign of a pathological susceptibility to infection."; ; "peter"; "2012-03-18T05:57:29Z"; "MSH:D002494", "SNOMEDCT_US:128117002", "UMLS:C0007684"; "Central nervous system infection"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011450"; rdfs:label "Unusual CNS infection" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "peter"; "2012-03-25T05:35:45Z"; "UMLS:C0740651"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011458"; rdfs:label "Abdominal symptom" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality in the range and ease of motion of joints across their normal range."; ; "peter"; "2012-04-18T07:09:28Z"; "UMLS:C4023216"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011729"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of joint mobility" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "peter"; "2012-04-23T07:27:57Z"; "UMLS:C4023183"; "Abnormality of facial soft tissue", "Anomaly of facial soft tissue"; "Deformity of facial soft tissue", "Malformation of facial soft tissue"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011799"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of facial soft tissue" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A functional abnormality of a skeletal muscle."; ; "peter"; "2012-04-25T02:00:15Z"; "UMLS:C4023182"; "Abnormality of muscle physiology", "Issue with muscle function"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011804"; rdfs:label "Abnormal muscle physiology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A structural abnormality of a skeletal muscle."; ; "peter"; "2012-04-25T02:00:34Z"; "HP:0003735"; "UMLS:C4023181"; "Abnormal muscle morphology", "Abnormality of muscle morphology", "Abnormally shaped muscle", "Issue with muscle structure"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011805"; rdfs:label "Abnormal skeletal muscle morphology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the form, structure, or size of the skeletal system."; ; "peter"; "2012-05-07T08:08:37Z"; "UMLS:C4023165"; "Abnormally shaped skeletal"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011842"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of skeletal morphology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the function of the skeletal system."; ; "peter"; "2012-05-07T08:09:43Z"; "UMLS:C4023164"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0011843"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of skeletal physiology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "EEG with generalized sharp transient waves of a duration less than 80 msec."; ; "hecht"; "2012-07-20T11:39:52Z"; "UMLS:C2206531"; "EEG with generalised spikes", "electroencephalogram with generalized spike"; "human_phenotype"; "Spike Wave"; "HP:0012000"; rdfs:label "EEG with generalized spikes"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Spike"; true; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "EEG with repetitive generalized sharp transient waves of a duration less than 80 msec."; ; "hecht"; "2012-07-20T11:41:07Z"; "UMLS:C4023088"; "EEG with generalised polyspikes", "electroencephalogram with generalized polyspike"; "human_phenotype"; "PolySpike"; "HP:0012001"; rdfs:label "EEG with generalized polyspikes"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#PolySpike"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Affective, mnemonic or composite perceptual auras with subjective qualities similar to those experienced in life but are recognized by the subject as occurring outside of actual context."; ; "hecht"; "2012-07-20T11:50:13Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12134331"; "UMLS:C4023087"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0012002"; rdfs:comment "See the Glossary of Descriptive Terminology for Ictal Semiology at http://www.ilae.org."; rdfs:label "Experiential auras"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Auras which reflect ictal dysmnesia such as: feelings as familiarity (deja-vu) and unfamiliarity (jamais-vu)."; ; "hecht"; "2012-07-20T11:53:39Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12609279"; "UMLS:C4023085"; "mnemonic"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0012004"; rdfs:comment "See the Glossary of Descriptive Terminology for Ictal Semiology at http://www.ilae.org."; rdfs:label "Mnemonic auras"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A subjective feeling that an experience which is occurring for the first time has been experienced before."; ; "hecht"; "2012-07-20T11:54:16Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2605/"; "MSH:D003690", "SNOMEDCT_US:313005", "UMLS:C0011194"; "Deja vu"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0012005"; rdfs:label "Deja vu"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A subjective feeling that an experience which has occurred before is being experienced for the first time."; ; "hecht"; "2012-07-20T11:55:38Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2605/"; "SNOMEDCT_US:28249008", "UMLS:C0233803"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0012006"; rdfs:label "Jamais vu"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A structural anomaly of the globe of the eye, or bulbus oculi."; ; "peter"; "2013-10-13T03:44:43Z"; "HP:0000489", "HP:0012374"; "Fyler:4863", "UMLS:C4022925"; "Abnormal eye morphology", "Abnormality of the globe", "Abnormally shaped eye"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0012372"; rdfs:comment "previously: Abnormal globe morphology"; rdfs:label "Abnormal eye morphology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A functional anomaly of the eye."; ; "peter"; "2013-10-13T03:45:37Z"; "UMLS:C4022924"; "Abnormal eye physiology"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0012373"; rdfs:label "Abnormal eye physiology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Partial or complete loss of vision in one half of the visual field of one or both eyes."; ; "peter"; "2013-10-13T07:55:21Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30068811"; "MSH:D006423", "SNOMEDCT_US:77674003", "UMLS:C0018979"; "Hemianopsia"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0012377"; rdfs:label "Hemianopia"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the partial pressure of oxygen or carbon dioxide in the arterial blood."; ; "peter"; "2013-11-10T04:59:20Z"; "SNOMEDCT_US:312391003", "UMLS:C0476337"; "Abnormal blood gas level"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0012415"; rdfs:label "Abnormal blood gas level" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormally low level of blood oxygen."; ; "peter"; "2013-11-10T05:07:07Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22791548"; "MSH:D000860", "SNOMEDCT_US:389087006", "UMLS:C0700292"; "Low blood oxygen level"; "human_phenotype"; "Hypoxia"; "HP:0012418"; rdfs:comment "Note that hypoxemia is defined as a condition where arterial oxygen tension is below normal (80-100mmHg). Hypoxia is defined as the failure of oxygenation at the tissue level. Hypoxia is not measured directly by a standard laboratory value."; rdfs:label "Hypoxemia"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A structural abnormality of the brain, which has as its parts the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain."; ; "peter"; "2013-11-23T02:38:00Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30661063"; "UMLS:C4021085"; "Abnormal shape of brain", "Abnormality of the brain"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0012443"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of brain morphology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A visual anomaly in which images appear distorted. A grid of straight lines appears wavy and parts of the grid may appear blank."; ; "peter"; "2013-12-08T08:21:46Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28488762"; "MSH:D014786", "SNOMEDCT_US:42134006", "UMLS:C0271185"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0012508"; rdfs:label "Metamorphopsia"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Metamorphopsia"; true; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A functional anomaly of the nervous system."; ; "peter"; "2014-01-19T08:02:46Z"; "UMLS:C4022811"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0012638"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of nervous system physiology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A structural anomaly of the nervous system."; ; "peter"; "2014-01-19T08:03:08Z"; "Fyler:4135", "Fyler:4300", "UMLS:C4022810"; "Abnormal nervous system morphology", "Abnormal shape of nervous system"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0012639"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of nervous system morphology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "peter"; "2014-02-15T01:33:13Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18777476", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23365482"; "MSH:D013575", "MSH:D019462", "SNOMEDCT_US:234167006", "SNOMEDCT_US:398652001", "SNOMEDCT_US:398665005", "UMLS:C0042420", "UMLS:C0340854"; "Vasovagal syncope affects all ages from infancy to old age though younger children may present initially with reflex anoxic seizures. A detailed history will usually identify triggers including prolonged standing, dehydration, change in posture and emotional upset."; "Neurocardiogenic syncope", "Reflex syncope", "Situational syncope"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0012668"; rdfs:label "Vasovagal syncope"; true; true . _:3ea5f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Vasovagal syncope affects all ages from infancy to old age though younger children may present initially with reflex anoxic seizures. A detailed history will usually identify triggers including prolonged standing, dehydration, change in posture and emotional upset."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#vasovagal" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "Abnormal functionality of the gastrointestinal tract."; ; "peter"; "2014-03-23T01:10:47Z"; "UMLS:C4022755"; "Functional abnormality of the GI tract", "GI dysfunction"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0012719"; rdfs:label "Functional abnormality of the gastrointestinal tract" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Epilepsia partialis continua (also called Kojevnikov's or Kozhevnikov's epilepsia) is a type of focal motor status epilepticus characterized by repeated stereotyped simple motor manifestations such as jerks, typically of a limb or the face, recurring every few seconds or minutes for extended periods (days or years)."; ; "peter"; "2014-06-06T08:09:22Z"; "MSH:D017036", "SNOMEDCT_US:241006", "UMLS:C0085543"; "Epilepsia partialis continua refers to recurrent focal motor seizures (typically affecting hand and face, although other body parts may be affected), that occur every few seconds or minutes for extended periods (days or years). The focal motor features may exhibit a Jacksonian march. A Todd's paresis may be seen in the affected body part."; "Epilepsia partialis continua of Kojevnikov", "Kojevnikov's epilepsia", "Kozhevnikov's epilepsia"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0012847"; rdfs:comment "The focal motor features may exhibit a Jacksonian march and a post-ictal (Todd's) paresis may be seen in the affected body part."; rdfs:label "Epilepsia partialis continua"; true . _:3ea603 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Epilepsia partialis continua refers to recurrent focal motor seizures (typically affecting hand and face, although other body parts may be affected), that occur every few seconds or minutes for extended periods (days or years). The focal motor features may exhibit a Jacksonian march. A Todd's paresis may be seen in the affected body part."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/motor-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizures precipitated by exogenous stimuli."; ; "robinp"; "2020-02-24T13:36:35Z"^^xsd:dateTime; rdfs:comment "Included in 2001 ILAE Proposed Classification of Seizures. Seizures precipitated by fever, head injury, or alcohol withdrawal or anti-epileptic medication withdrawal are not provoked seizures."; rdfs:label "Reflex seizure" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A motor seizure is a type of seizure that is characterized at onset by involvement of the skeletal musculature. The motor event could consist of an increase (positive) or decrease (negative) in muscle contraction to produce a movement."; ; "robinp"; "2020-02-24T14:20:36Z"^^xsd:dateTime; rdfs:comment "This term describes the initial semiology of the seizure without specifying whether the onset is focal or generalized."; rdfs:label "Motor seizure"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A focal seizure characterized at onset by sudden loss or diminution of muscle tone without apparent preceding myoclonic or tonic activity, typically lasting more than 500 ms but less than 2 seconds. It may involve the head, trunk, jaw or limb musculature."; ; "robinp"; "2020-02-24T14:54:22Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20627778"; "Sudden loss or diminution of muscle tone without apparent preceding myoclonic or tonic activity, typically lasting >500 milliseconds but < 2 seconds. It may involve the head, trunk, jaw or limb musculature."; "Localised atonic seizure", "Localised hypotonic seizure", "Localized atonic seizure", "Localized hypotonic seizure", "Partial atonic seizure", "Partial hypotonic seizure", "Segmental atonic seizure", "Segmental hypotonic seizure"; rdfs:label "Focal atonic seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/atonic-seizures"; true; true; true . _:3ea613 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Sudden loss or diminution of muscle tone without apparent preceding myoclonic or tonic activity, typically lasting >500 milliseconds but < 2 seconds. It may involve the head, trunk, jaw or limb musculature."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/motor-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "2016-08-12T11:24:56Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "HPO:probinson"; rdfs:label "Abnormal vascular morphology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "2016-08-27T13:44:32Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "HPO:probinson"; rdfs:comment "Any anomaly of the digestive system, a collection of organs that is made up of the gastrointestinal tract and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The gastrointestinal tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus."; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the digestive system" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A functional anomaly of the digestive system."; ; "2016-08-27T13:58:05Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "HPO:probinson"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of digestive system physiology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Marked, involuntary jerking of the eyelids."; ; "2016-10-28T05:55:32Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "HPO:probinson"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6820630"; "Blepharoclonus"; "Eyelid myoclonia"; rdfs:comment "Some literature refers to eyelid myoclonia as a disease entity (Jeavons syndrome) that is characterized by episodes of eyelid myoclonus with absences."; rdfs:label "Eyelid myoclonus"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A symptom or manifestation indicating a systemic or general effect of a disease and that may affect the general well-being or status of an individual."; ; "2016-11-29T11:02:54Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "HPO:probinson"; rdfs:comment "Note that we use the preferred term label constitutional symptom because this reflects common usage, but we do not restrict the term or its descendents to the narrow meaning of symptom, i.e., a complaint related by a patient to a physician. There is no generally accepted classification of what defines a constitutional symptom, but examples include weight loss, fatigue, general weakness, night sweats, shaking, chills, fever, and vomiting."; rdfs:label "Constitutional symptom" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Involuntary contraction or twitching of the muscles."; ; "2016-11-29T11:13:35Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "HPO:probinson"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1169/#adnfle.Clinical_Characteristics"; "Shivering", "Shuddering"; rdfs:comment "Shivering is a physiologic method of heat production in man and other mammals. Shivering is a bodily function in response to fever, early hypothermia or feeling cold."; rdfs:label "Shivering"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/286d/427de14ed86a44160267f6a2c444afccf2a1.pdf"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Ambulation or other complex motor behaviors after getting out of bed in a sleep-like state. During sleepwalking episodes, the sonambulating individual appears confused or dazed, the eyes are usually open, and he or she might mumble or give inappropriate answers to questions, or occasionally appear agitated."; ; "2016-12-14T12:01:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "HPO:probinson"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2609/"; "Sleep walking"; rdfs:comment "During an episode of sleepwalking, the sonambulating child typically appears clumsy and might perform unusual actions such as urinating in a closet. Injuries can occur during sleepwalking, including falling downstairs or after leaving the house."; rdfs:label "Somnambulism"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SleepWalking"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Deep, noisy breathing during sleep accompanied by hoarse or harsh sounds caused by the vibration of respiratory structures (especially the soft palate) resulting in sound due to obstructed air movement during breathing while sleeping."; ; "2016-12-18T13:24:58Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "HPO:probinson"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22580903"; "Snore", "Snores", "Snoring symptoms"; rdfs:label "Snoring"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Snoring"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A type of myoclonus in which the myoclonias shift from body region to another in a random and asynchronous fashion. Erratic myoclonus can affect the face or limbs, are brief, single or repetitive, very frequent and nearly continuous."; ; "2017-02-17T12:01:58Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "HPO:probinson"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2599/"; "Fragmentary myoclonus"; rdfs:comment "Erratic may appear immediately after birth.Definition adapted from The Epilepsies: Seizures, Syndromes and Management; Chapter 5: Neonatal Seizures and Neonatal Syndromes; NCBI Book NBK2599."; rdfs:label "Erratic myoclonus"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Interictal refers to a period of time between epileptic seizures. Electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns are important in the differential diagnosis of epilepsy, and the EEG is almost always abnormal during a seizure. Some persons with seizures may show EEG abnormalities between seizures, while others do not. In some cases, multiple interictal EEGs must be recorded before an abnormality is observed. In most cases the electrographic pattern of seizure onset is completely different from the activity recorded during interictal discharge."; ; "2017-03-15T13:25:46Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "HPO:probinson"; "interictal electroencephalographic abnormality"; rdfs:label "Interictal EEG abnormality"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#InterIctalPattern"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Any deviation from the normal range of concentration of a metabolite in the cerebrospinal fluid."; ; "2017-05-05T10:24:32Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "HPO:probinson"; rdfs:label "Abnormal CSF metabolite level" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A type of focal-onset seizure characterized by alterations in mood or emotion, or the appearance of altered emotion without the subjective emotion, at seizure onset. These emotional seizures may occur with or without objective clinical signs of a seizure evident to the observer."; ; "2018-10-07T16:18:24Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "HPO:probinson"; "Focal emotional seizures are characterized by alterations in mood or emotion, or the appearance of altered emotion without the subjective emotion, at seizure onset. These emotional seizures may occur with or without objective clinical signs of a seizure evident to the observer."; "emotional"; rdfs:label "Focal emotional seizure"; true . _:3ea623 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Focal emotional seizures are characterized by alterations in mood or emotion, or the appearance of altered emotion without the subjective emotion, at seizure onset. These emotional seizures may occur with or without objective clinical signs of a seizure evident to the observer."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/emotional-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "2019-04-08T22:41:54Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "HPO:probinson"; rdfs:label "Abscess" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "A collection of pus, immune cells, and other material in the brain."; ; "MSH:D001922", "SNOMEDCT_US:441806004", "UMLS:C0006105"; "Brain abscess", "cerebral abscess"; rdfs:comment "Brain abscess usually results from a bacterial or fungal infection."; rdfs:label "Brain abscess"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#CerebralAbcess"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "UMLS:C4022597"; "Abnormality of CNS electrophysiology"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of central nervous system electrophysiology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Tiny, repetitive muscle contractions in the eyelids, causing the appearance of twitching."; ; "UMLS:C4280682"; "Eyelid fluttering", "Fasciculation of the eyelid", "Muscle twitches in eye lid", "Muscle twitches in eyelid", "Twitching around eyes"; rdfs:label "Eyelid fasciculation"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An anomaly of the muscular contractions that propel food though the gastrointestinal tract."; ; "Abnormal GI motility"; rdfs:label "Abnormal gastrointestinal motility" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An anomaly of the wave-like muscle contractions of the digestive tract."; ; rdfs:label "Abnormal peristalsis" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A chronic deviation from normal pressure in the systemic arterial system."; ; "2017-04-18T13:55:40Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "robinp"; "Abnormal systemic BP"; rdfs:label "Abnormal systemic blood pressure" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A maladaptive personality trait characterized by moderate or greater impairment in personality (self /interpersonal) functioning."; ; "2017-09-17T16:30:45Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; rdfs:comment "The emergence of the self in childhood and adolescence is based on experience and perception, which then becomes organized into identity, which organizes further experience and perception. Identity is related to the individual's selfsameness and continuity in time."; rdfs:label "Impairment in personality functioning" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "There is inconclusive evidence to precisely define the duration of the seizure; however, based on current evidence an operational threshold of 10 minutes is appropriate as beyond this a seizure is likely to be more prolonged. The individual may or may not be aware or in coma."; ; "2017-09-17T16:57:40Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; "Nonconvulsive status epilepticus"; rdfs:label "Status epilepticus without prominent motor symptoms" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Any functional anomaly of the ear."; ; "2017-12-18T00:20:24Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; rdfs:label "Abnormal ear physiology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality in voluntary or involuntary eyelid movements or their control."; ; "2018-01-28T12:51:02Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; rdfs:label "Abnormal eyelid movement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Repetition of one's own words or phrases."; ; "2018-04-28T22:45:49Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22776676"; rdfs:label "Palilalia"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A functional anomaly of the mouth (which is also known as the oral cavity)."; ; "2018-04-29T14:50:56Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; rdfs:comment "The physiological functions of the mouth include salivary gland secretory function, mastication (chewing) and preparation of food for swallowing."; rdfs:label "Abnormal oral physiology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Saccadic undershoot of upward saccadic eye movements, i.e., an upward saccadic eye movement that has less than the magnitude that would be required to gain fixation of the object."; ; "2018-05-04T02:39:32Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; "upward rolling of the eyes"; rdfs:label "Hypometric upward saccades"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.efmny.org/epilepsy-101-know-the-facts/types-and-symptoms/"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Any functional abnormality of the eyelid."; ; "2018-05-06T15:39:56Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; rdfs:label "Abnormal eyelid physiology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A deviation from normal concentration of glucose content in the cerebrospinal fluid."; ; "2018-05-13T13:54:21Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; rdfs:label "Abnormal CSF glucose level" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Abnormally high glucose concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid."; ; "2018-05-13T13:55:26Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26088882"; "Increased CSF glucose"; "CSF glucose increased AE"; rdfs:label "Hyperglycorrhachia"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An anomaly of the adjacent structures (i.e., adnexa) of the eye, defined as the lacrimal apparatus, the extraocular muscles and the eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows and the conjunctiva."; ; "2018-09-03T00:17:49Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the ocular adnexa" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A functional anomaly of the adjacent structures (i.e., adnexa) of the eye, defined as the lacrimal apparatus, the extraocular muscles and the eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows and the conjunctiva."; ; "2018-09-03T00:18:45Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; rdfs:label "Abnormal ocular adnexa physiology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A type of malformation of cortical development that primarily affects areas of neocortex. It can be identified on conventional magnetic resonance imaging as focal cortical thickening, abnormal gyration, and blurring between gray and white matter, often associated with clusters of heterotopic neurons."; ; "2018-09-16T10:55:37Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22844307"; "Focal cortical dysplasias (FCD) are localized regions of malformed cerebral cortex. They are a common cause of focal seizures. They are classified by their neuropathological features."; rdfs:comment "Focal cortical dysplasia is one of the most common entities associated with refractory epilepsy, especially in childhood."; rdfs:label "Focal cortical dysplasia"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#FocalCorticalDysplasia"; ""; true; true . _:3ea633 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Focal cortical dysplasias (FCD) are localized regions of malformed cerebral cortex. They are a common cause of focal seizures. They are classified by their neuropathological features."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/focal-cortical-dysplasia-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A type of focal cortical dysplasia that is characterized by abnormal cortical layering."; ; "2018-09-16T11:00:11Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31085954"; "FCD Type I refers to isolated lesions, which present either as radial (FCD Type Ia) or tangential (FCD Type Ib) dyslamination of the cortex, that may be identified in one or multiple lobes of the brain."; rdfs:label "Focal cortical dysplasia type I"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#FocalCorticalDysplasiaTypeI"; ""; true; true . _:3ea643 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "FCD Type I refers to isolated lesions, which present either as radial (FCD Type Ia) or tangential (FCD Type Ib) dyslamination of the cortex, that may be identified in one or multiple lobes of the brain."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/focal-cortical-dysplasia-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A subtype of focal cortical dysplasia type I that is characterized by abnormal radial cortical lamination."; ; "2018-09-16T11:03:23Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31085954"; "FCD Type I refers to isolated lesions, which present either as radial (FCD Type Ia) or tangential (FCD Type Ib) dyslamination of the cortex, that may be identified in one or multiple lobes of the brain."; "FCD Type IA (Abnormal Radial Cortical Lamination)"; rdfs:label "Focal cortical dysplasia type Ia"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#FocalCorticalDysplasiaTypeIA"; ""; true; true . _:3ea653 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "FCD Type I refers to isolated lesions, which present either as radial (FCD Type Ia) or tangential (FCD Type Ib) dyslamination of the cortex, that may be identified in one or multiple lobes of the brain."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/focal-cortical-dysplasia-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A subtype of focal cortical dysplasia type I that is characterized by abnormal tangential cortical lamination."; ; "2018-09-16T11:05:32Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31085954"; "FCD Type I refers to isolated lesions, which present either as radial (FCD Type Ia) or tangential (FCD Type Ib) dyslamination of the cortex, that may be identified in one or multiple lobes of the brain."; "FCD Type IB (Abnormal Tangential Cortical Lamination)"; rdfs:label "Focal cortical dysplasia type Ib"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#FocalCorticalDysplasiaTypeIB"; ""; true; true . _:3ea663 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "FCD Type I refers to isolated lesions, which present either as radial (FCD Type Ia) or tangential (FCD Type Ib) dyslamination of the cortex, that may be identified in one or multiple lobes of the brain."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/focal-cortical-dysplasia-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A subtype of focal cortical dysplasia type I that is characterized by abnormal radial and tangential cortical lamination."; ; "2018-09-16T11:06:34Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31085954"; "FCD Type IC (Abnormal Radial and Tangential Cortical Lamination)"; rdfs:label "Focal cortical dysplasia type Ic"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#FocalCorticalDysplasiaTypeIC"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A type of focal cortical dysplasia that is characterized by disrupted cortical lamination and specific cytological abnormalities."; ; "2018-09-16T11:09:13Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31085954"; "FCD Type II is an isolated lesion characterized by cortical dyslamination and dysmorphic neurons without (Type IIa) or with balloon cells (Type IIb)"; rdfs:label "Focal cortical dysplasia type II"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#FocalCorticalDysplasiaTypeII"; ""; true; true . _:3ea673 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "FCD Type II is an isolated lesion characterized by cortical dyslamination and dysmorphic neurons without (Type IIa) or with balloon cells (Type IIb)"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/focal-cortical-dysplasia-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A subtype of focal cortical dysplasia type II that is characterized by dysmorphic neurons, which present with a significantly enlarged cell body and nucleus, malorientation, abnormally distributed intracellular Nissl substance and cytoplasmic accumulation of neurofilament proteins."; ; "2018-09-16T11:11:20Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31085954"; "FCD Type II is an isolated lesion characterized by cortical dyslamination and dysmorphic neurons without (Type IIa) or with balloon cells (Type IIb)"; "FCD Type IIA (Dysmorphic Neuron)"; rdfs:comment "There are no balloon cells present (to be confirmed by immunohistochemistry). Discrimination of individual cortical layers is almost impossible (with the exception of Layer 1). Other cortical layer abnormalities are frequently encountered and should not be separately classified, including abnormal isocortical layer organization adjacent to the main lesion, as well as heterotopic neurons in Layer 1 or white matter."; rdfs:label "Focal cortical dysplasia type IIa"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#FocalCorticalDysplasiaTypeIIA"; ""; true; true . _:3ea683 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "FCD Type II is an isolated lesion characterized by cortical dyslamination and dysmorphic neurons without (Type IIa) or with balloon cells (Type IIb)"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/focal-cortical-dysplasia-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A subtype of focal cortical dysplasia type II that is characterized by dysmorphic neurons (significantly enlarged with accumulation of neurofilament proteins) and balloon cells."; ; "2018-09-16T11:12:48Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31085954"; "FCD Type II is an isolated lesion characterized by cortical dyslamination and dysmorphic neurons without (Type IIa) or with balloon cells (Type IIb)"; "FCD Type IIB (Dysmorphic Neurons and Balloon Cell)"; rdfs:comment "Cortical lamination is frequently disrupted with the exception of Layer 1. The myelin content may also be altered in underlying subcortical white matter. Other cortical layer abnormalities are frequently encountered and should not be separately classified, including abnormal isocortical layer organization adjacent to the main lesion, as well as heterotopic neurons in Layer 1 or white matter. Histopathologically similar lesions are observed in cortical tubers and other gross MCDs, i.e. hemimegalencephaly or schizencephaly."; rdfs:label "Focal cortical dysplasia type IIb"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#FocalCorticalDysplasiaTypeIIB"; ""; true; true . _:3ea693 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "FCD Type II is an isolated lesion characterized by cortical dyslamination and dysmorphic neurons without (Type IIa) or with balloon cells (Type IIb)"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/focal-cortical-dysplasia-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A type of focal cortical dysplasia that is characterized by cortical lamination abnormalities associated with a principal lesion, usually adjacent to or affecting the same cortical area/lobe."; ; "2018-09-16T11:15:25Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31085954"; "FCD Type III describes FCD that occurs in combination with hippocampal sclerosis (FCD Type IIIa), with glioneuronal tumors (FCD Type IIIb), adjacent to vascular malformations (FCD Type IIIc) or in association with lesions acquired in early life, such as a previous ischemic injury (FCD Type IIId)."; rdfs:label "Focal cortical dysplasia type III"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#FocalCorticalDysplasiaTypeIII"; ""; true; true . _:3ea6a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "FCD Type III describes FCD that occurs in combination with hippocampal sclerosis (FCD Type IIIa), with glioneuronal tumors (FCD Type IIIb), adjacent to vascular malformations (FCD Type IIIc) or in association with lesions acquired in early life, such as a previous ischemic injury (FCD Type IIId)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/focal-cortical-dysplasia-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A subtype of focal cortical dysplasia type III that is characterized by alterations in architectural organisation (cortical dyslamination) or cytoarchitectural composition (hypertrophic neurons outside Layer 5) in patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS, syn. Ammon's horn sclerosis)."; ; "2018-09-16T11:16:43Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31085954"; "FCD Type III describes FCD that occurs in combination with hippocampal sclerosis (FCD Type IIIa), with glioneuronal tumors (FCD Type IIIb), adjacent to vascular malformations (FCD Type IIIc) or in association with lesions acquired in early life, such as a previous ischemic injury (FCD Type IIId)."; "FCD Type IIIA (Cortical Lamination Abnormality in the Temporal Lobe Associated with Hippocampal Sclerosis)"; rdfs:label "Focal cortical dysplasia type IIIa"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#FocalCorticalDysplasiaTypeIIIA"; ""; true; true . _:3ea6b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "FCD Type III describes FCD that occurs in combination with hippocampal sclerosis (FCD Type IIIa), with glioneuronal tumors (FCD Type IIIb), adjacent to vascular malformations (FCD Type IIIc) or in association with lesions acquired in early life, such as a previous ischemic injury (FCD Type IIId)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/focal-cortical-dysplasia-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A subtype of focal cortical dysplasia type III that is characterized by altered architectural (cortical dyslamination, hypoplasia without six-layered structure) and/or cytoarchitectural composition (hypertrophic neurons) of the neocortex, which occur adjacent to glial or glioneuronal tumor."; ; "2018-09-16T11:18:31Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31085954"; "FCD Type III describes FCD that occurs in combination with hippocampal sclerosis (FCD Type IIIa), with glioneuronal tumors (FCD Type IIIb), adjacent to vascular malformations (FCD Type IIIc) or in association with lesions acquired in early life, such as a previous ischemic injury (FCD Type IIId)."; "FCD Type IIIB (Cortical Lamination Adjacent to a Glial or Glioneuronal Tumor)"; rdfs:comment "This type of focal cortical dysplasia is associated with glial or glioneuronal tumors (Ganglioglioma, Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNT, syn. DNET) or other epilepsy-associated neoplasms. It is important to exclude tumor infiltration in areas of cortical abnormalities before establishing the diagnosis of FCD. The etiology and pathogenesis of FCD Type IIIb remains to be determined, but is likely an acquired process."; rdfs:label "Focal cortical dysplasia type IIIb"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#FocalCorticalDysplasiaTypeIIIB"; ""; true; true . _:3ea6c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "FCD Type III describes FCD that occurs in combination with hippocampal sclerosis (FCD Type IIIa), with glioneuronal tumors (FCD Type IIIb), adjacent to vascular malformations (FCD Type IIIc) or in association with lesions acquired in early life, such as a previous ischemic injury (FCD Type IIId)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/focal-cortical-dysplasia-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A subtype of focal cortical dysplasia type III that is characterized by alterations in architectural (cortical dyslamination, hypoplasia) or cytoarchitectural composition of the neocortex (hypertrophic neurons), which occur adjacent to vascular malformations (cavernomas, arteriovenous malformations, leptomeningeal vascular malformations, telangiectasias, meningioangiomatosis)."; ; "2018-09-16T11:23:39Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31085954"; "FCD Type III describes FCD that occurs in combination with hippocampal sclerosis (FCD Type IIIa), with glioneuronal tumors (FCD Type IIIb), adjacent to vascular malformations (FCD Type IIIc) or in association with lesions acquired in early life, such as a previous ischemic injury (FCD Type IIId)."; "FCD Type IIIC (Cortical Lamination Adjacent to Vascular Malformation)"; rdfs:label "Focal cortical dysplasia type IIIc"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#FocalCorticalDysplasiaTypeIIIC"; ""; true; true . _:3ea6d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "FCD Type III describes FCD that occurs in combination with hippocampal sclerosis (FCD Type IIIa), with glioneuronal tumors (FCD Type IIIb), adjacent to vascular malformations (FCD Type IIIc) or in association with lesions acquired in early life, such as a previous ischemic injury (FCD Type IIId)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/focal-cortical-dysplasia-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A subtype of focal cortical dysplasia type III that is characterized by altered architectural (cortical dyslamination, hypoplasia without six-layered structure) or cytoarchitectural composition (hypertrophic neurons) of the neocortex, which occur adjacent to other lesions acquired during early life (not included into FCD Type IIIa-c). These lesions comprise a large spectrum including traumatic brain injury, glial scarring after prenatal or perinatal ischemic injury or bleeding, and inflammatory or infectious diseases, i.e. Rasmussen encephalitis, limbic encephalitis, bacterial or viral infections."; ; "2018-09-16T11:25:19Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31085954"; "FCD Type III describes FCD that occurs in combination with hippocampal sclerosis (FCD Type IIIa), with glioneuronal tumors (FCD Type IIIb), adjacent to vascular malformations (FCD Type IIIc) or in association with lesions acquired in early life, such as a previous ischemic injury (FCD Type IIId)."; "FCD Type IIID (Cortical Lamination Abnormality Adjacent to Any Other Lesion Acquired During Early Life)"; rdfs:label "Focal cortical dysplasia type IIId"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#FocalCorticalDysplasiaTypeIIID"; ""; true; true . _:3ea6e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "FCD Type III describes FCD that occurs in combination with hippocampal sclerosis (FCD Type IIIa), with glioneuronal tumors (FCD Type IIIb), adjacent to vascular malformations (FCD Type IIIc) or in association with lesions acquired in early life, such as a previous ischemic injury (FCD Type IIId)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/focal-cortical-dysplasia-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormal level of an analyte measured in the blood."; ; "2019-01-12T13:45:59Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; rdfs:label "Abnormal circulating metabolite concentration" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "2019-01-27T16:44:33Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; rdfs:label "Abnormal immune system morphology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A compact, organized collection of mature mononuclear phagocytes, which may be but is not necessarily accompanied by accessory features such as necrosis."; ; "2019-01-27T16:44:42Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30711777"; "Granulomas"; rdfs:comment "Granulomas vary considerably in their degree of complexity, physical size and organization. Not surprisingly, their classification has attracted much attention, and a numbers of schemes have been described. The cornerstone of the granulomatous response, however, is the predominant involvement of mononuclear phagocytes. As granulomas develop, tissue-resident, as well as inflammatory mononuclear phagocytes become intimately acquainted, and these cells may develop highly differentiated epithelioid cell characteristics. In many cases, elegant multinucleate populations can be seen, distinct from the syncytia formed after viral infection as evident by their extended life-span. Accumulating lymphocytes, mainly T cells, contribute to the developing microarchitecture of the granuloma, often with characteristic patterns of subset organization relative to the core of mononuclear phagocytes and to each other. B lymphocytes, plasma cells, NK cells and neutrophils may all be present, though a relative paucity of neutrophils delineates these sites of inflammation from those associated with necrosis. At its extreme, the granuloma may serve as the focus for irreversible fibrotic reactions, but, even in less dramatic cases, a substantive degree of local tissue remodelling occurs."; rdfs:label "Granuloma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Granulomas"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Information about close relatives of an individual who is the proband of a study or who is being investigated with the goal of identifying a medical diagnosis. Usually, the family history includes information from three generations of relatives, including children, brothers and sisters, parents, aunts and uncles, nieces and nephews, grandparents, and cousins."; ; "2019-02-14T11:40:50Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "peter"; rdfs:comment "This subontology is intended to help record summary information about family members if only a limited amount of information is available or required."; rdfs:label "Family history"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/epilepsy-common-causes#1"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Status epilepticus with prominent motor signs during the prolonged seizure."; ; "peter"; rdfs:label "Status epilepticus with prominent motor symptoms" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A type of status epilepticus without prominent motor symptoms and in the presence of coma."; ; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19744116"; "Subtle status epilepticus"; rdfs:comment "This includes the entity subtle status epilepticus proposed by some authors as the late, burned-out stage of generalized convulsive status epilepticus characterized by (subtle rather than predominant) focal or multifocal myoclonic movements, coma, and pseudoperiodic epileptiform discharges against a slow low-voltage background on EEG."; rdfs:label "Non-convulsive status epilepticus with coma"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; """A type of status epilepticus characterized by a prolonged bilateral tonic-clonic seizure, or repeated bilateral tonic-clonic seizures without recovery between. comment: source: seeAlso: Tonic-clonic status epilepticus"""; ; "peter"; "Tonic-clonic status epilepticus"; rdfs:comment "In 2015, the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus did proposed that time t1 (indicating the time that emergency treatment should be started because the seizure is unlikely to terminate spontaneously) is 5 minutes and t2 (the time at which long-term consequences of the seizure may be expected) is 30 minutes for convulsive (tonic-clonic) status epilepticus.This 5-minute timeframe has been endorsed by the 2012 Neurocritical Care Society Guidelines and the 2016 American Epilepsy Society Guidelines to guide when emergent treatment for convulsive status epilepticus should start. This term includes convulsive status epilepticus of focal, generalized or unknown onset."; rdfs:label "Convulsive status epilepticus" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A type of bilateral convulsive seizure of generalized onset that is sufficiently prolonged (or repeated without recovery) to reach the threshold for status epilepticus."; ; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26336950"; "Generalised convulsive status epilepticus"; rdfs:label "Generalized convulsive status epilepticus"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A type of bilateral convulsive seizure of focal onset (which could be with awareness or impaired awareness, either motor or non- motor) that is sufficiently prolonged (or repeated without recovery) to reach the threshold for status epilepticus."; ; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26920416"; "Focal onset seizure evolving into bilateral convulsive status epilepticus", "Focal-onset seizure evolving into generalized convulsive status epilepticus", "Partial onset seizure evolving into convulsive status epilepticus", "Partial-onset seizure evolving into convulsive status epilepticus", "Secondarily generalised tonic-clonic status epilepticus", "Secondarily generalized convulsive status epilepticus", "Secondarily generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus"; rdfs:label "Focal-onset seizure evolving into bilateral convulsive status epilepticus"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Status epilepticus with focal motor signs originating within networks limited to one hemisphere. Involves musculature in any form. The motor event could consist of an increase (positive) or decrease (negative) in muscle contraction to produce a movement."; ; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24977129"; rdfs:comment "Including aware and unaware focal motor status epilepticus, but note that hyperkinetic status epilepticus (of focal onset) is classified separately."; rdfs:label "Focal motor status epilepticus"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Status epilepticus characterized by continuous hyperkinetic proximal limb or axial muscles producing irregular sequential ballistic movements such as pedaling pelvic thrusting, thrashing, or rocking movements."; ; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26336950"; rdfs:comment "In 2015 the ILAE classified hyperkinetic status epilepticus separately from focal motor status epilepticus characterized by elemental motor features. Awareness may be intact or impaired."; rdfs:label "Hyperkinetic status epilepticus"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A type of motor status epilepticus with repeating bilateral sudden brief (less than 100 ms) involuntary single or multiple contraction of muscles or muscle groups of variable topography."; ; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26336950"; rdfs:comment "The myoclonic seizures are usually generalized. The duration or frequency of myoclonic jerks required to qualify as myoclonic status is not defined, but they should occur frequently and long enough to significantly impair functioning. A reasonable general definition might be that myoclonus must occur either (1) at least once every 10 seconds for longer than 10 minutes or (2) at least once a minute for longer than 30 minutes."; rdfs:label "Myoclonic status epilepticus"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Tonic status epilepticus is a type of status epilepticus characterized by focal or bilateral limb stiffening or elevation, which may be electrographically generalized or focal."; ; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26336950"; rdfs:comment "This has most commonly been reported in children with neurocognitive impairment and severe epilepsy, such as Ohtahara syndrome or West syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. The tonic activity can be a sustained abnormal posture, either in extension or flexion, sometimes accompanied by tremor of the extremities."; rdfs:label "Tonic status epilepticus"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A type of status epilepticus without prominent motor symptoms in the absence of coma."; ; "peter"; rdfs:label "Non-convulsive status epilepticus without coma" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Focal non-convulsive status epilepticus without coma is a type of status epilepticus without prominent motor signs, which is electrographically focal. It is a prolonged focal non-motor seizure."; ; "peter"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26336950"; "focal non-convulsive status epilepticus without impairment of consciousness"; rdfs:comment "Semiology may include autonomic, sensory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, emotional/psychic/experiential, or cognitive symptoms. Consciousness or awareness may be intact or impaired."; rdfs:label "Focal non-convulsive status epilepticus without coma"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Any deviation from the normal circulating creatine kinase concentration."; ; "HPO:skoehler"; "UMLS:C4022449"; "Abnormal circulating CK concentration", "Abnormal circulating CPK concentration", "Abnormal circulation phospho-CK concentration", "Abnormal levels of creatine kinase in blood"; rdfs:label "Abnormal circulating creatine kinase concentration" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An early onset of puberty, in this case early does not refer to precocious."; ; "doelkens"; "2010-05-04T10:35:02Z"; "UMLS:C4022392"; "Early onset of sexual maturation"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0100000"; rdfs:label "Early onset of sexual maturation" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of movement with a neurological basis characterized by changes in coordination and speed of voluntary movements."; ; "doelkens"; "2010-05-28T11:48:50Z"; "HP:0001294"; "MSH:D009069", "SNOMEDCT_US:60342002", "UMLS:C0026650"; "Abnormality of movement", "Movement disorder", "Unusual movement"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0100022"; rdfs:comment "Movement disorders are characterized by the phenotypic abnormalities including abnormal involuntary movements, akathisia, akinesia, athetosis, ataxia, ballismus, bradykinesia, chorea, dyskinesia, dystonia, and myoclonus tics, tremor, spasms, and stereotypy."; rdfs:label "Abnormality of movement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Repeated, individually recognizable, intermittent movements or movement fragments that are almost always briefly suppresable and are usually associated with awareness of an urge to perform the movement."; ; "doelkens"; "2010-06-10T12:10:29Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2609/", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29791879"; "UMLS:C2169806"; "Tics are involuntary, sudden, rapid, repetitive, non-rhythmic, simple or complex movements or vocalizations. Simple motor tics involve a single muscle or group of muscles (including ocular muscles) and may be misdiagnosed as myoclonic seizures. Complex motor tics involve a cluster of simple actions or coordinated sequence of movements that may be purposeful or non-purposeful and may be misdiagnosed as focal impaired awareness seizures, particularly in individuals with learning disability and / or communication problems. Tics are common in childhood and have a tendency to wax and wane in frequency over time. An urge or compulsion to perform the tic, and an ability to suppress the tic (to some degree) are important features on history that support the events being tics."; "Tic disorder", "Tics"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0100033"; rdfs:comment "Tics can be invisible to the observer, such as abdominal tensing or toe crunching. Common motor and phonic tics are, respectively, eye blinking and throat clearing. Movements of other movement disorders (for example, chorea, dystonia, myoclonus) must be distinguished from tics. Other conditions, such as autism and stereotypic movement disorder, also include movements which may be confused with tics. Tics must also be distinguished from the compulsions of OCD and from seizure activity. Tics may increase as a result of stress, fatigue, boredom, or high-energy emotions, which can include negative emotions, such as anxiety, but positive emotions as well, such as excitement or anticipation. Relaxation may result in a tic increase (for instance, watching television or using a computer), while concentration on an absorbing activity often leads to a decrease in tics."; rdfs:label "Tics"; true; true . _:3ea6f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Tics are involuntary, sudden, rapid, repetitive, non-rhythmic, simple or complex movements or vocalizations. Simple motor tics involve a single muscle or group of muscles (including ocular muscles) and may be misdiagnosed as myoclonic seizures. Complex motor tics involve a cluster of simple actions or coordinated sequence of movements that may be purposeful or non-purposeful and may be misdiagnosed as focal impaired awareness seizures, particularly in individuals with learning disability and / or communication problems. Tics are common in childhood and have a tendency to wax and wane in frequency over time. An urge or compulsion to perform the tic, and an ability to suppress the tic (to some degree) are important features on history that support the events being tics."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#tics" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the structure or form of the tendons, also often called sinews."; ; "doelkens"; "2010-07-20T01:20:19Z"; "UMLS:C4021026"; "Abnormal shape of tendon", "Abnormality of the sinew"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0100261"; rdfs:comment "A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension. Tendons are similar to ligaments and fascia as they are all made of collagen except that ligaments join one bone to another bone, and fascia connect muscles to other muscles. Tendons and muscles work together and can only exert a pulling force."; rdfs:label "Abnormal tendon morphology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Hemorrhage occurring between the dura mater and the skull."; ; "doelkens"; "2010-08-10T03:05:35Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7469854"; "MSH:D006407", "SNOMEDCT_US:428268007", "SNOMEDCT_US:82999001", "UMLS:C0238154"; "Epidural haematoma", "Epidural haemorrhage", "Epidural hematoma", "Extradural haematoma", "Extradural hematoma"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0100310"; rdfs:comment "Intracranial bleeding occuring between the dura mater (the tough outer membrane of the central nervous system) and the skull. The dura mater also covers the spine, so epidural bleeds may also occur in the spinal column."; rdfs:label "Epidural hemorrhage"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Abnormality in the process of thought including the ability to process information."; ; "doelkens"; "2010-12-20T06:50:32Z"; "HP:0002128", "HP:0002129", "HP:0002302", "HP:0002337", "HP:0002441", "HP:0006972", "HP:0006998", "HP:0007211"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25905906"; "MSH:D060825", "SNOMEDCT_US:386806002", "UMLS:C0338656", "UMLS:C0683322"; "Abnormality of cognition", "Cognitive abnormality", "Cognitive defects", "Cognitive deficits", "Cognitive impairment", "Intellectual impairment", "Mental impairment"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0100543"; rdfs:label "Cognitive impairment"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A transient visual disturbance that is typically caused by a circulatory, ocular or neurological underlying condition."; ; "doelkens"; "2010-12-27T12:42:59Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28488762"; "MSH:D020757", "SNOMEDCT_US:88032003", "UMLS:C0149793"; "Amaurosis"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0100576"; ; rdfs:label "Amaurosis fugax"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; ; "doelkens"; "2010-12-30T11:39:15Z"; "UMLS:C4022001"; "Abnormality of the cerebral blood vessels"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0100659"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of the cerebral vasculature" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "doelkens"; "2011-06-07T10:01:04Z"; "UMLS:C4021978"; "Abnormal spit", "Abnormality of salivation"; "human_phenotype"; "HP:0100755"; rdfs:label "Abnormality of salivation" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Excessively active peristalsis (wave of contraction of the tubular organs of the gastrointestinal tract) marked by excessive rapidity of the passage of food through the stomach and intestine."; ; "doelkens"; "2011-06-07T11:53:08Z"; "Stomach churning"; "SNOMEDCT_US:271838002", "SNOMEDCT_US:80306002", "UMLS:C0232474", "UMLS:C0857071"; "Increased abdominal peristals"; "human_phenotype"; "Increased Abdominal Peristals"; "HP:0100770"; rdfs:label "Hyperperistalsis"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Reduced or inadequate peristalsis, with resultant slow passage of contents through the digestive tract."; ; "doelkens"; "2011-06-07T11:53:08Z"; "SNOMEDCT_US:77853002", "UMLS:C0232475", "UMLS:C4020700"; "decresed abdominal peristalsis"; "human_phenotype"; "Decreased Abdominal Peristalsis", "Intestinal hypoperistalsis"; "HP:0100771"; rdfs:label "Hypoperistalsis"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "Deposits of various size, shape, consistency, refractive index, and motility within the eye's vitreous humour, which is normally transparent."; ; "doelkens"; "2011-06-09T05:58:09Z"; "SNOMEDCT_US:15013002", "SNOMEDCT_US:162278001", "SNOMEDCT_US:420999000", "UMLS:C0016242", "UMLS:C1720491"; "Eye floaters", "Flitting flies", "Mouches volantes", "Myodeopsia", "Myodesopsia", "Spots in front of eyes", "Vitreous condensations", "Vitreous debris", "Vitreous opacities", "Vitreous veils"; "human_phenotype"; "Spots"; "HP:0100832"; rdfs:comment "Vitreous floaters are described as vitreous condensations (or vitreous debris or vitreous opacities) as a finding upon ophthalmological examination. Floaters can take many forms from little dots, circles, lines, to clouds or cobwebs. The floaters are created by a shadow of the floating vitreal debris that is projected onto the retina, which is described as a veil."; rdfs:label "Vitreous floaters"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An abnormality of the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood."; ; "2018-10-17T15:14:35Z"^^xsd:dateTime; ; "Abnormal blood O2 level", "Abnormal blood oxygen levels", "Abnromal O2 blood concentration"; rdfs:label "Abnormal blood oxygen level" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A loss of consciousness followed by stiffening and brief clonic movements affecting some or all limbs, often misinterpreted as an epileptic seizure."; ; "2018-11-20T13:57:33Z"^^xsd:dateTime; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2609/"; "Reflex anoxic seizures or reflex asystolic syncope occurs from early infancy onwards, either remitting pre-school age or evolving into vasovagal syncope. Alternative names include pallid breath holding and pallid syncope. In these events an unpleasant, typically sudden stimulus such as a bump, knock on the head, cut or abrasion leads to a profound vagal discharge with a dramatic drop in the heart rate and transient asystole. These events are not due to temper tantrums. The child may cry very briefly or let out a couple of grunts and then becomes exceedingly pale and loses consciousness. Decerebrate posturing with extensor stiffening may mimic a tonic seizure and be followed by flexor spasms and irregular tonic-clonic movements however the whole sequence of abnormal movements will just last a few seconds. Recovery of consciousness may be rapid but some children may sleep for hours after an event. The events appear very frightening for carers but have a good prognosis. When reflex anoxic seizures are very frequent, atropine or cardiac pacing may be considered. There is an uncommon situation in which an anoxic seizure may trigger a secondary prolonged tonic-clonic seizure; the anoxic-epileptic seizure. The two phases of the event can be distinguished by a careful history, as in most events individuals will have syncope without the epileptic component"; "Reflex anoxic seizure", "Reflex anoxic seizures"; rdfs:label "Reflex asystolic syncope"; true; true . _:3ea703 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Reflex anoxic seizures or reflex asystolic syncope occurs from early infancy onwards, either remitting pre-school age or evolving into vasovagal syncope. Alternative names include pallid breath holding and pallid syncope. In these events an unpleasant, typically sudden stimulus such as a bump, knock on the head, cut or abrasion leads to a profound vagal discharge with a dramatic drop in the heart rate and transient asystole. These events are not due to temper tantrums. The child may cry very briefly or let out a couple of grunts and then becomes exceedingly pale and loses consciousness. Decerebrate posturing with extensor stiffening may mimic a tonic seizure and be followed by flexor spasms and irregular tonic-clonic movements however the whole sequence of abnormal movements will just last a few seconds. Recovery of consciousness may be rapid but some children may sleep for hours after an event. The events appear very frightening for carers but have a good prognosis. When reflex anoxic seizures are very frequent, atropine or cardiac pacing may be considered. There is an uncommon situation in which an anoxic seizure may trigger a secondary prolonged tonic-clonic seizure; the anoxic-epileptic seizure. The two phases of the event can be distinguished by a careful history, as in most events individuals will have syncope without the epileptic component"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#reflex-anoxic" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "data item"; "Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries."; ; "a data item is an information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements."; "2/2/2009 Alan and Bjoern discussing FACS run output data. This is a data item because it is about the cell population. Each element records an event and is typically further composed a set of measurment data items that record the fluorescent intensity stimulated by one of the lasers.", "2009-03-16: data item deliberatly ambiguous: we merged data set and datum to be one entity, not knowing how to define singular versus plural. So data item is more general than datum.", "2009-03-16: removed datum as alternative term as datum specifically refers to singular form, and is thus not an exact synonym.", "2014-03-31: See discussion at http://odontomachus.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/aboutness-objects-propositions/", """JAR: datum -- well, this will be very tricky to define, but maybe some information-like stuff that might be put into a computer and that is meant, by someone, to denote and/or to be interpreted by some process... I would include lists, tables, sentences... I think I might defer to Barry, or to Brian Cantwell Smith JAR: A data item is an approximately justified approximately true approximate belief"""; "PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg", "PERSON: Chris Stoeckert", "PERSON: Jonathan Rees"; "data"; , , ; rdfs:label "data item" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "information content entity"; "Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs."; ; "A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing.", "An information content entity is an entity that is generically dependent on some artifact and stands in relation of aboutness to some entity"; "2014-03-10: The use of \"thing\" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ).", """information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some digital_entity in obi before split (040907). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some physical_document in obi before split (040907). Previous. An information content entity is a non-realizable information entity that 'is encoded in' some digital or physical entity."""; "PERSON: Chris Stoeckert"; "OBI_0000142"; , ; rdfs:label "information content entity" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "measurement datum"; "Examples of measurement data are the recoding of the weight of a mouse as {40,mass,\"grams\"}, the recording of an observation of the behavior of the mouse {,process,\"agitated\"}, the recording of the expression level of a gene as measured through the process of microarray experiment {3.4,luminosity,}."; ; "A measurement datum is an information content entity that is a recording of the output of a measurement such as produced by a device."; "2/2/2009 is_specified_output of some assay?"; "person:Chris Stoeckert"; "OBI_0000305", "group:OBI"; ; rdfs:label "measurement datum" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3ea713; "A part of an extended organism that itself has as part a population of one or more infectious agents and that (1) exists as a result of processes initiated by members of the infectious agent population and is (2) clinically abnormal in virtue of the presence of this infectious agent population, or (3) has a disposition to bring clinical abnormality to immunocompetent organisms of the same Species as the host (the organism corresponding to the extended organism) through transmission of a member or offspring of a member of the infectious agent population."; "Albert Goldfain", "Alexander Diehl", "Lindsay Cowell"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26423537"; rdfs:comment "The organism corresponding to the extended organism is host to the infectious agents. By this definition, parts of the host can be considered part of the infection."; rdfs:label "infection"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Infection"; ""; true . _:3ea713 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An emotion process is a complex mental process that is a synchronized aggregate of constituent mental processes including an appraisal process as part, and which gives rise to an action tendency."; ; "occurrent emotion", "short-term emotion"; rdfs:label "emotion process"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; """Anger is a negative emotion, characterised by feelings of unpleasantness and high arousal, in the form of antagonistic feelings and action tendencies. [Source: OCEAS] """; ; "colère", "ira", "wut"; "angry"; rdfs:label "anger"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "enraged"; "violent and uncontrolled anger"; rdfs:label "rage"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/connect/forums/family-friends/epilepsy-and-rage-episodes"; true; true . _:3ea723 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "violent and uncontrolled anger"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rage" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An activated, aversive emotion that motivates attempts to cope with events that provide threats to the survival or well-being of organisms. Characterised by feelings of threat and impending doom, and by an urge to get out of the situation. [Source: OCEAS]"; ; "angst", "miedo", "peur"; "afraid"; rdfs:label "fear"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "terrified"; "A state of intense or overwhelming fear"; rdfs:label "terror"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/connect/forums/living-epilepsy-adults/feelings-terror-seizures"; true; true . _:3ea733 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A state of intense or overwhelming fear"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/terror" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A pleasant, positive emotion which arises in safe and familiar circumstances, when people have made progress towards important personal goals, especially when the progress is better than expected. [Source: OCEAS]"; ; "freude", "gozo", "joie"; "joyful"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756129/"; rdfs:label "joy"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A positive emotion which is experienced in reaction to a positive experience or event. [Source: OCEAS]"; ; "bonheur", "felicidad", "glück"; "happy"; rdfs:label "happiness" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A negative emotion felt when an event is appraised as unpleasant, obstructive to one's goals and concerns, and one feels unable to cope with it or modify it. [Source: OCEAS]"; ; "trauer", "tristesse", "tristeza"; "sad"; rdfs:label "sadness"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/depression"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An affective process is any process that has positive or negative valence. "; ; rdfs:label "affective process" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/1/1/10"; ; "A mental illness can be defined as a health condition that changes a person's thinking, feelings, or behavior (or all three) and that causes the person distress and difficulty in functioning."; rdfs:label "pathological mental process" . _:3ea743 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A mental illness can be defined as a health condition that changes a person's thinking, feelings, or behavior (or all three) and that causes the person distress and difficulty in functioning."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20369/" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; """ Erroneous beliefs that usually involve a misinterpretation of perceptions or experiences. (their content may include a variety of themes (e.g., persecutory, referential, somatic, religious, or grandiose). DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association)"""; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30473971"; rdfs:label "delusion"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; """ The recurrence of a memory, feeling, or perceptual experience from the past. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association)"""; ; rdfs:label "flashback"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1684/epd.2013.0550.pdf"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; """ A disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception of the environment. The disturbance may be sudden or gradual, transient or chronic. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association)"""; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9579937"; rdfs:label "dissociation"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; """A state of unresponsiveness with immobility and mutism. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association)"""; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16650147"; rdfs:label "stupor"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; """Period of intense fear or apprehension that are of sudden onset and of variable duration from minutes to hours. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_attack"""; ; "Panic or anxiety attacks are brief episodes, each lasting several minutes, which can recur. A sudden feeling of apprehension, fear or terror is accompanied by symptoms including breathlessness (with hyperventilation), choking sensation, palpitations, chest pain, paraesthesia (typically perioral and in the hands), dizziness, sweating, trembling and feeling faint or loss of consciousness. It may not be easy to identify a precipitant. Fear may be a manifestation of focal seizures therefore ictal EEG may be required to make a correct diagnosis."; "Panic"; rdfs:label "panic attack"; true; true . _:3ea753 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Panic or anxiety attacks are brief episodes, each lasting several minutes, which can recur. A sudden feeling of apprehension, fear or terror is accompanied by symptoms including breathlessness (with hyperventilation), choking sensation, palpitations, chest pain, paraesthesia (typically perioral and in the hands), dizziness, sweating, trembling and feeling faint or loss of consciousness. It may not be easy to identify a precipitant. Fear may be a manifestation of focal seizures therefore ictal EEG may be required to make a correct diagnosis."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#panic-attacks" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Symptom or feature of mental illness typically characterized by radical changes in personality, impaired functioning, and a distorted or nonexistent sense of objective reality."; ; rdfs:label "psychosis"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/challenges-epilepsy/moods-and-behavior/mood-and-behavior-101/psychosis"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; """Is defined as the inability to experience pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable, e.g. exercise, hobbies, music, sexual activities or social interactions. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhedonia"""; ; rdfs:label "anhedonia"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; """Absence, poverty, or loss of control of voluntary muscle movements. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/akinesia"""; ; rdfs:label "akinesia"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; """Feeling of emotional and mental discomfort as a symptom of discontentment, restlessness, dissatisfaction, malaise, depression, anxiety or indifference. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphoria """; ; "Displeasure"; rdfs:label "dysphoria"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.frontiersin.org/10.3389/conf.fnhum.2012.210.00006/event_abstract"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Refers to disorganized thinking as evidenced by disorganized speech."; "formal thought disorder (FTD)"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9291731"; rdfs:comment """Specific thought disorders include derailment, poverty of speech, tangentiality, illogicality, perseveration, neologism, and thought blocking. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_disorder """; rdfs:label "thought disorder (TD)"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A mental process that creates, modifies or has as participant some cognitive representation."; , ; rdfs:label "cognitive process" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "a mental process that involves the manipulation of mental language and/or mental images"; "act of thinking"; ; rdfs:label "thinking"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/challenges-epilepsy/thinking-and-memory"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; """a mental process which is a) produced by a causal process (for example involving light rays or air vibrations) involving a part of the environment of the organism, and b) is experienced by the organism as being so caused, and c) in which the relevant part of the environment is thereby represented to the organism"""; ; rdfs:label "perception"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A mental process is a bodily process that is of a type such that it can of itself be conscious. Examples include thinking, feeling pain, remembering and emotion as occurrent experiences. "; , ; rdfs:comment "A bodily process which brings into being, sustains or modifies a cognitive representation or a beahvior inducing state."; rdfs:label "mental process" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A mental disposition is a bodily disposition that is realized in a mental process. "; , ; rdfs:label "mental disposition" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Short-term detachment from one's immediate surroundings, during which a person's contact with reality is blurred and partially substituted by a visionary fantasy, especially one of happy, pleasant thoughts, hopes or ambitions, imagined as coming to pass, and experienced while awake."; "act of daydreaming"; "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daydream"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29791879"; "Daydreaming /inattention is common in childhood and events are frequently misdiagnosed as absence seizures. Daydreams are often situational (seen more frequently at times when the child is tired or relaxed or bored) and are longer than absences. Daydreams manifest as the child staring forward blankly, whilst motionless and not responding to those around them. There is usually no loss of body tone in a daydream and eyelid flickering does not occur. A daydream may be aborted by measures to attract the child's attention from the daydream, whereas a child cannot be distracted out of an absence seizure. Broadly stereotyped motor behaviors may accompany the daydream, particularly in children with learning disability and autistic features. Daydreams are often more pronounced in children with attention and learning difficulties."; "daydreaming/inattention"; rdfs:label "daydreaming"; true; true . _:3ea763 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Daydreaming /inattention is common in childhood and events are frequently misdiagnosed as absence seizures. Daydreams are often situational (seen more frequently at times when the child is tired or relaxed or bored) and are longer than absences. Daydreams manifest as the child staring forward blankly, whilst motionless and not responding to those around them. There is usually no loss of body tone in a daydream and eyelid flickering does not occur. A daydream may be aborted by measures to attract the child's attention from the daydream, whereas a child cannot be distracted out of an absence seizure. Broadly stereotyped motor behaviors may accompany the daydream, particularly in children with learning disability and autistic features. Daydreams are often more pronounced in children with attention and learning difficulties."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#daydreaming" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3ea773; "A technique which uses the visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues."; ; "measurement_method_ontology"; "MMO:0000024"; rdfs:label "ultrasound method"; true . _:3ea773 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Any method to determine the nature, properties, or composition of urine, the fluid waste product excreted by the kidneys, including measurement of the volume of urine or of the quantity or quality of component parts of urine."; ; "mshimoyama"; "2010-09-01T09:58:30Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26167207"; "measurement_method_ontology"; "urinalysis"; "MMO:0000147"; rdfs:label "urine analysis"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A method which assesses the amount, proportions or properties of one or more electrolytes, any of various ions required by cells to regulate the electric charge and flow of water molecules across the cell membrane, in urine, the fluid waste product excreted by the kidneys."; ; "JSmith"; "2013-11-13T11:01:51Z"; "measurement_method_ontology"; "MMO:0000433"; rdfs:label "urine electrolyte analysis" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A method which assesses the amount, proportions or properties of sodium in urine, the fluid waste product excreted by the kidneys. Sodium, the chemical element with atomic number 11 that in its ionic form has lost one electron, forming a cation with a charge of +1, is the chief cation of extracellular body fluids."; ; "JSmith"; "2013-11-13T11:19:45Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31911412"; "urine sodium ion analysis"; "measurement_method_ontology"; "urine Na+ analysis"; "MMO:0000434"; rdfs:label "urine sodium analysis"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A method which assesses the amount, proportions or properties of potassium in urine, the fluid waste product excreted by the kidneys. Potassium, the chemical element with atomic number 19 that in its ionic form has lost one electron, forming a cation with a charge of +1, is the chief cation of intracellular fluid."; ; "JSmith"; "2013-11-13T11:19:49Z"; "urine potassium ion analysis"; "measurement_method_ontology"; "urine K+ analysis"; "MMO:0000435"; rdfs:label "urine potassium analysis" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "DC:0000690", "OMIMPS:606777"; "The predominant seizure type in this metabolic disorder is absence seizures; myoclonic seizures and focal seizures are also seen. Around 10% of patients with early onset absence seizures and 5% of patients with epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures have GLUT1 deficiency. A strong clue is the presence of paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia in family members (or in the affected individual), which may be worse in the morning or after a period of fasting and relieved by carbohydrate. The ketogenic diet is the treatment of choice for GLUT1 deficiency and may result in seizure control and potentially improve cognitive outcome. Diagnosis may be suspected if a reduced CSF-blood glucose ratio (< 0.46) is found. The diagnosis can be confirmed by looking for reduced glucose transport across the erythrocyte membrane (which carries the same glucose transporter), and by mutation analysis of the solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 (SLC2A1) gene."; "MONDO:0000188"; rdfs:comment "Editor note: todo http://identifiers.org/hgnc/11005"; rdfs:label "GLUT1 deficiency syndrome"; true . _:3ea783 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The predominant seizure type in this metabolic disorder is absence seizures; myoclonic seizures and focal seizures are also seen. Around 10% of patients with early onset absence seizures and 5% of patients with epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures have GLUT1 deficiency. A strong clue is the presence of paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia in family members (or in the affected individual), which may be worse in the morning or after a period of fasting and relieved by carbohydrate. The ketogenic diet is the treatment of choice for GLUT1 deficiency and may result in seizure control and potentially improve cognitive outcome. Diagnosis may be suspected if a reduced CSF-blood glucose ratio (< 0.46) is found. The diagnosis can be confirmed by looking for reduced glucose transport across the erythrocyte membrane (which carries the same glucose transporter), and by mutation analysis of the solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 (SLC2A1) gene."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/metabolic-groupoverview.html#glucose" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Creatine deficiency syndrome (CDS) comprises a group of inborn errors of creatine metabolism, characterized by a global developmental delay, intellectual disability and associated neurological (seizures, movement disorders, myopathy) and behavioral manifestions. CDS includes two creatine biosynthesis disorders; guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency and L- Arginine: glycine amidinotransferase deficiency, as well as X-linked creatine transporter deficiency."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23534590"; "DOID:0050798", "ICD10:E72.8", "OMIMPS:300352", "Orphanet:79172", "UMLS:CN227588"; "Disorders of creatine metabolism comprise three different defects: impaired creatine transport into the brain in the X-linked creatine transporter defect and impaired creatine synthesis in GAMT (guanidinoacetate methyltransferase) and AGAT (arginineglycine amidinotransferase) deficiencies. Only GAMT deficiency is regularly associated with epilepsy, which is often refractory to conventional treatment. Creatine supplementation alone frequently leads to improvement. Several seizure types may occur. Infants can present with West syndrome. Atypical absences, atonic and generalized tonic-clonic seizures are common later in childhood."; "CCDS", "CDS", "cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome", "creatine deficiency syndrome"; "MONDO:0000456"; ; rdfs:label "cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome"; , , ; true; true . _:3ea793 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Disorders of creatine metabolism comprise three different defects: impaired creatine transport into the brain in the X-linked creatine transporter defect and impaired creatine synthesis in GAMT (guanidinoacetate methyltransferase) and AGAT (arginineglycine amidinotransferase) deficiencies. Only GAMT deficiency is regularly associated with epilepsy, which is often refractory to conventional treatment. Creatine supplementation alone frequently leads to improvement. Several seizure types may occur. Infants can present with West syndrome. Atypical absences, atonic and generalized tonic-clonic seizures are common later in childhood."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/metabolic-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Any abnormality, anatomical or biochemical, evident at birth or during the neonatal period."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25777785"; "DOID:0080015", "EFO:0003915", "ICD10:Q00.Q99", "ICD9:759.89", "ICD9:759.9", "MESH:D000013", "NCIT:C2849", "SCTID:276654001", "UMLS:CN232116"; "SCONG", "birth defect", "congenital Abnormality", "congenital abnormality", "congenital anatomic Abnormality", "congenital anatomical Abnormality", "congenital anomalies of fetus", "congenital anomaly", "congenital anomaly or birth defect", "congenital defect", "congenital defect/deformity", "congenital deformity", "congenital malformation", "congenital malformations", "defect/deformity, Congenital", "defect/deformity, congenital", "deformity/defect, Congenital", "physical disorder"; "CM - congenital malformation", "fetal developmental abnormality", "fetal malformation", "foetal malformation"; "MONDO:0000839"; rdfs:label "congenital abnormality"; , , , , ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disorder characterized by behavioral and/or psychological abnormalities, often accompanied by physical symptoms. The symptoms may cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social and occupational areas of functioning. Representative examples include anxiety disorders, cognitive disorders, mood disorders and schizophrenia."; ; "DOID:150", "ICD10:F99", "ICD10:F99-F99", "MESH:D001523", "MFOMD:0000004", "NCIT:C2893"; "Psychiatric disease", "Psychiatric disorder", "disease of mental health", "mental disorder", "mental dysfunction", "mental illness"; "MONDO:0002025"; rdfs:label "psychiatric disorder"; , , , , , , ; , , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A rare slow growing benign tumor of aberrant and ectatic venous connections."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11076003"; "DOID:467", "ICD9:228.09", "ICDO:9122/0", "NCIT:C4296", "SCTID:403968005", "UMLS:C0334532"; "Venous angioma", "Venous malformation"; "MONDO:0003083"; rdfs:label "venous hemangioma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#VenousAngioma"; ; , , , ; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A hemangioma characterized by the presence of cavernous vascular spaces."; ; "MONDO:0006124"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24134485"; "DOID:483", "EFO:1000151", "HP:0001048", "ICD10:D18.0", "ICDO:9121/0", "MESH:D006392", "NCIT:C3086", "SCTID:416824008", "UMLS:C0018920"; "cavernoma", "cavernous angioma", "cavernous haemangioma", "cavernous hemangioma", "cavernous hemangioma (morphologic abnormality)"; "MONDO:0003155"; rdfs:label "cavernous hemangioma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#CavernousAngioma"; , , , , ; , , , , ; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A benign or malignant tissue growth resulting from uncontrolled cell proliferation. Benign neoplastic cells resemble normal cells without exhibiting significant cytologic atypia, while malignant cells exhibit overt signs such as dysplastic features, atypical mitotic figures, necrosis, nuclear pleomorphism, and anaplasia. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include papillomas, cystadenomas, and lipomas; malignant neoplasms include carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, and leukemias."; ; "cell process disease"; "COHD:438112", "DOID:14566", "EFO:0000616", "HP:0002664", "ICD10:C00.D48", "ICD9:140-239.99", "ICD9:239.8", "ICD9:239.9", "MESH:D009369", "NCIT:C3262", "ONCOTREE:OTHER", "SCTID:55342001", "UMLS:CN236628"; "Epileptogenic tumors are, in the majority, biologically benign lesions that do not usually change over time. As a result, they do not require oncological surgery and surveillance, instead their management centres on control of seizures. Some tumors are highly associated with refractory epilepsy, and are amenable to epilepsy surgery due to their anatomic and imaging features, epilepsy surgery is therefore an important treatment option for this group of patients."; "disease of cellular proliferation", "neoplasia", "neoplasm", "neoplastic disease", "neoplastic growth", "tumor", "tumor disease"; "other neoplasm"; "MONDO:0005070"; rdfs:label "neoplasm (disease)"; , , , ; , , , ; true . _:3ea7a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Epileptogenic tumors are, in the majority, biologically benign lesions that do not usually change over time. As a result, they do not require oncological surgery and surveillance, instead their management centres on control of seizures. Some tumors are highly associated with refractory epilepsy, and are amenable to epilepsy surgery due to their anatomic and imaging features, epilepsy surgery is therefore an important treatment option for this group of patients."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/tumors-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease that has its basis in the disruption of mental process."; ; "EFO:0000677", "ICD10:F00.F99", "ICD9:290-299.99", "ICD9:298.8", "ICD9:V11.9", "NIFSTD:birnlex_12669", "SCTID:74732009", "UMLS:CN240636"; "disorder of mental process", "mental or behavioural disorder", "mental process disease"; "disorder of mental process"; "MONDO:0005084"; rdfs:label "mental disorder"; , , ; , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A herpesvirus infection caused by Cytomegalovirus. Healthy individuals generally do not produce symptoms. However, the infection may be life-threatening in affected immunocompromised patients. The virus may cause retinitis, esophagitis, gastritis, and colitis. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies."; ; "COHD:440032", "EFO:0001062", "ICD9:078.5", "MESH:D003586", "NCIT:C53649", "SCTID:28944009", "UMLS:C0010823"; "CMV infection", "Cytomegaloviral infection", "HCMV infection"; "MONDO:0005132"; rdfs:label "cytomegalovirus infection"; , , , , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Inflammation of the brain and the spinal cord."; ; "DOID:640", "EFO:0001423", "ICD9:323.9", "MESH:D004679", "NCIT:C34580", "SCTID:62950007", "UMLS:C0014070"; "central nervous system inflammation", "encephalitis &/or myelitis", "encephalitis and/or myelitis", "inflammation of central nervous system"; "MONDO:0005156"; rdfs:label "encephalomyelitis"; , , , , , , , ; , , , , ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20161538"; "EFO:0003852", "MESH:D002658"; "MONDO:0005287"; rdfs:label "developmental disability"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A seizure caused by a localized disorder."; ; "DOID:2234", "EFO:0004263", "ICD9:345.50", "MESH:D004828", "NCIT:C122812", "SCTID:230381009", "UMLS:C0014547"; "localisation-related epilepsy", "partial epilepsy"; "focal epilepsy"; "MONDO:0005384"; rdfs:label "partial epilepsy"; , , , , ; , , , , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31578307"; "EFO:0004777", "ICD9:291.81", "SCTID:191480000", "UMLS:C0236663"; "Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is the name for the symptoms that occur when a heavy drinker suddenly stops or significantly reduces their alcohol intake."; "alcohol withdrawal syndrome"; "MONDO:0005433"; rdfs:label "alcohol withdrawal"; , ; true . _:3ea7b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is the name for the symptoms that occur when a heavy drinker suddenly stops or significantly reduces their alcohol intake."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.healthline.com/health/alcoholism/withdrawal" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the discontinuation of administration or use, or reduction in intake of an addictive substance, e.g. opioids, barbiturates and alcohol; amphetamines or similarly acting sympathomimetics; cocaine; nicotine; sedatives, hypnotics, or anxiolytics. Syndrome manifests with diverse, often painful physical and psychological symptoms, which include but not limited to intense drug craving, anxiety, depression, insomnia, nausea, perspiration, body aches, tremors, hallucinations, and convulsions."; ; "DOID:0060001", "EFO:0005800", "ICD9:292.0", "MESH:D013375", "NCIT:C35046", "SCTID:363101005", "UMLS:C0152128"; "drug withdrawal", "drug withdrawal syndrome", "substance withdrawal", "substance withdrawal disorder", "substance withdrawal syndrome", "withdrawal syndrome"; "withdrawal disorder"; "MONDO:0005567"; rdfs:label "substance withdrawal syndrome"; ; , , , , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Infections of the brain caused by the protozoan toxoplasma gondii that primarily arise in individuals with immunologic deficiency syndromes (see also aids-related opportunistic infections). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include seizures, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and intracranial hypertension. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)"; ; "EFO:0007200", "ICD9:130.0", "MESH:D016781", "SCTID:192701001"; "Toxoplasmosis, found worldwide, is caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Immunocompetent persons with primary infection are usually asymptomatic, but latent infection can occur. In immunosuppressed patients, especially those with HIV, reactivation can cause disease (usually when CD4 lymphocyte count falls below 100 cells/mm3). Most patients with cerebral toxoplasmosis have multiple, ring-enhancing, brain lesions often associated with edema and with predilection for involvement of the basal ganglia."; "Toxoplasma encephalitis"; "encephalitis due to acquired toxoplasmosis", "meningoencephalitis due to toxoplasmosis"; "MONDO:0005697"; rdfs:label "cerebral toxoplasmosis"; ; , ; true . _:3ea7c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Toxoplasmosis, found worldwide, is caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Immunocompetent persons with primary infection are usually asymptomatic, but latent infection can occur. In immunosuppressed patients, especially those with HIV, reactivation can cause disease (usually when CD4 lymphocyte count falls below 100 cells/mm3). Most patients with cerebral toxoplasmosis have multiple, ring-enhancing, brain lesions often associated with edema and with predilection for involvement of the basal ganglia."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/infectious-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Rolandic epilepsy (RE) is a focal childhood epilepsy characterized by seizures consisting of unilateral facial sensory-motor symptoms, with electroencephalogram (EEG) showing sharp biphasic waves over the rolandic region. It is an age-related epilepsy, with excellent outcome."; ; "DOID:3329", "GARD:0010287", "ICD10:G40.0", "ICD9:345.80", "NCIT:C116538", "OMIM:117100", "Orphanet:1945", "SCTID:44145005", "UMLS:C0376532", "UMLS:C2363129", "UMLS:CN200685"; "BCECTS", "BECRS", "BECTS", "BRE", "benign Rolandic epilepsy", "benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spike", "benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes", "benign epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal spikes", "benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes", "benign familial epilepsy of childhood with rolandic spikes", "benign rolandic epilepsy", "centrotemporal epilepsy", "rolandic epilepsy", "sylvan seizures"; "CENTRALOPATHIC epilepsy", "benign epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal spikes (BECCT)", "benign epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes (BECTS)", "benign rolandic epilepsy (BRE)", "benign rolandic epilepsy of childhood (BREC)", "temporal-central focal epilepsy"; "MONDO:0007295"; , ; rdfs:label "rolandic epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#ChildhoodRolandicEpilepsy", "https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10287/benign-rolandic-epilepsy-bre"^^xsd:anyURI; ; , , , , , , , ; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Any benign neonatal seizures in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the KCNQ2 gene."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30782577"; "MESH:C567743", "OMIM:121200", "UMLS:C3149074"; "Benign familial neonatal seizures (BFNS) is a condition characterized by recurrent seizures in newborn babies. The seizures begin around day 3 of life and usually go away within 1 to 4 months. The seizures can involve only one side of the brain (focal seizures) or both sides (generalized seizures). Many infants with this condition have generalized tonic-clonic seizures (also known as grand mal seizures). This type of seizure involves both sides of the brain and affects the entire body, causing muscle rigidity, convulsions, and loss of consciousness."; "KCNQ2 benign neonatal seizures", "benign familial neonatal seizure", "benign neonatal seizures caused by mutation in KCNQ2", "seizures, benign familial neonatal, 1", "seizures, benign familial neonatal, type 1"; "BFNS1", "epilepsy, benign neonatal, 1, and/or myokymia", "seizures, benign familial neonatal, 1, and/or myokymia", "seizures, benign familial neonatal, 1; BFNS1"; "MONDO:0007365"; rdfs:label "seizures, benign familial neonatal, 1"; , , ; , , ; true . _:3ea7d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Benign familial neonatal seizures (BFNS) is a condition characterized by recurrent seizures in newborn babies. The seizures begin around day 3 of life and usually go away within 1 to 4 months. The seizures can involve only one side of the brain (focal seizures) or both sides (generalized seizures). Many infants with this condition have generalized tonic-clonic seizures (also known as grand mal seizures). This type of seizure involves both sides of the brain and affects the entire body, causing muscle rigidity, convulsions, and loss of consciousness."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/benign-familial-neonatal-seizures" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "OMIM:130200"; "electroencephalographic peculiarity: 14 and 6 per sec. positive spike phenomenon", "epileptic encephalopathy with continous spikes and wave during sleep"; "MONDO:0007530"; rdfs:label "electroencephalographic peculiarity: 14 and 6 per sec. positive spike phenomenon"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Fourteen-SixHertzPositiveBurst"; ; ; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Benign paroxysmal tonic upgaze of childhood with ataxia is a rare paroxysmal movement disorder characterized by episodes of sustained, conjugate, upward deviation of the eyes and down beating saccades in attempted downgaze (with preserved horizontal eye movements) which is accompanied by ataxic symptomatology (unsteady gait, lack of balance and movement coordination disturbances) in an otherwise healthy individual. Bilateral vertical nystagmus is associated. Symptoms generally disappear spontaneously within 1-2 years after onset."; ; "GARD:0004176", "ICD10:G96.8", "MESH:C566817", "OMIM:168885", "Orphanet:1179", "SCTID:763127004", "UMLS:C1868576"; "Benign paroxysmal tonic upgaze presents in early infancy and is characterised by prolonged or intermittent upgaze which may last hours or days. Children may be ataxic during episodes and attacks occur more frequently during intercurrent illnesses."; "Ouvrier-Billson syndrome", "benign paroxysmal tonic upgaze"; "Ouvrier Billson syndrome", "paroxysmal tonic upgaze, benign childhood, with ataxia"; "MONDO:0008206"; ; rdfs:label "benign paroxysmal tonic upgaze of childhood with ataxia"; , , , , ; true . _:3ea7e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Benign paroxysmal tonic upgaze presents in early infancy and is characterised by prolonged or intermittent upgaze which may last hours or days. Children may be ataxic during episodes and attacks occur more frequently during intercurrent illnesses."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#benign-paro" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Celiac disease, epilepsy and cerebral calcification syndrome (CEC) is a rare disorder characterized by the combination of auto-immune intestinal disease, epileptic seizures and cerebral calcifications."; ; "GARD:0002166", "MESH:C535496", "OMIM:226810", "Orphanet:1459", "UMLS:C1856930"; """An association between epilepsy and celiac disease has been debated however has not been convincingly established in more careful studies. Celiac disease, epilepsy and occipital calcifications is a rare condition with the following characteristics: Mean age at onset is 6 years Bilateral cortical/subcortical parieto-occipital calcifications without brain atrophy Focal sensory visual seizures are common, these may evolve to focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. Many cases respond to anti-seizure medications, however some require a gluten free diet for seizure control"""; "CEC", "celiac disease, epilepsy, and cerebral calcification syndrome"; "bilateral occipital calcifications with epilepsy", "celiac disease epilepsy occipital calcifications", "epilepsy occipital calcifications", "epilepsy with bilateral occipital calcifications", "familial unilateral and bilateral occipital calcifications and epilepsy"; "MONDO:0009187"; ; rdfs:label "celiac disease-epilepsy-cerebral calcification syndrome"; , , , ; true . _:3ea7f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget """An association between epilepsy and celiac disease has been debated however has not been convincingly established in more careful studies. Celiac disease, epilepsy and occipital calcifications is a rare condition with the following characteristics: Mean age at onset is 6 years Bilateral cortical/subcortical parieto-occipital calcifications without brain atrophy Focal sensory visual seizures are common, these may evolve to focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. Many cases respond to anti-seizure medications, however some require a gluten free diet for seizure control"""; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/antibody-mediated-overview.html#celiac" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE) is a rare neurometabolic disease characterized by recurrent intractable seizures in the prenatal, neonatal and postnatal period that are resistant to anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) but that are responsive to pharmacological dosages of pyridoxine (vitamin B6)."; ; "GARD:0009298", "ICD10:G40.8", "MESH:C536254", "Orphanet:3006", "SCTID:734434007", "UMLS:C1849508", "UMLS:CN203406"; "In pyridoxine dependent epilepsy, there is a defect in α-aminoadipic semialdehyde (AASA) dehydrogenase, with accumulation of products that inactivate pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP). Biochemical markers include increased AASA (specific) and pipecolic acid (non specific) in urine, plasma and CSF (even on treatment). The diagnosis is supported by finding a mutation in the antiquitin gene (ALDH7A1, chromosome 5q31). In pyridoxine 5' phosphate oxidase (PNPO) deficiency, biochemical markers may be unhelpful with only subtle findings. Pyridoxine supplementation is ineffective, the patients require PLP to ameliorate the neurological condition."; "antiquitin deficiency", "pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy", "vitamin B6-dependent seizures"; "AASA dehydrogenase deficiency", "EPD", "epilepsy, pyridoxine-dependent", "epilepsy, pyridoxine-dependent; Epd", "pyridoxine dependency", "pyridoxine dependency with seizures"; "MONDO:0009945"; , ; rdfs:label "pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy"; , , , , , ; true . _:3ea803 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "In pyridoxine dependent epilepsy, there is a defect in α-aminoadipic semialdehyde (AASA) dehydrogenase, with accumulation of products that inactivate pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP). Biochemical markers include increased AASA (specific) and pipecolic acid (non specific) in urine, plasma and CSF (even on treatment). The diagnosis is supported by finding a mutation in the antiquitin gene (ALDH7A1, chromosome 5q31). In pyridoxine 5' phosphate oxidase (PNPO) deficiency, biochemical markers may be unhelpful with only subtle findings. Pyridoxine supplementation is ineffective, the patients require PLP to ameliorate the neurological condition."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/metabolic-groupoverview.html#pyridoxine" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Pallister-Killian syndrome (PKS) is a rare multiple congenital anomaly/intellectual deficit syndrome caused by mosaic tissue-limited tetrasomy for chromosome 12p."; ; "GARD:0008421", "ICD10:Q99.8", "ICD9:758.81", "MESH:C538105", "NCIT:C75458", "OMIM:601803", "Orphanet:884", "SCTID:9527009", "UMLS:C0265449"; "This chromosomal abnormality results in dysmorphic features that include a coarsened flat facies, high forehead, reduced scalp hair over the frontal and temporal regions, hypertelorism, a broad nasal bridge, a small anteverted nose, a high arched palate, microretrognathia, a cupid-bow shaped upper lip and low-set ears. There may be cardiac, diaphragmatic and ocular abnormalities. There is developmental delay, severe intellectual impairment and epilepsy. Seizures of varied types have been reported, including epileptic spasms. The disorder is sporadic. Most patients are mosaic for tetrasomy 12p and it may be undetectable in blood lymphocytes. To diagnose this disorder, examination of fibroblasts may be required."; "Isochromosome 12p mosaicism", "Isochromosome 12p syndrome", "Pallister-Killian syndrome", "tetrasomy type 12p"; "Hexasomy 12P, Mosaic", "Isochromosome 12P syndrome", "Killian Teschler-Nicola syndrome", "Killian syndrome", "PKS", "Pallister Killian syndrome", "Pallister mosaic syndrome", "Pallister-Killian mosaic syndrome", "Pallister-Killian syndrome; PKS", "Teschler-Nicola Killian syndrome", "chromosome 12, Isochromosome 12p syndrome", "tetrasomy 12P, Mosaic"; "MONDO:0011146"; ; rdfs:label "tetrasomy 12p"; ; , , , , , ; true . _:3ea813 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This chromosomal abnormality results in dysmorphic features that include a coarsened flat facies, high forehead, reduced scalp hair over the frontal and temporal regions, hypertelorism, a broad nasal bridge, a small anteverted nose, a high arched palate, microretrognathia, a cupid-bow shaped upper lip and low-set ears. There may be cardiac, diaphragmatic and ocular abnormalities. There is developmental delay, severe intellectual impairment and epilepsy. Seizures of varied types have been reported, including epileptic spasms. The disorder is sporadic. Most patients are mosaic for tetrasomy 12p and it may be undetectable in blood lymphocytes. To diagnose this disorder, examination of fibroblasts may be required."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/chromosomal-abnormalities-overview.html#pallister" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "MESH:C565296", "OMIM:605751", "UMLS:C1853995"; "Benign familial infantile seizure is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by afebrile partial complex or generalized tonic-clonic seizures occurring between 3 and 12 months of age with a good response to medication and no neurologic sequelae. Seizures usually remit by age 18 months"; "benign familial infantile seizure", "seizures, benign familial infantile, 2", "seizures, benign familial infantile, type 2"; "BFIS2", "convulsions, benign familial infantile, 2", "seizures, benign familial infantile, 2; BFIS2"; "MONDO:0011593"; rdfs:label "seizures, benign familial infantile, 2"; , , ; true . _:3ea823 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Benign familial infantile seizure is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by afebrile partial complex or generalized tonic-clonic seizures occurring between 3 and 12 months of age with a good response to medication and no neurologic sequelae. Seizures usually remit by age 18 months"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.omim.org/entry/605751" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Bleeding into one or both cerebral hemispheres including the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex. It is often associated with hypertension and craniocerebral trauma."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2512371"; "EFO:0005669", "ICD9:431", "MESH:D002543", "OMIM:614519", "SCTID:274100004"; "hemorrhage, intracerebral, susceptibility to", "hemorrhage, intracerebral, susceptibility to; ich", "ich", "stroke, hemorrhagic, susceptibility to"; "MONDO:0013792"; rdfs:comment "Editor note: consider separate subclass for OMIM ID"; rdfs:label "intracerebral hemorrhage"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#IntracerebralHemorrhage"; , ; , , ; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "OMIM:616421", "UMLS:C4085238"; "Epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures (previously known as epilepsy with myoclonic astatic seizures, or Doose syndrome) is a syndrome characterized by the presence of myoclonic-atonic seizures in an otherwise normal child who may have a history of febrile and/or afebrile seizures. There is often a family history of seizures."; "Doose syndrome", "Epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures", "myoclonic-atonic epilepsy"; "mae", "myoclonic-atonic epilepsy; mae"; "MONDO:0014633"; rdfs:label "myoclonic-atonic epilepsy"; , ; true . _:3ea833 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures (previously known as epilepsy with myoclonic astatic seizures, or Doose syndrome) is a syndrome characterized by the presence of myoclonic-atonic seizures in an otherwise normal child who may have a history of febrile and/or afebrile seizures. There is often a family history of seizures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/lks-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Ring chromosome 14 syndrome is characterized by intellectual deficit, retinal and skin pigmentation disorders, seizures, and dysmorphic features, including flat occiput, epicanthal folds, downward slanting eyes, flat nasal bridge, upturned nostrils, short neck, and large low set ears."; ; "GARD:0006072", "ICD10:Q93.2", "ICD9:758.89", "MESH:C535487", "OMIM:616606", "Orphanet:1440", "SCTID:702345009", "UMLS:CN233170"; "This is a rare chromosomal disorder, consistently associated with epilepsy. The epilepsy is usually of early onset and seizures are intractable but there are no recognized distinctive seizure or electrographic features. Focal seizures facilitated during febrile illness and Ohtahara syndrome have been reported associated with this chromosomal abnormality. Intellectual impairment (moderate-severe), microcephaly, facial dysmorphism (narrow long face, retrognathia, short neck), cardiac (pulmonary stenosis) and ocular abnormalities (cataract, retinal pigmentation, macular abnormality) occur. Most cases are sporadic, but familial cases have been reported. Most patients are mosaic for ring 14 abnormality. To diagnose this disorder a karyotype should be performed examining 50-100 mitoses, this has to be specifically requested, as it may not be part of routine karyotype assessment. CGH microarray may not detect this disorder if no deletion occurs in the ring formation."; "Ring chromosome type 14"; "RING chromosome 14 syndrome", "Ring 14", "chromosome 14 ring"; "MONDO:0014708"; , ; rdfs:label "ring chromosome 14"; , , , , , ; true . _:3ea843 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This is a rare chromosomal disorder, consistently associated with epilepsy. The epilepsy is usually of early onset and seizures are intractable but there are no recognized distinctive seizure or electrographic features. Focal seizures facilitated during febrile illness and Ohtahara syndrome have been reported associated with this chromosomal abnormality. Intellectual impairment (moderate-severe), microcephaly, facial dysmorphism (narrow long face, retrognathia, short neck), cardiac (pulmonary stenosis) and ocular abnormalities (cataract, retinal pigmentation, macular abnormality) occur. Most cases are sporadic, but familial cases have been reported. Most patients are mosaic for ring 14 abnormality. To diagnose this disorder a karyotype should be performed examining 50-100 mitoses, this has to be specifically requested, as it may not be part of routine karyotype assessment. CGH microarray may not detect this disorder if no deletion occurs in the ring formation."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/chromosomal-abnormalities-overview.html#ring14" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a rare neuroinflammatory disease of paraneoplastic, parainfectious or idiopathic origin, characterized by opsoclonus, myoclonus, ataxia, and behavioral and sleep disorders."; ; "EFO:1001383", "GARD:0010009", "ICD10:G25.3", "ICD9:379.59", "MESH:D053578", "MedDRA:10053854", "NCIT:C4686", "Orphanet:1183", "SCTID:230350000", "UMLS:C0393626"; "Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome is an autoimmune neurological disorder that may be seen in association with neuroblastoma, following viral infections or may be of unknown cause. The earliest feature is often ataxia followed by opsoclonus (multidirectional, erratic, darting eye movements). Myoclonus is a mixture of small- and larger-amplitude muscle jerks, giving rise to a tremulous appearance. Myoclonus is primarily action-induced, but in severe cases is present at rest. The eye movement abnormality and myoclonus may initially be thought to be epileptic, however the pattern of eye movements allows them to be distinguished from eye movements seen in typical absence seizures."; "Ataxo-opso-myoclonus syndrome", "Kinsbourne syndrome", "OMS", "POMA syndrome", "dancing eye syndrome", "dancing eye-dancing feet syndrome", "oma syndrome", "opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome", "opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome", "paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus", "paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome"; "MONDO:0015247"; ; rdfs:label "opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome"; ; , , , , , , ; true . _:3ea853 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome is an autoimmune neurological disorder that may be seen in association with neuroblastoma, following viral infections or may be of unknown cause. The earliest feature is often ataxia followed by opsoclonus (multidirectional, erratic, darting eye movements). Myoclonus is a mixture of small- and larger-amplitude muscle jerks, giving rise to a tremulous appearance. Myoclonus is primarily action-induced, but in severe cases is present at rest. The eye movement abnormality and myoclonus may initially be thought to be epileptic, however the pattern of eye movements allows them to be distinguished from eye movements seen in typical absence seizures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#opsoclonus-myoclonus" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Jeavons syndrome is an idiopathic generalized form of reflex epilepsy characterized by childhood onset, unique seizure manifestations, striking light sensitivity, and possible occurrence of generalized tonic-clonic seizures."; ; "ICD10:G40.3", "Orphanet:139431", "SCTID:716278005", "UMLS:C4274731", "UMLS:CN199399"; "This syndrome (previously known as Jeavons syndrome) is characterized by daily eyelid myoclonias with or without absences induced by eye closure and visual stimulation, seen in an otherwise normal child.This syndrome is characterized by onset of seizures between 2-14 years (peak 6-8 years). Both sexes are affected with a female predominance (2F:M). Antecedent and birth history is normal. Head size and neurological examination are normal. Development and cognition are typically normal although individuals with borderline intellectual functioning and intellectual disability are seen."; "EMEA", "epilepsy with eyelid myoclonias", "eyelid myoclonia with and without absences"; "MONDO:0015346"; ; rdfs:label "Jeavons syndrome"; , , , ; true . _:3ea863 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This syndrome (previously known as Jeavons syndrome) is characterized by daily eyelid myoclonias with or without absences induced by eye closure and visual stimulation, seen in an otherwise normal child.This syndrome is characterized by onset of seizures between 2-14 years (peak 6-8 years). Both sexes are affected with a female predominance (2F:M). Antecedent and birth history is normal. Head size and neurological examination are normal. Development and cognition are typically normal although individuals with borderline intellectual functioning and intellectual disability are seen."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/emwa-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Ring chromosome 20 syndrome is marked by a characteristic seizure phenotype. Depending on the amount of chromosomal loss and associated mosaicism, ring(20) can be associated with macrocephaly, mild to moderate intellectual deficit, or behavioural problems. In rare cases, brain, kidney or heart malformations may be present."; ; "GARD:0001334", "ICD10:Q93.2", "ICD9:758.89", "MESH:C580424", "Orphanet:1444", "SCTID:23686004"; "This is a rare chromosomal disorder with epilepsy as the striking feature. Although some patients may have microcephaly, intellectual impairment (two thirds of patients) and behavioral disorders, there are few distinctive clinical features that aid identification of this syndrome. Dysmorphic features are not expected. Most cases are sporadic, but familial cases have been reported. Mosaicism is common with intellectual impairment (but not the epilepsy) correlating with the degree of mosaicism. Nocturnal frontal lobe seizures are common. Around 50% of patients report frightening visual hallucinations during their focal seizures. Seizures may manifest as prolonged confusional states, lasting minutes to half an hour, during which the patient may be motionless and staring or may have automatisms and confused wandering. Perioral and eyelid myoclonic jerks may accompany these events. The ictal EEG shows long periods of widespread rhythmic theta and high-amplitude 2-3 Hz rhythmic, notched, frontally predominant, slow waves. Spike-and-wave is of low amplitude. Interictal EEG may be normal or show focal bi-fronto-temporal spikes. Seizures are usually frequent and intractable to medications. To diagnose this disorder a karyotype should be performed examining 50-100 mitoses, this has to be specifically requested, as it may not be part of routine karyotype assessment. CGH microarray may not detect this disorder if no deletion occurs in the ring formation."; "Ring chromosome type 20"; "R20", "Ring 20", "Ring chromosome 20 syndrome", "chromosome 20 ring"; "MONDO:0015436"; , ; rdfs:label "ring chromosome 20"; , , , , , ; true . _:3ea873 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This is a rare chromosomal disorder with epilepsy as the striking feature. Although some patients may have microcephaly, intellectual impairment (two thirds of patients) and behavioral disorders, there are few distinctive clinical features that aid identification of this syndrome. Dysmorphic features are not expected. Most cases are sporadic, but familial cases have been reported. Mosaicism is common with intellectual impairment (but not the epilepsy) correlating with the degree of mosaicism. Nocturnal frontal lobe seizures are common. Around 50% of patients report frightening visual hallucinations during their focal seizures. Seizures may manifest as prolonged confusional states, lasting minutes to half an hour, during which the patient may be motionless and staring or may have automatisms and confused wandering. Perioral and eyelid myoclonic jerks may accompany these events. The ictal EEG shows long periods of widespread rhythmic theta and high-amplitude 2-3 Hz rhythmic, notched, frontally predominant, slow waves. Spike-and-wave is of low amplitude. Interictal EEG may be normal or show focal bi-fronto-temporal spikes. Seizures are usually frequent and intractable to medications. To diagnose this disorder a karyotype should be performed examining 50-100 mitoses, this has to be specifically requested, as it may not be part of routine karyotype assessment. CGH microarray may not detect this disorder if no deletion occurs in the ring formation."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/chromosomal-abnormalities-overview.html#ring20" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) describes an explosive-onset, potentially fatal acute epileptic encephalopathy that develops in previously healthy children and adolescents following the onset of a non-specific febrile illness."; ; "GARD:0011005", "ICD10:G40.5", "Orphanet:163703", "SCTID:725413002", "UMLS:CN199955"; "Febrile infection related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) has previously also been known as fever induced refractory epilepsy in school-aged children, devastating epileptic encephalopathy in school aged children (DESC) and acute encephalitis with refractory repetitive partial seizures (AERRPS). It is a severe post-infectious neurological disorder that presents with intractable status epilepticus in a previously normal child (or less commonly adult) after a febrile illness. If the patient survives, they have intellectual and motor impairment and ongoing intractable seizures."; "AERRPS", "DESC syndrome", "FIRES", "acute encephalitis with refractory repetitive partial seizures", "acute non-herpetic encephalitis with severe refractory status epilepticus", "devastating epileptic encephalopathy in school-aged children", "fever-induced refractory epileptic encephalopathy in school-aged children", "idiopathic catastrophic epileptic encephalopathy", "severe refractory status epilepticus owing to presumed encephalitis"; "status epilepticus owing to presumed encephalitis"; "MONDO:0015584"; , ; rdfs:label "febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome"; , , ; true . _:3ea883 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Febrile infection related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) has previously also been known as fever induced refractory epilepsy in school-aged children, devastating epileptic encephalopathy in school aged children (DESC) and acute encephalitis with refractory repetitive partial seizures (AERRPS). It is a severe post-infectious neurological disorder that presents with intractable status epilepticus in a previously normal child (or less commonly adult) after a febrile illness. If the patient survives, they have intellectual and motor impairment and ongoing intractable seizures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/febrile-infection-related-epilepsy-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Orphanet:166311"; "MONDO:0015642"; ; rdfs:label "benign partial infantile seizures"; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Startle epilepsy is a rare neurologic disease characterized by frequent and spontaneous epileptic seizures (frequently with symmetrical or asymmetrical tonic features) triggered by a normal startle in response to a sudden and unexpected somatosensory (most frequently auditory) stimulus. Falls are common and can be traumatic. In most cases, the disease is associated with spastic hemi-, di-, or tetraplegia and intellectual disability."; ; "ICD10:G40.8", "Orphanet:166427", "SCTID:763632004", "UMLS:CN200058"; "MONDO:0015648"; ; rdfs:label "startle epilepsy"; , , ; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3ea893; ; "Orphanet:166463"; "syndromic epilepsy"; "MONDO:0015650"; ; rdfs:label "epilepsy syndrome"; . _:3ea893 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Orphanet:166475", "UMLS:CN200064"; "MONDO:0015654"; ; rdfs:label "idiopathic or cryptogenic familial epilepsy syndrome with identified loci/genes"; , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Orphanet:166484", "UMLS:CN200066"; "MONDO:0015657"; ; rdfs:label "inflammatory and autoimmune disease with epilepsy"; , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Orphanet:166490", "UMLS:CN200068"; "MONDO:0015659"; ; rdfs:label "infectious disease with epilepsy"; , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Trisomy 12p is an extremely rare chromosomal disorder (over 30 cases reported worldwide) characterized by craniofacial malformations (round face, prominent cheeks, high bulging forehead, broad and flat nasal bridge, short nose with anteverted nostrils, long philtrum, prominent and everted lower lip, low-set ears, abnormally folded helix, protuberant antihelix), postnatal growth retardation, mental and psychomotor retardation, generalized hypotonia, abnormally short wide hands and/or other abnormalities."; ; "GARD:0005305", "ICD10:Q92.3", "MESH:C538299", "Orphanet:1699", "UMLS:C0795845"; "Trisomy 12p is a chromosomal abnormality that results in developmental delay, intellectual impairment and a number of dysmorphic features including turricephaly, a flattened occiput, short neck, rounded facies with prominent cheeks, high prominent forehead, hypertelorism, epicanthic folds, broad nasal bridge and other facial dysmorphism. Cardiac and limb defects may occur. Structural brain abnormalities include polymicrogyria and focal cortical dysplasia. Seizures are often generalized, with myoclonic absences and myoclonic seizures reported, EEGs have shown 3Hz generalized spike-and-wave."; "Duplication 12p", "trisomy type 12p"; "12p duplication", "12p trisomy", "chromosome 12p duplication", "partial trisomy 12p"; "MONDO:0015723"; ; rdfs:label "trisomy 12p"; , , ; true . _:3ea8a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Trisomy 12p is a chromosomal abnormality that results in developmental delay, intellectual impairment and a number of dysmorphic features including turricephaly, a flattened occiput, short neck, rounded facies with prominent cheeks, high prominent forehead, hypertelorism, epicanthic folds, broad nasal bridge and other facial dysmorphism. Cardiac and limb defects may occur. Structural brain abnormalities include polymicrogyria and focal cortical dysplasia. Seizures are often generalized, with myoclonic absences and myoclonic seizures reported, EEGs have shown 3Hz generalized spike-and-wave."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/chromosomal-abnormalities-overview.html#trisomy12p" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Orphanet:182064", "UMLS:CN200514"; "MONDO:0015916"; , ; rdfs:label "rare neuroinflammatory or neuroimmunological disease"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://github.com/monarch-initiative/mondo/issues/254"^^xsd:anyURI; , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A grade III or grade IV glioma arising from the central nervous system. This category includes glioblastoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, anaplastic ependymoma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and anaplastic oligoastrocytoma."; ; "glioma", "neuroglial tumor"; "DOID:3070", "ICDO:9380/3", "KEGG:05214", "MedDRA:10018338", "NCIT:C4822", "OMIMPS:137800", "Orphanet:182067", "UMLS:C0555198"; "glial cell tumor", "glioma, malignant", "high grade glioma", "high-grade glioma", "malignant glial neoplasm", "malignant glial tumor", "malignant glioma", "malignant neuroglial neoplasm", "malignant neuroglial tumor"; "MONDO:0015917"; ; rdfs:label "malignant glioma"; , , , , , , ; , , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A rare, progressive chronic inflammation of a single cerebral hemisphere that usually affects children. It is characterized by severe seizures, loss of motor skills and speech, hemiparesis, and dementia."; ; "GARD:0007527", "ICD10:G04.8", "ICD9:323.9", "MESH:C535291", "NCIT:C125384", "Orphanet:1929", "SCTID:230191005", "UMLS:C2930868"; """This epilepsy is associated with onset of seizures between 1-10 years of age (peak 5-6 years), later onset is exceptional. Both sexes are affected equally. Antecedent and birth history is usually normal. Head size and neurological examination are usually normal prior to onset of the epilepsy. With time, a progressive hemiparesis develops. Some children may first present with a unilateral movement disorder (hemidystonia, hemiathetosis) prior to onset of seizures. Iritis has been reported as an antecedent condition. CSF may show non-specific findings including the presence of oligo- or monoclonal bands. There are three stages to the illness i) an initial prodromal phase with infrequent seizures and no hemiparesis ii) an acute phase with frequent seizures and development of hemiparesis and iii) a residual stage with permanent stable hemiparesis."""; "CFE", "Rasmussen Encephalitis", "Rasmussen encephalitis", "Rasmussen syndrome", "chronic focal encephalitis"; "RE"; "MONDO:0016019"; ; rdfs:label "Rasmussen subacute encephalitis"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#RasmussenEncephalitis"; ; , , , , ; ""; true . _:3ea8b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget """This epilepsy is associated with onset of seizures between 1-10 years of age (peak 5-6 years), later onset is exceptional. Both sexes are affected equally. Antecedent and birth history is usually normal. Head size and neurological examination are usually normal prior to onset of the epilepsy. With time, a progressive hemiparesis develops. Some children may first present with a unilateral movement disorder (hemidystonia, hemiathetosis) prior to onset of seizures. Iritis has been reported as an antecedent condition. CSF may show non-specific findings including the presence of oligo- or monoclonal bands. There are three stages to the illness i) an initial prodromal phase with infrequent seizures and no hemiparesis ii) an acute phase with frequent seizures and development of hemiparesis and iii) a residual stage with permanent stable hemiparesis."""; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/rasmussen-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Benign familial neonatal epilepsy (BFNE) is a rare genetic epilepsy syndrome characterized by the occurrence of afebrile seizures in otherwise healthy newborns with onset in the first few days of life."; ; "DOID:14264", "ICD10:G40.3", "MedDRA:10067866", "NCIT:C117307", "OMIMPS:121200", "Orphanet:1949", "SCTID:38281008"; "BFNS", "benign Familal neonatal seizures", "benign familial convulsion", "benign familial convulsions", "benign familial neonatal convulsions", "benign familial neonatal seizures", "benign neonatal convulsions", "seizures, benign familial neonatal"; "MONDO:0016027"; ; rdfs:label "benign neonatal seizures"; , , ; , , , , , , , , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "ICD9:333.99", "Orphanet:200037", "SCTID:230310003"; "Paroxysmal dystonia (historically known as tonic spasms or tonic seizures) is a type of fluctuating dystonia characterized by repetitive and patterned twisting movements and abnormal postures lasting seconds to hours (Demirkiran and Jankovic, 1995). Bouts of paroxysmal dystonia occur when opposing muscle groups contract simultaneously. Paroxysmal dystonia may affect the face, arm, or leg and is often precipitated by tactile stimulation, voluntary movement, loud noise, or hyperventilation."; "MONDO:0016058"; ; rdfs:label "paroxysmal dystonia"; , . _:3ea8c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Paroxysmal dystonia (historically known as tonic spasms or tonic seizures) is a type of fluctuating dystonia characterized by repetitive and patterned twisting movements and abnormal postures lasting seconds to hours (Demirkiran and Jankovic, 1995). Bouts of paroxysmal dystonia occur when opposing muscle groups contract simultaneously. Paroxysmal dystonia may affect the face, arm, or leg and is often precipitated by tactile stimulation, voluntary movement, loud noise, or hyperventilation."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/paroxysmal-dystonia" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Narcolepsy with cataplexy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive day-time sleepiness associated with uncontrollable sleep urges and cataplexy (loss of muscle tone often triggered by pleasant emotions)."; ; "EFO:0000614", "GARD:0007162", "ICD10:G47.4", "ICD10:G47.41", "ICD10:G47.419", "ICD9:347.0", "MedDRA:10028713", "Orphanet:2073"; "Narcolepsy-cataplexy is a lifelong neurological disorder of sleep state boundary control in which the distinctions between sleep states, particularly REM sleep, and wakening are blurred."; "GC)lineau disease", "Gélineau disease", "narcolepsy with cataplexy", "narcolepsy-cataplexy syndrome"; "Gelineau syndrome", "Gelineau's syndrome", "narcoleptic syndrome", "paroxysmal sleep"; "MONDO:0016158"; , ; rdfs:label "narcolepsy-cataplexy syndrome"; , ; , , ; true . _:3ea8d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Narcolepsy-cataplexy is a lifelong neurological disorder of sleep state boundary control in which the distinctions between sleep states, particularly REM sleep, and wakening are blurred."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#narcolepsy" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15146004"; "GARD:0002661", "ICD10:Q04.8", "Orphanet:2149", "SCTID:253151003"; "Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) is a brain malformation, due to abnormal neuronal migration, in which a subset of neurons fails to migrate into the developing cerebral cortex and remains as nodules that line the ventricular surface. Classical PNH is a rare X-linked dominant disorder far more frequent in females who present normal intelligence to borderline intellectual deficit, epilepsy of variable severity and extra-central nervous system signs, especially cardiovascular defects or coagulopathy. The disorder is generally associated with prenatal lethality in males."; "Nodular Heterotopias", "genetic nodular heterotopia", "nodular heterotopia"; "hereditary nodular heterotopia"; "MONDO:0016292"; ; rdfs:label "nodular neuronal heterotopia"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#NodularHeterotopias"; , ; ""; true . _:3ea8e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) is a brain malformation, due to abnormal neuronal migration, in which a subset of neurons fails to migrate into the developing cerebral cortex and remains as nodules that line the ventricular surface. Classical PNH is a rare X-linked dominant disorder far more frequent in females who present normal intelligence to borderline intellectual deficit, epilepsy of variable severity and extra-central nervous system signs, especially cardiovascular defects or coagulopathy. The disorder is generally associated with prenatal lethality in males."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Expert=98892" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A congenital abnormality in which the occipitofrontal circumference is greater than two standard deviations above the mean for a given age. It is associated with hydrocephalus; subdural effusion; arachnoid cysts; or is part of a genetic condition (e.g., alexander disease; sotos syndrome)."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28658095"; "HP:0001355", "ICD10:Q04.5", "ICD9:742.4", "MESH:D058627", "MedDRA:10050183", "Orphanet:2477", "SCTID:9740002"; "macroencephaly", "megalencephaly"; "MONDO:0016608"; ; rdfs:label "megalencephaly (disease)"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Megalencephaly"; , , , , , ; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "MedDRA:10065869", "Orphanet:251592"; "MONDO:0016685"; ; rdfs:label "low-grade astrocytoma"; , , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "A low-grade (WHO grade II) astrocytic neoplasm. It is characterized by diffuse infiltration of neighboring central nervous system structures. These lesions typically affect young adults and have a tendency for progression to anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma. Based on the IDH genes mutation status, diffuse astrocytomas are classified as IDH-mutant, IDH-wildtype, and not otherwise specified."; ; "GARD:0005907", "ICD10:C71.9", "NCIT:C7173", "ONCOTREE:DASTR", "Orphanet:251595", "UMLS:C0280785"; "WHO grade II astrocytoma", "astrocytoma, diffuse", "astrocytoma, diffuse, malignant", "diffuse astrocytoma", "grade II astrocytic neoplasm", "grade II astrocytic tumor", "grade II astrocytoma"; "fibrillary astrocytoma (histologic variant)", "gemistocytic astrocytoma (histologic variant)", "low-grade astrocytoma, NOS", "low-grade diffuse astrocytoma", "protoplasmic astrocytoma (histologic variant)"; "MONDO:0016686"; ; rdfs:label "diffuse astrocytoma"; , , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The most frequent histological variant of diffuse astrocytoma. It is predominantly composed of fibrillary neoplastic astrocytes. Nuclear atypia is a diagnostic criterion but mitotic activity, necrosis and microvascular proliferation are absent. The occasional or regional occurrence of gemistocytic neoplastic cells is compatible with the diagnosis of fibrillary astrocytoma. (WHO)"; ; "DOID:6726", "ICD10:C71.9", "ICDO:9420/3", "MedDRA:10065889", "NCIT:C4322", "Orphanet:251601", "UMLS:C0334582"; "diffuse astrocytoma", "fibrillary astrocytic tumors", "fibrillary astrocytoma"; "MONDO:0016688"; ; rdfs:label "fibrillary astrocytoma"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/brain-tumors/astrocytoma"; , ; , , , , ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Orphanet:251651", "UMLS:CN201945"; "mixed oligodendroglial and astrocytic tumor"; "MONDO:0016701"; ; rdfs:label "oligoastrocytic tumor"; , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "A WHO grade II tumor composed of a conspicuous mixture of two distinct neoplastic cell types morphologically resembling the tumor cells in oligodendroglioma and diffuse astrocytoma. (WHO)"; ; "DOID:7912", "EFO:0000630", "GARD:0009769", "ICD10:C71.9", "MedDRA:10027744", "NCIT:C4050", "ONCOTREE:OAST", "Orphanet:251656", "SCTID:716647001", "UMLS:C0280793"; "MOA", "WHO grade II mixed glioma", "glioma, mixed, benign", "mixed astrocytic-oligodendroglial neoplasm", "mixed astrocytic-oligodendroglial tumor", "mixed astrocytoma-oligodendroglioma", "mixed oligo-astrocytoma", "mixed oligoastrocytoma", "mixed oligodendroglioma-astrocytoma", "oligoastrocytoma"; "MONDO:0016702"; , ; rdfs:label "oligoastrocytoma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Oligoastrocytoma"; ; , , , , , ; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Angiocentric glioma (AG) is an extremely rare slow-growing glial neoplasm of the central nervous system, usually arising in a superficial location in the cerebrum, affecting all ages and both sexes, and characterized by intractable seizures and headaches, with most cases being cured by surgical incision alone and therefore having a good prognosis."; ; "ICD10:C71.9", "ICDO:9431/1", "NCIT:C92552", "ONCOTREE:ANGL", "Orphanet:251671", "UMLS:C2363903"; "Monomorphus angiocentric glioma", "angiocentric glioma (WHO grade I)", "angiocentric neuroepithelial tumor"; "ANGL"; "MONDO:0016705"; ; rdfs:label "angiocentric glioma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#AngiocentricGlioma"; , , ; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Spasmus nutans (SN) is a rare eye disease characterized by the clinical triad of asymmetric and pendular nystagmus, head nodding, and torticollis."; ; "HP:0010533", "ICD10:F98.4", "MedDRA:10059593", "Orphanet:279882", "SCTID:400948003", "UMLS:C1527306"; "This disorder of eye movement is seen in infants, typically with onset between 4 and 12 months of age. The cause is unknown; neuroimaging is required to exclude structural brain abnormalities. Vertical eye movements occur, these are rapid and side-to-side. There may be a head tilt and head nodding. The events resolve with time."; "Spasmus nutans"; "MONDO:0017201"; ; rdfs:label "Spasmus nutans (disease)"; , , , ; true . _:3ea8f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This disorder of eye movement is seen in infants, typically with onset between 4 and 12 months of age. The cause is unknown; neuroimaging is required to exclude structural brain abnormalities. Vertical eye movements occur, these are rapid and side-to-side. There may be a head tilt and head nodding. The events resolve with time."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#spasmus" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An infection with the Cytomegalovirus that is present from birth."; ; "GARD:0001409", "GARD:0001480", "ICD10:P35.1", "NCIT:C122427", "Orphanet:294", "SCTID:276701009", "UMLS:C0349499"; "CMV is the commonest fetal viral infection. Fetal CNS infection after 20 weeks gestation can cause malformations of cortical development (including polymycrogyria and schizencephaly), and intracranial calcification in the developing brain. Direct perinatal CNS CMV infection can also occur, with clinical signs manifesting after an incubation period of 2-6 weeks. Overall, 90% of affected infants are asymptomatic at birth, resulting in challenges in early correct diagnosis of CMV neuroinfection. Some of these infants may only present with sensorineural hearing loss at a later date. However, 10% of infants may have early symptoms which may include microcephaly, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatitis, chorioretinitis, neurological impairment and sensorineural hearing impairment. Diagnosis is by detection of CMV DNA in CSF. CMV DNA may also be detected in in urine. Seizures may have onset in the first month of life, in the first year or rarely later. Treatment with gancyclovir may ameliorate the clinical course."; "antenatal CMV infection", "antenatal cytomegalovirus infection", "congenital Cytomegaloviral infection", "mother-to-child transmission of cytomegalovirus syndrome"; "CMV antenatal infection", "congenital cytomegalovirus"; "MONDO:0017409"; , ; rdfs:label "fetal cytomegalovirus syndrome"; ; , , , ; true . _:3ea903 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "CMV is the commonest fetal viral infection. Fetal CNS infection after 20 weeks gestation can cause malformations of cortical development (including polymycrogyria and schizencephaly), and intracranial calcification in the developing brain. Direct perinatal CNS CMV infection can also occur, with clinical signs manifesting after an incubation period of 2-6 weeks. Overall, 90% of affected infants are asymptomatic at birth, resulting in challenges in early correct diagnosis of CMV neuroinfection. Some of these infants may only present with sensorineural hearing loss at a later date. However, 10% of infants may have early symptoms which may include microcephaly, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatitis, chorioretinitis, neurological impairment and sensorineural hearing impairment. Diagnosis is by detection of CMV DNA in CSF. CMV DNA may also be detected in in urine. Seizures may have onset in the first month of life, in the first year or rarely later. Treatment with gancyclovir may ameliorate the clinical course."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/infectious-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Orphanet:306765"; "Stereotypies (or mannerisms) are repetitive movements, postures, or utterances that may be simple (such as body rocking, head banging) or complex (such as finger movements or wrist flexion/extension). They may be primary (seen in otherwise normal individuals) or secondary (associated with autism, intellectual impairment and other disorders). Stereotypies can be distinguished from epileptic automatisms by the characteristic movements (a video of events can be helpful to aid diagnosis). Epileptic automatisms are expected to occur in a person who has impaired awareness, and are seen in association with generalized absence seizures or focal impaired awareness seizures. Epileptic automatisms can occur in association with preserved awareness, in non dominant temporal lobe seizures, however in this situation, other features of temporal lobe seizures are expected to also co-exist."; "MONDO:0017656"; ; rdfs:label "motor stereotypies"; ; true . _:3ea913 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Stereotypies (or mannerisms) are repetitive movements, postures, or utterances that may be simple (such as body rocking, head banging) or complex (such as finger movements or wrist flexion/extension). They may be primary (seen in otherwise normal individuals) or secondary (associated with autism, intellectual impairment and other disorders). Stereotypies can be distinguished from epileptic automatisms by the characteristic movements (a video of events can be helpful to aid diagnosis). Epileptic automatisms are expected to occur in a person who has impaired awareness, and are seen in association with generalized absence seizures or focal impaired awareness seizures. Epileptic automatisms can occur in association with preserved awareness, in non dominant temporal lobe seizures, however in this situation, other features of temporal lobe seizures are expected to also co-exist."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#stereotypies" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Orphanet:306768", "UMLS:CN227171"; "paroxysmal movement disorder"; "MONDO:0017657"; , ; rdfs:label "rare paroxysmal movement disorder"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://github.com/monarch-initiative/mondo/issues/254"^^xsd:anyURI, "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#paroxysmal"; , ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Isodicentric chromosome 15 syndrome is a chromosome abnormality that affects many different parts of the body. As the name suggests, people with this condition have an extra chromosome (called an isodicentric chromosome 15 ) which is made of two pieces of chromosome 15 that are stuck together end-to-end. Although the severity of the condition and the associated features vary from person to person, common signs and symptoms include poor muscle tone in newborns; developmental delay; mild to severe intellectual disability; delayed or absent speech; behavioral abnormalities; and seizures . Most cases of isodicentric chromosome 15 syndrome occur sporadically in people with no family history of the condition. Treatment is based on the signs and symptoms present in each person."; ; "GARD:0005153", "ICD10:Q99.8", "MESH:C580205", "Orphanet:3306", "SCTID:723332005"; "This syndrome occurs when there is an inverted duplication of the proximal region of chromosome 15, typically including the unstable region 15q11-q13. A large duplication results in tetrasomy of 15p and partial tetrasomy of 15q. Maternal age at conception is a known risk factor. Patients usually have varying degrees of epilepsy, developmental delays, intellectual impairment, autistic spectrum disorders and minor dysmorphic features. Seizures can include epileptic spasms, and a range of other seizure types (both focal and generalized). This chromosomal abnormality is diagnosed on routine karyotype. FISH is used to confirm that the extra chromosomal material is from chromosome 15q or to establish the diagnosis in the event of an interstitial 15q duplication."; "Duplication/inversion type 15q11", "Inv dup(15)", "Invdup(15)", "Isodicentric 15 chromosome", "duplication/inversion 15q11", "idic(15)", "non-distal tetrasomy 15q", "non-telomeric tetrasomy 15q"; "Isodicentric chromosome 15 syndrome", "chromosome 15q tetrasomy", "inverted duplication 15", "tetrasomy 15q"; "MONDO:0018027"; , ; rdfs:label "duplication/inversion 15q11"; , ; , , ; true; true . _:3ea923 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This syndrome occurs when there is an inverted duplication of the proximal region of chromosome 15, typically including the unstable region 15q11-q13. A large duplication results in tetrasomy of 15p and partial tetrasomy of 15q. Maternal age at conception is a known risk factor. Patients usually have varying degrees of epilepsy, developmental delays, intellectual impairment, autistic spectrum disorders and minor dysmorphic features. Seizures can include epileptic spasms, and a range of other seizure types (both focal and generalized). This chromosomal abnormality is diagnosed on routine karyotype. FISH is used to confirm that the extra chromosomal material is from chromosome 15q or to establish the diagnosis in the event of an interstitial 15q duplication."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/chromosomal-abnormalities-overview.html#inv-dup" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "New-onset refractory status epilepticus is an acute encephalopathy with inflammation-mediated status epilepticus characterized by an acute refractory status epilepticus, typically of the tonic-clonic type, following prodromal symptoms of confusion, fever, fatigue, headache, symptoms of gastrointestinal or upper respiratory tract infection, behavioral changes or hallucinations. Brain MRI abnormalities and abnormal findings in CSF, including pleocytosis and/or elevated protein levels, are frequently found during acute episode. Treatment-resistant epilepsy, cognitive and psychiatric impairments are usual consequences."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31830676"; "GARD:0012244", "ICD10:G41.8", "Orphanet:363558"; "Norse"; "De novo cryptogenic refractory multifocal febrile status epilepticus", "New onset refractory status epilepticus"; "MONDO:0018199"; ; rdfs:label "new-onset refractory status epilepticus"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; ; "Orphanet:363567"; "MONDO:0018200"; ; rdfs:label "acute encephalopathy with inflammation-mediated status epilepticus"; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) is a familial epilepsy syndrome in which family members display a seizure disorder from the GEFS+ spectrum which ranges from simple febrile seizures (FS) to the more severe phenotype of myoclonic-astatic epilepsy (MAE) or Dravet syndrome (DS) (see these terms)."; ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32062735"; "DOID:0060170", "ICD10:G40.3", "MESH:C565808", "NCIT:C122811", "OMIMPS:604233", "Orphanet:36387", "SCTID:699688008", "UMLS:C3502809"; "GEFS+", "epilepsy, generalized, with febrile seizures plus"; "generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures-plus"; "MONDO:0018214"; ; rdfs:label "generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#GeneralizedEpilepsyWithFebrileSeizuresPlus"; , , , , , ; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A paraneoplastic syndrome that involves the nervous system."; ; "GARD:0007326", "ICD9:331.89", "MedDRA:10072106", "Orphanet:36388", "SCTID:192877007"; "PCD", "PNS", "nervous system paraneoplastic syndrome", "paraneoplastic syndrome of nervous system"; "paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration"; "MONDO:0018215"; ; rdfs:label "paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome"; , ; , , , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Clinical conditions caused by an abnormal chromosome constitution in which there is extra or missing chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment). (from Thompson et al., Genetics in Medicine, 5th ed, p429)"; ; "DOID:0080014", "ICD9:758.89", "MESH:D025063", "NCIT:C34470", "Orphanet:68335", "SCTID:409709004"; "Chromosomal Abnormality", "chromosomal anomaly", "chromosomal disease"; "autosomal chromosome disorder", "autosomal chromosome disorders", "chromosomal disorder", "chromosomal disorders", "chromosome Abnormality disorder", "chromosome Abnormality disorders", "chromosome disorder", "chromosome disorder, autosomal", "chromosome disorders, autosomal", "disorder, chromosomal", "disorder, chromosome", "disorder, chromosome Abnormality", "disorders, chromosomal", "disorders, chromosome"; "MONDO:0019040"; ; rdfs:label "chromosomal anomaly"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#ChromosomalAbnormality", "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/chromosomal-abnormalities-overview.html"; ; , , , , , ; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A group of disorders present at birth that involve genetic defects leading to disturbances in carbohydrate, lipid, lysosomal storage or amino acid metabolism in the body. The inborn errors of metabolism are typically rare, but this class also encompasses non-rare diseases like hereditary hemochromatosis type 1"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28671587"; "DOID:655", "MESH:D008661", "MedDRA:10058097", "MedDRA:10062018", "NCIT:C34816", "Orphanet:68367", "SCTID:86095007", "UMLS:C0025521"; "congenital metabolic disorder", "congenital metabolism disorder", "hereditary metabolic disease", "inborn error of metabolism", "inborn errors of metabolism", "inborn metabolism disorder", "inherited metabolic disorder", "metabolic hereditary disorder"; "rare inborn errors of metabolism", "rare inherited metabolic disorder"; "rare metabolic disease"; "MONDO:0019052"; ; rdfs:label "inborn errors of metabolism"; ; , , , , , , , ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Sandifer syndrome is a paroxysmal dystonic movement disorder occurring in association with gastro-oesophageal reflux, and, in some cases, hiatal hernia."; ; "GARD:0009684", "MESH:C537234", "MedDRA:10066142", "NCIT:C113397", "Orphanet:71272", "SCTID:230314007", "UMLS:C0338465"; "This syndrome is seen in young children with gastro-oesophageal reflux (with or without vomiting). Events are often seen with or after feeding. Typically there is arching of the back, dystonic posturing of the limbs and turning/tilting of the head. The events may be frequent. The arching of the back and the trigger of events during or after feeding are key features that distinguish this disorder from epileptic seizures. Early treatment of the gastro-oesophageal reflux results in resolution of symptoms."; "Sandifer's syndrome"; "MONDO:0019104"; , ; rdfs:label "Sandifer syndrome"; , , , , , ; true . _:3ea933 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This syndrome is seen in young children with gastro-oesophageal reflux (with or without vomiting). Events are often seen with or after feeding. Typically there is arching of the back, dystonic posturing of the limbs and turning/tilting of the head. The events may be frequent. The arching of the back and the trigger of events during or after feeding are key features that distinguish this disorder from epileptic seizures. Early treatment of the gastro-oesophageal reflux results in resolution of symptoms."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#sandifer" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Benign paroxysmal torticollis of infancy (BPTI) is a rare functional disorder characterised by recurrent episodes of torticollic posturing of the head (inclination or tilting of the head to one side) in healthy children."; ; "ICD10:G24.3", "Orphanet:71518", "SCTID:719521002", "UMLS:CN205631"; "Benign paroxysmal torticollis is considered a migraine variant of infancy and early childhood. Attacks of retro-, lateral or torticollis may last minutes to hours. The infant may have associated pallor, vomiting and appear distressed. Older children may have ataxia. In later childhood affected individuals may develop migraine. Rare cases have been associated with mutations in the CACNA1A gene."; "BPTI", "Benign paroxysmal torticollis"; "MONDO:0019113"; ; rdfs:label "benign paroxysmal torticollis of infancy"; , , ; true . _:3ea943 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Benign paroxysmal torticollis is considered a migraine variant of infancy and early childhood. Attacks of retro-, lateral or torticollis may last minutes to hours. The infant may have associated pallor, vomiting and appear distressed. Older children may have ataxia. In later childhood affected individuals may develop migraine. Rare cases have been associated with mutations in the CACNA1A gene."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#benign-torticollis" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder (non-24 disorder), also known as hypernychthemeral syndrome, is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterized by non-synchronization to a 24-hour day leading to insomnia and daytime sleepiness with sometimes severe associated manifestations."; ; "GARD:0010949", "ICD10:G47.2", "ICD10:G47.24", "Orphanet:73267", "SCTID:230496009"; "circadian rhythm sleep disorder, free running type", "circadian rhythm sleep disorder, free-running type", "hypernychthemeral syndrome", "non-24"; "non 24 hour sleep wake disorder"; "MONDO:0019137"; ; rdfs:label "non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#NonTwentyFourHourSleepWakeSyndrome"; ; , ; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Folinic acid-responsive seizures is a very rare neonatal epileptic encephalopathy disorder characterized clinically by myoclonic and clonic, or clonic seizures associated with apnea occurring several hours to 5 days after birth and responding to folinic acid."; ; "ICD10:G40.3", "Orphanet:79097", "SCTID:717276003", "UMLS:CN205780"; "This metabolic disorder is an allelic condition to pyridoxine dependent epilepsy with similar biochemical markers. Individuals may have a partial pyridoxine response, then may require co-therapy with folinic acid. Research is underway into the mechanism for folinic acid response. In CSF studies of biogenic amines, an unknown peak (peak X) is seen."; "Folinic acid responsive seizures"; "MONDO:0019197"; ; rdfs:comment "Editor note: TODO request from CHEBI"; rdfs:label "folinic acid-responsive seizures"; , , ; true . _:3ea953 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This metabolic disorder is an allelic condition to pyridoxine dependent epilepsy with similar biochemical markers. Individuals may have a partial pyridoxine response, then may require co-therapy with folinic acid. Research is underway into the mechanism for folinic acid response. In CSF studies of biogenic amines, an unknown peak (peak X) is seen."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/metabolic-groupoverview.html#creative" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; ; "steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with thyroid disease"; "GARD:0008570", "ICD10:G04.8", "MESH:C535841", "Orphanet:83601", "UMLS:C0393639"; "SREAT"; "Hashimoto encephalitis", "Hashimoto's encephalitis", "Hashimoto's encephalopathy"; "MONDO:0019385"; ; rdfs:comment "Editor note: TODO DP for chebi roles"; rdfs:label "steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis"; , , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; ; "ICD10:G40.4", "Orphanet:86908", "SCTID:230407006"; "HHE syndrome", "IHHS", "hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy syndrome"; "MONDO:0019485"; ; rdfs:label "idiopathic hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia syndrome"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.medlink.com/index.php/article/hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy_syndrome"; , , ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "ICD10:G40.3", "Orphanet:86909", "UMLS:CN206266"; "This epilepsy syndrome is uncommon. Myoclonic seizures are the only seizure type seen at onset, although infrequent febrile seizures may also occur. Myoclonic seizures may be activated by photic stimulation in some patients, others may have myoclonic seizures that are induced by sudden noise or touch. Cognitive, behavioral and motor difficulties may exist. Seizures are self-limiting, ceasing within 6 months to 5 years from onset. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures may be seen in later life."; "benign myoclonic epilepsy of infancy", "benign myoclonus epilepsy of infancy"; "MONDO:0019486"; ; rdfs:label "myoclonic epilepsy of infancy"; , , ; true . _:3ea963 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This epilepsy syndrome is uncommon. Myoclonic seizures are the only seizure type seen at onset, although infrequent febrile seizures may also occur. Myoclonic seizures may be activated by photic stimulation in some patients, others may have myoclonic seizures that are induced by sudden noise or touch. Cognitive, behavioral and motor difficulties may exist. Seizures are self-limiting, ceasing within 6 months to 5 years from onset. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures may be seen in later life."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/mei-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "ICD10:G40.4", "Orphanet:86911", "SCTID:230422001"; "Epilepsy with myoclonic absences should be considered in a child who presents with frequent daily myoclonic absence seizures. At presentation approximately half the children are developmentally and neurologically normal, learning disability is eventually seen in 70% of cases. Other seizure types (generalized tonic-clonic and atonic seizures) occur in the majority of patients. Prognosis is more favorable if myoclonic absence seizures are controlled."; "Tassinari syndrome"; "MONDO:0019487"; ; rdfs:label "epilepsy with myoclonic absences"; ; , ; true . _:3ea973 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Epilepsy with myoclonic absences should be considered in a child who presents with frequent daily myoclonic absence seizures. At presentation approximately half the children are developmentally and neurologically normal, learning disability is eventually seen in 70% of cases. Other seizure types (generalized tonic-clonic and atonic seizures) occur in the majority of patients. Prognosis is more favorable if myoclonic absence seizures are controlled."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/epilepsy-myoclonic-absences-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An acute infectious process that affects the brain tissue. It is usually caused by viruses and less often by bacteria, parasites, and fungi."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26592968"; "ICD9:049.8", "ICD9:323.4", "MESH:D000069544", "NCIT:C79550", "SCTID:312215006"; "encephalitis infection"; "MONDO:0020067"; ; rdfs:label "infectious encephalitis"; , , ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "ICD10:G40.4", "Orphanet:98257", "UMLS:CN206974"; "MONDO:0020070"; ; rdfs:label "neonatal epilepsy syndrome"; , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A epilepsy syndrome that occurs between 28 days to one year of life.."; ; "ICD10:G40.4", "Orphanet:98258", "UMLS:CN206975"; "epilepsy syndrome of infancy", "infantile onset epilepsy syndrome"; "MONDO:0020071"; ; rdfs:label "infantile epilepsy syndrome"; , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A epilepsy syndrome that occurs during childhood."; ; "ICD10:G40.4", "Orphanet:98259", "UMLS:CN206976"; "childhood epilepsy syndrome", "epilepsy syndrome of childhood", "pediatric epilepsy syndrome"; "pediatric epilepsy syndrome"; "MONDO:0020072"; ; rdfs:label "childhood-onset epilepsy syndrome"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/epilepsy-syndrome-groupoverview.html#"; , ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Benign childhood occipital epilepsy, Gastaut type is a rare, genetic neurological disorder characterized by childhood to mid-adolescence onset of frequent, brief, diurnal simple partial seizures which usually begin with visual hallucinations (e.g. phosphenes) and/or ictal blindness and may associate non visual seizures (such as deviation of the eyes, oculoclonic seizures), forced eyelid closure and blinking and sensory hallucinations. Post-ictal headache is common while impairment of consciousness is rare."; ; "ICD10:G40.0", "Orphanet:98816", "UMLS:CN207128"; "Childhood occipital epilepsy (Gastaut-type) is a self-limiting childhood epilepsy with onset in later childhood. Seizures are usually easily controlled and remission of seizures occurs within 2-4 years from onset."; "late-onset benign childhood occipital epilepsy"; "MONDO:0020308"; ; rdfs:label "benign childhood occipital epilepsy, Gastaut type"; , ; true . _:3ea983 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Childhood occipital epilepsy (Gastaut-type) is a self-limiting childhood epilepsy with onset in later childhood. Seizures are usually easily controlled and remission of seizures occurs within 2-4 years from onset."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/late-childhood-occipital-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Familial focal epilepsy with variable foci is a rare genetic epilepsy disorder characterized by autosomal dominant lesional and nonlesional focal epilepsy with variable penetrance. Focal seizures emanate from different cortical locations (temporal, frontal, centroparietal, parietal, parietaloccipital, occipital) in different family members, but for each individual a single focus remains constant throughout lifetime. Seizure type (tonic, tonic-clonic or hyperkinetic) and severity varies among family members and tends to decrease (but do not disappear) during adulthood. Many patients have an aura and show automatisms during diurnal seizures whereas others have nocturnal seizures. Most individuals are of normal intelligence but patients with intellectual disability, autistic spectrum disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder have been described."; ; "GARD:0013295", "Orphanet:98820", "SCTID:764522009", "UMLS:CN207131"; "This is a hereditary epilepsy, with focal seizures arising in different focal regions in different family members but with each individual in a family having a single focal seizure type. There are no implications expected for development or learning and seizures are typically infrequent and well controlled."; "FFEVF", "familial partial epilepsy with variable foci"; "MONDO:0020310"; ; rdfs:label "familial focal epilepsy with variable foci"; , , ; true . _:3ea993 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This is a hereditary epilepsy, with focal seizures arising in different focal regions in different family members but with each individual in a family having a single focal seizure type. There are no implications expected for development or learning and seizures are typically infrequent and well controlled."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/ffevf-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis is a rare epilepsy syndrome defined by seizures originating in limbic areas of the mesial temporal lobe, particularly in the hippocampus, amygdala, and in the parahippocampal gyrus and its connections, and hippocampal sclerosis, usually unilateral or assymetric. It is frequently associated with an initial precipitating event, such as febrile seizures, hypoxia, intracranial infection or head trauma, most often occurring in the first five years of life, followed by a latent period without seizures. Typical seizures consist of a characteristic aura that is frequently a rising epigastric sensation associated with emotional disturbances, illusions, and autonomic symptoms (widened pupils, palpitations), progressive impairment of consciousness, oro-alimentary automatisms (lip smacking, chewing, licking, tooth grinding), behavioral arrest, head deviation, dystonic postures, hand and verbal automatisms. Seizures are followed by postictal dysfunction. Initially, seizures are easily controlled with antiepileptic drugs, later they frequently become refractory and associated with progressive behavioral changes and memory deficits."; ; "Orphanet:99701"; "MTLE-HS"; "MONDO:0020476"; ; rdfs:label "mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A benign or malignant brain and spinal cord tumor that arises from glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells). Tumors that arise from astrocytes are called astrocytic tumors or astrocytomas. Tumors that arise from oligodendrocytes are called oligodendroglial tumors. Tumors that arise from ependymal cells are called ependymomas."; ; "GARD:0006513", "MESH:D005910", "NCIT:C3059", "SCTID:393564001", "UMLS:C0017638"; "glial neoplasm", "glial tumor", "glioma", "neoplasm of neuroglia", "neoplasm of the neuroglia", "neuroglial neoplasm", "neuroglial tumor", "tumor of neuroglia", "tumor of the neuroglia"; "MONDO:0021042"; rdfs:label "glioma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Glioma"; , , ; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An autoimmune acute encephalitis caused by antibodies against the glutamate NMDA receptor. It usually affects females and in the majority of cases it is associated with the presence of a tumor, most commonly an ovarian teratoma. The presence of a tumor in patients with this form of encephalitis implies that the latter is a paraneoplastic syndrome. It is manifested with psychiatric symptoms and epileptic seizures. It is a potentially lethal disorder; however, it is usually reversible with the prompt removal of the tumor."; ; "MESH:D060426", "NCIT:C94853"; "Antibodies are directed against the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor. Clinical manifestations typically include: A prodrome, this may last several weeks, symptoms include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea , A symptomatic phase, symptoms may include all of the following: Psychiatric and behavioral symptoms: anxiety, bizarre behavior, delirium, paranoia , Insomnia or hypersomnia, Altered level of consciousness Seizures (focal or generalized) , Movement disorders: oral-motor dyskinesias, choreiform movements , Hypoventilation, Autonomic instability: incontinence, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia"; "anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis"; "MONDO:0021081"; rdfs:label "anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis"; ; , ; true . _:3ea9a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Antibodies are directed against the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor. Clinical manifestations typically include: A prodrome, this may last several weeks, symptoms include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea , A symptomatic phase, symptoms may include all of the following: Psychiatric and behavioral symptoms: anxiety, bizarre behavior, delirium, paranoia , Insomnia or hypersomnia, Altered level of consciousness Seizures (focal or generalized) , Movement disorders: oral-motor dyskinesias, choreiform movements , Hypoventilation, Autonomic instability: incontinence, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/antibody-mediated-overview.html#anti-nmda" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A neoplasm of the nervous system that arises from the neuroepithelial tissues. Representative examples include astrocytic tumors, oligodendroglial tumors, ependymal tumors, and primitive neuroectodermal tumors."; ; "MESH:D018302", "NCIT:C3787", "ONCOTREE:PRNET"; "neoplasm of neuroepithelial tissue", "neoplasm of neuroepithelium", "neoplasm of the neuroepithelium", "neuroepithelial neoplasm", "neuroepithelial neoplasms", "neuroepithelial tissue neoplasm", "neuroepithelial tissue tumor", "neuroepithelial tumor", "neuroepithelial tumors", "tumor of neuroepithelial tissue", "tumor of neuroepithelium", "tumor of the neuroepithelium"; "primary neuroepithelial tumor"; "MONDO:0021193"; rdfs:comment "Editor note consider adding grouping class for Neuroepithelial, Perineurial, and Schwann Cell Neoplasm"; rdfs:label "neuroepithelial neoplasm"; ; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A neoplasm (disease) that involves the nervous system."; ; "COHD:444200", "NCIT:C3268"; "neoplasm of nervous system", "neoplasm of the nervous system", "nervous system neoplasm (disease)", "nervous system neoplasms", "nervous system tumor", "nervous system tumour", "tumor of nervous system", "tumor of the nervous system"; "MONDO:0021248"; rdfs:label "nervous system neoplasm"; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A grade I or grade II glioma arising from the central nervous system. This category includes pilocytic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, ependymoma, oligodendroglioma, oligoastrocytoma, and angiocentric glioma."; ; "NCIT:C132067", "UMLS:C1997217"; "low grade glioma", "low-grade glioma"; "MONDO:0021637"; rdfs:label "low grade glioma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#LowGradeGlioma"; , ; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A grade I or grade II astrocytic tumor. This category includes pilocytic astrocytoma (grade I), subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (grade I), and diffuse astrocytoma (grade II)."; ; "NCIT:C116342", "UMLS:C3898569"; "low grade astrocytic neoplasm", "low grade astrocytic tumor", "low-grade astrocytic neoplasm", "low-grade astrocytic tumor"; "MONDO:0021638"; rdfs:label "low grade astrocytic tumor"; , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A glioma arising from the central nervous system. This category includes diffuse astrocytoma, ependymoma, oligodendroglioma, and oligoastrocytoma."; ; "NCIT:C132505", "UMLS:C4330050"; "WHO grade II glioma", "grade II glioma"; "MONDO:0021639"; rdfs:label "grade II glioma"; , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Either an isolated neoplasm or a syndrome with neoplasm as a major feature."; ; "neoplastic disease", "neoplastic disorder"; "MONDO:0023370"; rdfs:label "neoplastic disease or syndrome" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A non-neoplastic disorder that is the result of defects of vascular morphogenesis."; ; "MESH:D054079"; "Cerebral vascular malformations are a heterogeneous group of disorders that may be associated with epilepsy."; "vascular malformation"; "malformation, vascular", "malformations, vascular"; "MONDO:0024291"; rdfs:comment "The majority are present at birth. Some can be acquired."; rdfs:label "vascular malformation"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#VascularMalformation"; ; ""; true . _:3ea9b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Cerebral vascular malformations are a heterogeneous group of disorders that may be associated with epilepsy."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/vascular-malformations-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A persistent or recurrent pattern of sleep disruption that is primarily due to an alteration of the circadian system or to a misalignment between the endogenous circadian rhythm and the sleep-wake schedule required by an individual's physical environment or social or professional schedule.(DSM IV)"; ; "ICD10:G47.2", "ICD9:327.30", "NCIT:C95071", "SCTID:3745000"; "circadian sleep disorder", "disorders of the sleep-wake schedule", "sleep-wake schedule disorder"; "MONDO:0024361"; rdfs:label "circadian rhythm sleep disorder"; , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6955943"; "MESH:D010468"; "perceptual disturbances"; "MONDO:0024417"; rdfs:label "perceptual disorders"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disorienting neuropsychological condition that affects perception. People experience size distortion such as micropsia, macropsia, pelopsia, or teleopsia. Size distortion may occur of other sensory modalities."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28116304"; "MESH:D062026", "NCIT:C116362"; "Teleopsia"; "MONDO:0024429"; rdfs:label "Alice in wonderland syndrome"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Teleopsia"; , ; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A neoplasm that arises from a pre-existing lower grade lesion, or as a result of a primary lesion that has spread to secondary sites, or due to a complication of a cancer treatment."; ; "NCIT:C36255"; "secondary neoplasm", "secondary tumor"; "MONDO:0024882"; rdfs:comment "Note that we currently treat secondary neoplasms as being neoplastic diseases that are derived from neoplasm; classes such as 'neoplasm', 'carcinoma' are implicitly primary. This may change in future."; rdfs:label "secondary neoplasm"; ; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A tumor that has spread from its original (primary) site of growth to another site, close to or distant from the primary site. Metastasis is characteristic of advanced malignancies, but in rare instances can be seen in neoplasms lacking malignant morphology."; ; "ICDO:8000/6", "NCIT:C3261"; "Metastatic Tumor", "metastatic disease", "metastatic neoplasm", "metastatic tumor"; "MONDO:0024883"; rdfs:comment "Note that we currently treat secondary neoplasms as being neoplastic diseases that are derived from neoplasm; classes such as 'neoplasm', 'carcinoma' are implicitly primary. This may change in future."; rdfs:label "metastatic neoplasm"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#MetastaticTumor"; ; ; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A group of disorders characterized by ectodermal-based malformations and neoplastic growths in the skin, nervous system, and other organs."; ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8500435"; "MESH:D020752", "NCIT:C84348", "SCTID:78572006", "UMLS:C0265316"; "neurocutaneous syndrome"; "Phacomatoses", "Phacomatosis", "Phakomatoses", "neurocutaneous disorder", "neurocutaneous disorders", "neuroectodermal dysplasia", "neuroectodermal dysplasia syndrome", "neuroectodermal dysplasia syndromes", "phakomatosis", "syndrome, neurocutaneous", "syndrome, neuroectodermal dysplasia", "syndromes, neurocutaneous", "syndromes, neuroectodermal dysplasia"; "MONDO:0042983"; rdfs:comment "A number of genetic and acquired diseases come in this category and may affect one or more of these tissues. However, in some conditions, such as von Hippel-Lindau disease, ectodermal presentation is minimal. Editor note: Phakomatoses are inconsistently defined, and there is a lack of consensus about what conditions are included in this category"; rdfs:label "neurocutaneous syndrome"; , , , ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Recurrent seizures causally related to CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Seizure onset may be immediate but is typically delayed for several days after the injury and may not occur for up to two years. The majority of seizures have a focal onset that correlates clinically with the site of brain injury. Cerebral cortex injuries caused by a penetrating foreign object (CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, PENETRATING) are more likely than closed head injuries (HEAD INJURIES, CLOSED) to be associated with epilepsy. Concussive convulsions are nonepileptic phenomena that occur immediately after head injury and are characterized by tonic and clonic movements. (From Rev Neurol 1998 Feb;26(150):256-261; Sports Med 1998 Feb;25(2):131-6)"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24761136"; "GARD:0007437", "MESH:D004834", "SCTID:75023009", "UMLS:C0751126"; "post-traumatic epilepsy"; "Epilepsies, post-traumatic", "Epilepsies, traumatic", "PTE - post-traumatic epilepsy", "concussive convulsion", "concussive convulsions", "convulsion, concussive", "convulsions, concussive", "disorder, post-traumatic seizure", "disorders, post-traumatic seizure", "early post traumatic seizures", "early post-traumatic seizure", "early post-traumatic seizures", "epilepsy, post traumatic", "epilepsy, traumatic", "impact seizure", "impact seizures", "late post traumatic seizures", "late post-traumatic seizure", "late post-traumatic seizures", "post traumatic seizure disorder", "post-traumatic Epilepsies", "post-traumatic seizure disorder", "post-traumatic seizure disorders", "post-traumatic seizure, early", "post-traumatic seizure, late", "post-traumatic seizures, early", "post-traumatic seizures, late", "seizure disorder, post traumatic", "seizure disorder, post-traumatic", "seizure disorders, post-traumatic", "seizure, early post-traumatic", "seizure, late post-traumatic", "seizures, early post-traumatic", "seizures, late post-traumatic", "traumatic Epilepsies", "traumatic epilepsy"; "MONDO:0043264"; ; rdfs:label "post-traumatic epilepsy"; ; , , ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through a hole through the skull bone most commonly draining from the nose (CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA) or the ear (CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OTORRHEA)."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23551133"; "GARD:0010166", "MESH:D065634", "SCTID:230744007"; "cerebrospinal fluid leak"; "CSF leak", "CSF otorrhea", "CSF rhinorrhea", "Drainages, cerebrospinal fluid", "Leakages, cerebrospinal fluid", "Leaks, cerebrospinal fluid", "cerebrospinal fluid Drainages", "cerebrospinal fluid Leakages", "cerebrospinal fluid Leaks", "cerebrospinal fluid drainage", "cerebrospinal fluid drainage, post traumatic", "cerebrospinal fluid drainage, post-traumatic", "cerebrospinal fluid drainage, spontaneous", "cerebrospinal fluid drainage, traumatic", "cerebrospinal fluid leak, post traumatic", "cerebrospinal fluid leak, post-traumatic", "cerebrospinal fluid leak, spontaneous", "cerebrospinal fluid leak, traumatic", "cerebrospinal fluid leakage", "cerebrospinal fluid leakage, post traumatic", "cerebrospinal fluid leakage, post-traumatic", "cerebrospinal fluid leakage, spontaneous", "cerebrospinal fluid leakage, traumatic", "csf - cerebrospinal fluid leak", "drainage, cerebrospinal fluid", "fluid Drainages, cerebrospinal", "fluid Leakages, cerebrospinal", "fluid Leaks, cerebrospinal", "fluid drainage, cerebrospinal", "fluid leak, cerebrospinal", "fluid leakage, cerebrospinal", "leak, cerebrospinal fluid", "leakage, cerebrospinal fluid", "spinal CSF leak", "spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak", "spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak, post traumatic", "spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak, post-traumatic", "spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak, spontaneous", "spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak, traumatic"; "MONDO:0043327"; ; rdfs:label "cerebrospinal fluid leak"; , ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Acute and chronic (see also brain INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and brain STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits."; ; "MESH:D001930"; "brain injury", "injury of brain"; "brain Traumas", "brain trauma"; "MONDO:0043510"; rdfs:label "brain injury"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/about-epilepsy-basics/what-are-risk-factors"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Mitochondrial diseases (MIDs) are a large group of heterogeneous disorders due to mutations in either mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or nuclear DNA (nDNA) genes, the latter encoding proteins involved in mitochondrial function."; "MONDO:0044970"; rdfs:label "mitochondrial disease"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/metabolic-groupoverview.html#mitochondrial"; true . _:3ea9c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Mitochondrial diseases (MIDs) are a large group of heterogeneous disorders due to mutations in either mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or nuclear DNA (nDNA) genes, the latter encoding proteins involved in mitochondrial function."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27476418" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A childhood-onset epilepsy that is characterized by frequent seizures of multiple types, including nocturnal focal motor and fronto-parietal opercular seizures, and daytime focal motor seizures with negative myoclonus and atypical absence seizures. Centrotemporal sharp waves are seen on EEG. During the phase of the epilepsy when seizures are frequent, neuropsychological deficits and motor impairment may be present. These deficits improve when seizures remit."; ; ; "2018-06-22T22:43:29Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "Atypical childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (previously known as pseudo-Lennox syndrome, atypical benign partial epilepsy of childhood and atonic-benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes) is recognized as an atypical evolution of childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. This syndrome is self-limiting, but characterized by frequent seizures of multiple types, including nocturnal focal motor and fronto-parietal opercular seizures, and daytime focal motor seizures with negative myoclonus and atypical absence seizures. Centrotemporal sharp waves are seen on EEG. During the phase of the epilepsy when seizures are frequent, neuropsychological deficits and motor impairment may be present. These deficits improve when seizures remit."; "atonic-benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes", "atypical benign partial epilepsy of childhood", "pseudo-Lennox syndrome"; "MONDO:0100020"; rdfs:label "atypical childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes"; true . _:3ea9d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Atypical childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (previously known as pseudo-Lennox syndrome, atypical benign partial epilepsy of childhood and atonic-benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes) is recognized as an atypical evolution of childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. This syndrome is self-limiting, but characterized by frequent seizures of multiple types, including nocturnal focal motor and fronto-parietal opercular seizures, and daytime focal motor seizures with negative myoclonus and atypical absence seizures. Centrotemporal sharp waves are seen on EEG. During the phase of the epilepsy when seizures are frequent, neuropsychological deficits and motor impairment may be present. These deficits improve when seizures remit."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/atypical-ects-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A childhood-onset epilepsy that is characterized by the presence of visually-induced focal occipital lobe seizures. A proportion of patients with this syndrome have developmental delays and learning difficulty."; ; ; "2018-06-22T22:48:33Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "This epilepsy syndrome has onset in childhood and is characterized by the presence of visually-induced focal occipital lobe seizures. A proportion of patients with this syndrome have developmental delays and learning difficulty."; "MONDO:0100021"; rdfs:label "photosensitive occipital lobe epilepsy"; true . _:3ea9e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This epilepsy syndrome has onset in childhood and is characterized by the presence of visually-induced focal occipital lobe seizures. A proportion of patients with this syndrome have developmental delays and learning difficulty."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/idiophatic-pole-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An epilepsy sydrome that has an onset during the neonatal or infantile stage of life."; ; ; "2018-06-22T23:34:03Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8486-0558"; "MONDO:0100022"; rdfs:label "neonatal/infantile epilepsy syndrome" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "This syndrome is characterized by onset of refractory focal seizures in the first year of life, with associated severe encephalopathy. Focal seizures arise independently in both hemispheres and can migrate from one cortical region to another randomly but consecutively in the same seizure. Seizures are often prolonged with episodes of status epilepticus. Prognosis is poor with severe neurological disability and reduced life expectancy, although a milder evolution has been reported in a few children."; ; ; "2018-06-22T23:54:03Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32038177"; "SCTID:733195008", "UMLS:C4518639"; "MONDO:0100025"; rdfs:label "epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures"; , ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "This group of epilepsies are typically is characterized by onset of seizures from day 1 of life to 5 years (peak 12 months). Both sexes are affected, however the male to female ratio is 1:2. Antecedent (including birth) history, head size, neurological and developmental findings reflect the underlying cause (if known). Myoclonic status epilepticus is often the initial presenting seizure type, however other initial seizure types may also occur. Prognosis is unfavorable with severe neurological and developmental impairments typically seen."; ; ; "2018-06-22T23:56:39Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "This group of epilepsies are characterized by repeated episodes of myoclonic status epilepticus that occur over prolonged periods (days). The majority of patients have an underlying chromosomal disorder, others have developmental or acquired structural brain abnormalities. The cause is unknown in one fifth of cases."; "MONDO:0100026"; rdfs:label "myoclonic encephalopathy in non-progressive disorder"; true . _:3ea9f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This group of epilepsies are characterized by repeated episodes of myoclonic status epilepticus that occur over prolonged periods (days). The majority of patients have an underlying chromosomal disorder, others have developmental or acquired structural brain abnormalities. The cause is unknown in one fifth of cases."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/menpd-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "These epilepsy syndromes are characterized by the presence of febrile seizures in an individual that may continue past the usual age where these are expected to resolve and/or be accompanied by afebrile seizures that may be generalized seizures (tonic-clonic, atonic, myoclonic, myoclonic-atonic or absence) or focal seizures. Febrile seizures plus and genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus are distinguished on the basis of family history. A number of dominantly inherited genes have been linked to these syndromes, with implications for specific genetic counseling, due to the variable severity of the resulting epilepsy in different family members."; ; ; "2018-06-22T23:58:47Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25917466"; "MONDO:0100027"; rdfs:label "febrile seizures plus, genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An immune epilepsy where the underlying cause is antibody mediated."; ; ; "2018-06-23T00:52:42Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "Antibody mediated etiologies"; "MONDO:0100029"; rdfs:label "antibody mediated epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/antibody-mediated-overview.html"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An epilepsy syndrome that has an onset during the adolescent or adult stage of life."; ; ; "2018-06-23T01:43:18Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8486-0558"; "MONDO:0100030"; rdfs:label "adolescent/adult-onset epilepsy syndrome"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/epilepsy-syndrome-groupoverview.html"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A genetic focal epilepsy, with focal sensory auditory seizures seen in family members. Seizures often comprise such mild symptoms that they are undiagnosed. There are no implications expected for development or learning and seizures are typically infrequent and well controlled."; ; ; "2018-06-23T01:47:18Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "Autosomal dominant epilepsy with auditory features (formerly called autosomal dominant partial /lateral temporal epilepsy with auditory features) is a genetic focal epilepsy, with focal sensory auditory seizures seen in family members. Seizures often comprise such mild symptoms that they are undiagnosed. There are no implications expected for development or learning and seizures are typically infrequent and well controlled."; "autosomal dominant partial /lateral temporal epilepsy with auditory features"; "MONDO:0100031"; rdfs:label "autosomal dominant epilepsy with auditory features"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#AutosomalDominantPartialEpilepsyWithAuditoryFeatures"; ""; true . _:3eaa03 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Autosomal dominant epilepsy with auditory features (formerly called autosomal dominant partial /lateral temporal epilepsy with auditory features) is a genetic focal epilepsy, with focal sensory auditory seizures seen in family members. Seizures often comprise such mild symptoms that they are undiagnosed. There are no implications expected for development or learning and seizures are typically infrequent and well controlled."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/adeaf-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "This syndrome is identified in an individual who has seizures with temporal lobe features with a family history of similar seizures. Seizures often comprise such mild symptoms that they are undiagnosed. There are no implications expected for development or learning and seizures are typically infrequent and well controlled."; ; ; "2018-06-23T01:48:38Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "This syndrome is identified in an individual who has seizures with temporal lobe features with a family history of similar seizures. Seizures often comprise such mild symptoms that they are undiagnosed. There are no implications expected for development or learning and seizures are typically infrequent and well controlled."; "MONDO:0100032"; rdfs:label "familial temporal lobe epilepsy syndrome"; true . _:3eaa13 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This syndrome is identified in an individual who has seizures with temporal lobe features with a family history of similar seizures. Seizures often comprise such mild symptoms that they are undiagnosed. There are no implications expected for development or learning and seizures are typically infrequent and well controlled."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/other-familial-temporal-lobe-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Cerebral folate deficiency is defined as a neurological syndrome associated with low CSF 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5MTHF), the active folate metabolite, in the presence of normal folate metabolism outside the nervous system. Cerebral folate deficiency can result from either disturbed folate transport or from increased folate turnover within the central nervous system."; ; ; "2018-06-23T19:01:19Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "Cerebral folate deficiency is defined as a neurological syndrome associated with low CSF 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5MTHF), the active folate metabolite, in the presence of normal folate metabolism outside the nervous system. Cerebral folate deficiency can result from either disturbed folate transport or from increased folate turnover within the central nervous system. Typical features manifest from 4 months of age, with irritability, sleep disturbance, developmental delay, cerebellar ataxia, spastic paraplegia, deceleration of head growth, progressive hearing and visual impairment, dyskinesia and epilepsy (seen in one third of children). Neuroimaging shows progressive atrophy and demyelination. Causes include mutations in receptor-mediated folate receptor protein 1 (FR1), folate antagonists (irreversible binding or antibodies that block folate binding to FR1) and other causes of functional impairment in FR1. Secondary forms of cerebral folate deficiency have been recognized during chronic use of anti-folate (including anti-seizure) medications and in various conditions such as Rett syndrome and Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome. Treatment is with folinic acid, to normalize CSF 5MTHF values."; "MONDO:0100034"; rdfs:label "cerebral folate deficiency"; true . _:3eaa23 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Cerebral folate deficiency is defined as a neurological syndrome associated with low CSF 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5MTHF), the active folate metabolite, in the presence of normal folate metabolism outside the nervous system. Cerebral folate deficiency can result from either disturbed folate transport or from increased folate turnover within the central nervous system. Typical features manifest from 4 months of age, with irritability, sleep disturbance, developmental delay, cerebellar ataxia, spastic paraplegia, deceleration of head growth, progressive hearing and visual impairment, dyskinesia and epilepsy (seen in one third of children). Neuroimaging shows progressive atrophy and demyelination. Causes include mutations in receptor-mediated folate receptor protein 1 (FR1), folate antagonists (irreversible binding or antibodies that block folate binding to FR1) and other causes of functional impairment in FR1. Secondary forms of cerebral folate deficiency have been recognized during chronic use of anti-folate (including anti-seizure) medications and in various conditions such as Rett syndrome and Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome. Treatment is with folinic acid, to normalize CSF 5MTHF values."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/metabolic-groupoverview.html#creative" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An epilepsy syndrome that has an onset during variable ages and stages of life."; ; ; "2018-06-23T19:42:08Z"^^xsd:dateTime; "variable age at onset electroclinical syndrome"; "DOID:0050706", "http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8486-0558"; "MONDO:0100036"; rdfs:label "variable age onset epilepsy" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "any structural anomaly of the skin folds covering the front of the eyeball"; ; "eyelid abnormalities"; "abnormal blephara morphology", "abnormal blepharon morphology", "abnormal eye lid morphology", "abnormal eyelids morphology", "abnormal palpebra morphology", "abnormal palpebrae morphology", "eyelid dysplasia"; "MPheno.ontology"; "MP:0001340"; , ; rdfs:label "abnormal eyelid morphology" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "greater than or fewer than average resting heart beats per minute, usually measured by the number of times the heart ventricles contract per unit of time, usually per minute"; ; "MP:0000305"; "MPheno.ontology"; "MP:0001629"; , ; rdfs:label "abnormal heart rate" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "aberrant reaction of the microcirculation characterized by movement of fluid and leukocytes from the blood into extravascular tissues"; ; "inflammation", "inflammatory response"; "MPheno.ontology"; "MP:0001845"; rdfs:label "abnormal inflammatory response" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "greater than expected response to injury, infection, or insult"; ; "MPheno.ontology"; "MP:0001846"; rdfs:label "increased inflammatory response" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes in the brain"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21135885"; "encephalitis"; "MPheno.ontology"; "MP:0001847"; rdfs:label "brain inflammation"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "breathing that is shallower and/or slower than normal"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17984449"; "HypopneaSyndrome", "hypopnoea"; "MPheno.ontology"; "MP:0001956"; rdfs:label "hypopnea"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#HypopneaSyndrome"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "anomaly in the normal reflex of closing the eyes frequently and rapidly"; ; "MP:0001478"; "blinking abnormalities"; "MPheno.ontology"; "MP:0001993"; , ; rdfs:label "abnormal blinking"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/absence-seizures#.XEhRulwzbIU"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "reduced variation of beat-to-beat intervals of the heart that occurs in conjunction with the respiratory cycle"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26441491"; "decreased respiratory sinus arrhythmia"; "MPheno.ontology"; "reduced heart rate variability"; "MP:0003929"; rdfs:comment "Heart rate variability (HRV) is the variation of beat-to-beat intervals. A healthy heart has a large HRV, while decreased or absent variability may indicate cardiac disease. HRV also decreases with exercise-induced tachycardia. Heart rate variability (HRV) refers to the beat-to-beat alterations in heart rate. Under resting conditions, the ECG of healthy individuals exhibits periodic variation in R-R intervals. This rhythmic phenomenon, known as respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), fluctuates with the phase of respiration -- cardio-acceleration during inspiration, and cardio-deceleration during expiration. RSA is predominantly mediated by respiratory gating of parasympathetic efferent activity to the heart: vagal efferent traffic to the sinus node occurs primarily in phase with expiration and is absent or attenuated during inspiration. The major reason for the interest in measuring HRV stems from its ability to predict survival after heart attack. Over half a dozen prospective studies have shown that reduced HRV predicts sudden death in patients with MI, independent of other prognostic indicators such as ejection fraction. Reduced HRV appears to be a marker of fatal ventricular arrhythmia. Moreover, a small number of studies have begun to suggest that reduced HRV may predict risk of survival even among individuals free of CHD."; rdfs:label "decreased heart rate variability"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "aberrant tissue or circulating concentration of any substance, usually a peptide or steroid, that has a specific metabolic regulatory effect on the activity or behavior of cells expressing a receptor for the hormone"; ; "MPheno.ontology"; "MP:0003953"; rdfs:label "abnormal hormone level" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "aberration in the blood or tissue concentration of any of the hormones secreted by the pituitary"; ; "MP:0005125"; "MPheno.ontology"; "MP:0003965"; rdfs:label "abnormal pituitary hormone level" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "anomalous concentration of the hormone that, in females, stimulates the graafian follicles of the ovary and assists in follicular maturation and the secretion of estradiol; in the male it stimulates the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules and is partly responsible for spermatogenesis"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696621"; "abnormal FSH level", "abnormal follitropin level"; "MPheno.ontology"; "MP:0003967"; rdfs:label "abnormal follicle stimulating hormone level"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "aberrant levels in the bloodstream of LH, the hormone that regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the testis and the ovary"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696621"; "abnormal ICSH level", "abnormal LH level", "abnormal interstitial cell-stimulating hormone level", "abnormal lutropin level"; "MPheno.ontology"; "MP:0003969"; rdfs:label "abnormal luteinizing hormone level"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "anomaly in the appearance of regularly spaced contractions of the heart due to defects in the frequency, rate, pattern or extent of heart contraction"; ; "abnormal cardiac contraction", "abnormal heart beat", "abnormal heart beating", "abnormal heart contraction"; "abnormal heart rhythm"; "MPheno.ontology"; "MP:0004085"; rdfs:label "abnormal heartbeat" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "lack of a spontaneously beating heart (usually due to defects in the calcium delivery mechanism or loss of a functional contractile apparatus)"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25966854"; "asystole"; "MPheno.ontology"; "MP:0004086"; rdfs:label "absent heartbeat"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "any anomaly in the normal phenomenon of mild acceleration and slowing of the heart rate that occurs during the respiratory cycle"; ; "Fyler:7011"; "abnormal RSA", "abnormal SA", "abnormal respiratory sinus arrythmia"; "MPheno.ontology"; "abnormal heart rate variability"; "MP:0004122"; ; rdfs:label "abnormal sinus arrhythmia" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "decreased muscle tension resulting in limpness of the muscles in the resting state, not to be confused with weakness"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26394714"; "hypotonicity", "hypotonus"; "MPheno.ontology"; "MP:0004144"; rdfs:label "hypotonia"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "anomaly in the average time for the first postnatal eye opening, or failure of eyes to ever open"; ; "abnormal timing of eye lid opening"; "MPheno.ontology"; "MP:0004874"; , ; rdfs:comment "In mouse, eyelids normally fuse about 5 days prior to birth and reopen about 19 days later (P8-12)."; rdfs:label "abnormal timing of postnatal eyelid opening" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "any anomaly in the actions, reactions, or performance of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli compared to controls"; ; "abnormal behaviour"; "MPheno.ontology"; "abnormal general behavior", "abnormal general behaviour"; "MP:0004924"; , ; rdfs:label "abnormal behavior" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "any anomaly in the standard pattern of rhythmic and rapid fluctuation of electrical potential between parts of the brain, often visualized on an electroencephalogram (EEG); the pattern is often measured to diagnose neurological conditions such as seizure disorders (epilepsy)"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK390347/"; "Abnormal EEG Pattern", "abnormal ECoG pattern", "abnormal EEG pattern", "abnormal electrocorticogram pattern"; "MPheno.ontology"; "MP:0004994"; rdfs:label "abnormal brain wave pattern"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#AbnormalEEGPattern"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "eyes remain shut when eyelids are expected to be open"; ; "closed eyes", "eye lids fail to open", "eyelids don't open", "eyes fail to open"; "MPheno.ontology"; "closed eyes"; "MP:0005176"; , , ; rdfs:comment "In mouse, eyelids normally fuse about 5 days prior to birth and reopen about 19 days later."; rdfs:label "eyelids fail to open"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "aberrant amount of ammonia or its compounds in blood, formed in the body during organic decomposition"; ; "abnormal ammonia level"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26088882", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27768938"; "MPheno.ontology"; "Hyperammonaemia"; "MP:0005308"; rdfs:label "abnormal circulating ammonia level"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "disorder characterized by pathologic startle responses, protective reactions to unanticipated, potentially threatening, stimuli of any type, particularly auditory"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2609/"; "Hyperekplexia is characterised by an exaggeration of the normal startle response and has several genetic associations (GLRA1, GPHN, GLRB, ARHGEF9 and SLC6A5) all linked to dysfunction of the inhibitory glycinergic pathway in the nervous system. Symptoms are evident from the neonatal period or early infancy. Infants are commonly hypertonic, with rigidity, rather than spasticity, which is relieved by sleep. In response to normal touch, noise or any unexpected stimulus they can startle excessively with flexion of the limbs and retraction of the head. A gentle tap using the tip of the examiner's finger on the tip of the individual's nose should trigger an excessive startle that does not habituate with repeated nose taps. The startle may be a rapid jerk or series of jerks, which can mimic a myoclonic, tonic or tonic-clonic seizure. If an EEG is performed during an episode of stiffening, rhythmic muscle action potentials may be misdiagnosed as spikes. A severe startle response may be associated with apnoea and cyanosis. Severe attacks are particularly linked to SLC6A5 mutations and may be linked to sudden infant death in this syndrome. Severe attacks can be aborted by flexing the trunk and neck of the child - the Vigevano manouvre. Clonazepam may be effective in reducing the startle and increased tone. The symptoms tend to resolve after infancy, but adults may have increased startle-induced falls and/or experience nocturnal muscle jerks. There are rarer subtypes of hyperekplexia associated with mutations in the gephyrin and collybistin genes in which epilepsy can co-exist. The onset of excessive startle in later childhood or adult life may be associated with development of autoantibodies to the glycine receptor."; "MPheno.ontology"; "MP:0005604"; rdfs:label "hyperekplexia"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/hyperekplexia/"; true; true . _:3eaa33 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Hyperekplexia is characterised by an exaggeration of the normal startle response and has several genetic associations (GLRA1, GPHN, GLRB, ARHGEF9 and SLC6A5) all linked to dysfunction of the inhibitory glycinergic pathway in the nervous system. Symptoms are evident from the neonatal period or early infancy. Infants are commonly hypertonic, with rigidity, rather than spasticity, which is relieved by sleep. In response to normal touch, noise or any unexpected stimulus they can startle excessively with flexion of the limbs and retraction of the head. A gentle tap using the tip of the examiner's finger on the tip of the individual's nose should trigger an excessive startle that does not habituate with repeated nose taps. The startle may be a rapid jerk or series of jerks, which can mimic a myoclonic, tonic or tonic-clonic seizure. If an EEG is performed during an episode of stiffening, rhythmic muscle action potentials may be misdiagnosed as spikes. A severe startle response may be associated with apnoea and cyanosis. Severe attacks are particularly linked to SLC6A5 mutations and may be linked to sudden infant death in this syndrome. Severe attacks can be aborted by flexing the trunk and neck of the child - the Vigevano manouvre. Clonazepam may be effective in reducing the startle and increased tone. The symptoms tend to resolve after infancy, but adults may have increased startle-induced falls and/or experience nocturnal muscle jerks. There are rarer subtypes of hyperekplexia associated with mutations in the gephyrin and collybistin genes in which epilepsy can co-exist. The onset of excessive startle in later childhood or adult life may be associated with development of autoantibodies to the glycine receptor."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#hyperekplexia" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes in the brain and/or spinal cord"; ; "encephalomyelitis"; "MPheno.ontology"; "MP:0006082"; rdfs:label "CNS inflammation" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "anomaly in the processes involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of various functions or chemical or protein composition of the blood"; ; "MP:0000179", "MP:0001546"; "abnormal blood chemistry", "blood chemistry abnormalities"; "MPheno.ontology"; "MP:0009642"; rdfs:label "abnormal blood homeostasis" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "appearance of a neuron or group of neurons in a region where it is not normally found"; ; "csmith"; "2012-09-27T02:37:58Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25180909"; "Neuronal Heterotopia", "neuronal ectopia", "neuronal heterotopia"; "MPheno.ontology"; "MP:0011723"; rdfs:label "ectopic neuron"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#NeuronalHeterotopia"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "any anomaly of the amount of lactate in the blood which is produced from pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28288363"; "elevated lactate"; "MP:0013403"; rdfs:comment "Lactate levels in the blood are used as an index of anerobic carbohydrate metabolism."; rdfs:label "abnormal circulating lactate level" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A change of place or position of part of an organism that does not involve the entire organism [NBO:SMAC]"; ; "2011-04-14T01:03:39Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "stationary movement"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "body part movement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "2011-04-14T01:03:39Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "whole body movement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"Behavior related to the complex psychophysiological experience of an individual's state of mind as interacting with biochemical (internal) and environmental (external) influences.\" [wikipedia:Emotions]"; ; "2011-04-14T01:03:39Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "affective behaviour", "mood"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "emotional behavior" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The act of moving any of the tissues and hard structures surrounding the mouth other than teeth, jaws or filter structures [NBO:AC]"; ; "2011-04-14T01:03:39Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "mouth part movement", "other moved mouth parts"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "mouth movement"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"Observable characteristic of behavior associated with the specific movement from place to place of an organism.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-04-14T12:58:40Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "pathological locomotory behaviour"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "locomotory behavior phenotype" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Movement from place to place of an organism.\" [GO:0007626]"; ; "2011-04-14T01:03:39Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "locomotion"; "behavior_ontology"; "GO:0007626", "GO:0008344"; rdfs:label "locomotory behavior" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The act of seizing with teeth or jaws an object or organism so as to grip or break the surface covering [NBO:AC]"; ; "2011-04-14T01:03:39Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7487261"; "bite"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "biting"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The act of stroking or touching with the tongue [NBO:AC]"; ; "2011-04-14T01:03:39Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "lick"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "licking"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/article?contentid=2060&language=english"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A change in place or position of the portion of the organism containing the brain, mouth and main sense organs [NBO:SMAC]"; ; "2011-04-14T01:03:39Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "move head"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "head movement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The act of using body parts to pick at, rub and or remove material from exterior covering, e.g., fur, scales, feathers, skin [NBO:SMAC]"; ; "2011-04-14T01:03:39Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "groom", "grooming behaviour"; "behavior_ontology"; "hygiene"; "GO:0007625"; rdfs:label "grooming behavior" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"Loss of power of voluntary movement in a muscle through injury or disease of its nerve supply.\" [JAX:]"; ; "2011-04-14T01:18:37Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; "HP:0003470", "MP:0000753"; rdfs:label "paralysis" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The act of locomoting on limbs with body off the ground such that at least one limb is always touching the ground [NBO:AC]"; ; "2011-04-14T01:03:39Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "walking"; "behavior_ontology"; "GO:0007628"; rdfs:label "walking behavior" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The act of dragging claws or nails over a surface [NBO:AC]"; ; "2011-04-14T01:03:39Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29414563"; "scratch", "scratching behavior"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "scratching"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"Behavior related to a variety of aspects of the relationship between the mind and the world with which it interacts.\" [wikipedia:Consciousness]"; ; "2011-04-14T01:20:02Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "consciousness behavior"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsybehavior.com/article/S1525-5050(13)00484-8/fulltext"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The act of bringing an object or substance into the body by swallowing, surrounding or absorbing it [NBO:SMAC]"; ; "2011-04-14T01:20:02Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "feeding behaviour"; "behavior_ontology"; "GO:0007631"; rdfs:label "feeding behavior" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"Moving backwards.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-03-31T10:32:40Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "retropulsion"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A behavior that occur quickly without control, planning, or consideration of the consequences of that behavior.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-03-31T11:08:55Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16103019"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "impulsive behavior"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A behavior associated with the intake of liquid.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-03-31T12:40:37Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "liquid consumption" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A drinking behavior associated with the intake of alcohol.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-03-31T12:40:53Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "alcohol consumption"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/daily-life/alcohol"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "2011-03-31T03:00:57Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "Rapid eye movement sleep (REM) sleep is the portion of sleep when there are rapid eye movements (REMs)."; "REM sleep", "Sleep Onset Rapid Eye Movement", "paradoxical sleep"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "rapid eye movement sleep"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SleepOnsetRapidEyeMovement", "https://n.neurology.org/content/90/15_Supplement/P3.278"; true; "" . _:3eaa43 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Rapid eye movement sleep (REM) sleep is the portion of sleep when there are rapid eye movements (REMs)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8681" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "2011-04-04T07:50:00Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26441491"; "Excitement is a feeling or situation full of activity, joy, exhilaration, or upheaval"; "behavior_ontology"; "excitement", "overexcitement"; rdfs:label "excitement behavior"; true . _:3eaa53 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Excitement is a feeling or situation full of activity, joy, exhilaration, or upheaval"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/excitement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"An observable characteristic of the behavior of an organism.\" [NBO:RH]"; , ; "2011-04-04T08:51:24Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; "HP:0000708"; rdfs:label "behavioral phenotype" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"Cognitive perception of a sensation by any of the five senses -- vision, touch, smell, taste, and hearing.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-04-04T10:00:45Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "NBO:0000454"; "behavior involving perception", "perception behavior"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:comment "Example: moving head to watch passing object."; rdfs:label "sensation behavior" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"The action, reaction, or performance of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli.\" [GO:GO\\:0007610]"; ; "2011-04-05T09:53:10Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "NBO:0000000"; "behavior", "behaviour"; "behavior_ontology"; "GO:0007610"; rdfs:label "behavior process" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"Movement behavior of the body or its parts.\""; ; "2011-04-05T02:08:47Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "kinesthetic behavior" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"Behavior associated with surface locomotion.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-04-06T09:44:37Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "terrestrial locomotory behavior" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"Behavior related to movements that occur independent of planning.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-04-06T02:35:38Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:comment "Movevents listed here are involuntary, but may be also generated by free will, like blinking of the eyelids and respiratory movements."; rdfs:label "involuntary movement behavior" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"Behavior related to involuntary movement in response to a stimulus.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-04-06T02:36:55Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "NBO:0000004"; "reflex behaviour"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "reflexive behavior" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"Reflex actions originating in the central nervous system that are exhibited by normal infants in response to particular stimuli.\" [wikipedia:Primitive_reflexes]"; ; "2011-04-06T02:44:15Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "infant reflex", "infantile reflex", "newborn reflex"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "primitive reflex" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"An action or movement due to the application of a sudden unexpected stimulus.\" [wikipedia:Startle_reflex]"; ; "2011-04-06T02:55:21Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "alarm reaction"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "startle reflex" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"Observable characteristic of behavior related to the readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-04-07T01:19:38Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "sleeping behavior phenotype" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A NREM parasomnia characterised by abrupt awakening from sleep with behavior consistent with terror and a temporary inability to regain full consciousness.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-04-07T01:25:22Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2609/"; "Pavor nocturnus", "night terror", "pavor nocturnus"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "sleep terror"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#NightTerror"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"An action or movement due to the application of a sudden unexpected loud noise.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-04-07T05:31:27Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "Acoustic Startle"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "acoustic startle reflex"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/about-epilepsy-seizures/reflex-seizures-and-related-epileptic-syndromes/startle"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A pouting or pursing of the lips that is elicited by light tapping of the closed lips near the midline.\" [wikipedia:Snout_reflex]"; ; "2011-04-07T05:47:28Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "Pursing"; "behavior_ontology"; "pursing"; rdfs:label "snout reflex"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "2011-04-08T02:18:40Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "rhythmic behavior phenotype" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A pathological sleeping behavior related to the initiating or maintaining sleep or of excessive sleepiness and are characterized by a disturbance in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep.\" [wikipedia:Dyssomnia]"; ; "2011-04-08T02:20:42Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "dyssomnia" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "2011-04-08T02:21:57Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "Intrinsic sleep disorders are disorders that originate or develop within the body or that arise from causes within the body."; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "intrinsic sleep disorder"; true . _:3eaa63 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Intrinsic sleep disorders are disorders that originate or develop within the body or that arise from causes within the body."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22033666" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A sleeping behavior phenotype that involve abnormal and unnatural movements, emotions, perceptions, and dreams that occur while falling asleep, sleeping, between sleep stages, or during arousal from sleep.\" [wikipedia:Parasomnia]"; ; "2011-04-08T03:20:06Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "Arousal parasomnias including night terrors, sleep walking and confusional arousals are behaviors that arise out of deep non-REM sleep (stages 3 & 4), typically in the first third of the nights sleep. Arousal parasomnias are common and can be regarded as part of normal sleep unless the behavior produces disruption to the individual or their family. An arousal can vary from sitting up in bed and making a few minor vocalisations and then lying down again to a night terror in which the individual rouses, may walk, talk, appear to be agitated or frightened, shout and scream and fail to recognize family members. These events may be misdiagnosed as temporal lobe seizures however confusional arousals and night terrors are typically longer and are only broadly stereotyped. The individual throughout this behavior is still sleeping with slow waves seen on the EEG. Arousal parasomnias tend to occur more at times of anxiety and psychological stress. There is typically no recollection of the arousal, however dramatic it is. There is often a family history suggesting a genetic predisposition. If arousals are occurring more than once a night or every night then the differential of nocturnal frontal lobe seizures should be considered. Video, including the onset of the event, is usually the most useful investigation as ictal EEG is often obscured by movement artefact and deep frontal lobe discharges may not be visible on surface EEG (the ictal EEG may be normal). Video of multiple events will reveal the stereotyped nature of epileptic seizures. History from the individual may reveal retained awareness during the event in frontal lobe seizures."; "Parasomnias"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "parasomnia"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Parasomnias"; true; ""; true . _:3eaa73 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Arousal parasomnias including night terrors, sleep walking and confusional arousals are behaviors that arise out of deep non-REM sleep (stages 3 & 4), typically in the first third of the nights sleep. Arousal parasomnias are common and can be regarded as part of normal sleep unless the behavior produces disruption to the individual or their family. An arousal can vary from sitting up in bed and making a few minor vocalisations and then lying down again to a night terror in which the individual rouses, may walk, talk, appear to be agitated or frightened, shout and scream and fail to recognize family members. These events may be misdiagnosed as temporal lobe seizures however confusional arousals and night terrors are typically longer and are only broadly stereotyped. The individual throughout this behavior is still sleeping with slow waves seen on the EEG. Arousal parasomnias tend to occur more at times of anxiety and psychological stress. There is typically no recollection of the arousal, however dramatic it is. There is often a family history suggesting a genetic predisposition. If arousals are occurring more than once a night or every night then the differential of nocturnal frontal lobe seizures should be considered. Video, including the onset of the event, is usually the most useful investigation as ictal EEG is often obscured by movement artefact and deep frontal lobe discharges may not be visible on surface EEG (the ictal EEG may be normal). Video of multiple events will reveal the stereotyped nature of epileptic seizures. History from the individual may reveal retained awareness during the event in frontal lobe seizures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#parasomnias" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"An intrinsic sleep disorder characterised by breathing abnormalities.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-04-08T03:27:40Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29287215"; "SBD", "sleep-disordered breathing", "sleep-related breathing disorder"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "sleep breathing disorder"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A type of parasomnia that occurs during NREM sleep.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-04-08T03:37:10Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10996566"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "NREM parasomnia"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A NREM parasomnia characterised by talking during sleep.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-04-09T10:02:28Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "SleepTalking", "sleep-talking"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "somniloquy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SleepTalking", "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/challenges-epilepsy/sleep-and-epilepsy/sleep-disorders"; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A type of parasomnia that occurs during REM sleep.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-04-09T10:07:11Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "REM parasomnia" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "\"A REM parasomnia characterised by periods of inability to perform voluntary movements either when going to sleep or when waking up.\" [wikipedia:Sleep_paralysis]"; ; "2011-04-09T10:24:27Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19162231"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "sleep paralysis"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SleepParalysis"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The act of moving food from the mouth cavity to the esophagus through coordinated muscular movements [NBO:AC]"; ; "2011-04-10T10:39:39Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "swallow"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "swallowing"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/temporal-lobe-seizure/symptoms-causes/syc-20378214"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"Observable characteristic of behavior related to the movement of the body's muscles, tendons, and joints.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-04-14T08:31:34Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "kinesthetic behavior phenotype" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Movement of the head in the vertical plane. [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-04-14T08:39:38Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "head nodding", "nod head", "nods"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "head bobbing"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/atonic-seizures"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A reflex that elucidates goose bumps (bumps on a person's skin at the base of body hairs) which may involuntarily develop when a person is cold or experiences strong emotions such as fear, awe, admiration or sexual arousal\" [wikipedia:Goose_bumps]"; ; "2011-04-14T10:15:17Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "horripilation", "piloerection"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "pilomotor reflex"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"An involuntary rhythmical, oscillatory movement of a body part.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-04-14T11:13:39Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "quivering", "shivering", "trembling"; "behavior_ontology"; "HP:0001337", "MP:0000745"; rdfs:label "tremor"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://genetic.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Elizabeth-Berry-Kravis-seizures-and-tremor-AXYS-2017.pdf"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"Behaviour related to cognitive processes.\" [NBO:JH]"; ; "2011-04-14T03:51:13Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "cognitive behavior" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"Perception in the absence of a stimulus.\" [wikipedia:Hallucination]"; ; "2011-04-14T03:52:31Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "Hallucinations in psychiatric disorders are commonly complex phenomena involving multiple sensory modalities, in contrast to the elementary sensory hallucinations (colours/flashes of light, ringing/buzzing sounds etc) that occur in focal epileptic seizures. Complex hallucinations with hallucinations of seeing people or scenes, hearing voices or formed music and distortions of visual perception may occur as an uncommon manifestation of focal seizures. The episodic nature of these phenomena, together with the presence of other features of a seizure and the interval return to a normal baseline helps distinguish these events from psychiatric hallucinations."; "behavior_ontology"; "Hallucinations in psychiatric disorders"; "HP:0000738"; rdfs:label "hallucination"; true . _:3eaa83 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Hallucinations in psychiatric disorders are commonly complex phenomena involving multiple sensory modalities, in contrast to the elementary sensory hallucinations (colours/flashes of light, ringing/buzzing sounds etc) that occur in focal epileptic seizures. Complex hallucinations with hallucinations of seeing people or scenes, hearing voices or formed music and distortions of visual perception may occur as an uncommon manifestation of focal seizures. The episodic nature of these phenomena, together with the presence of other features of a seizure and the interval return to a normal baseline helps distinguish these events from psychiatric hallucinations."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#hallucinations" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A form of hallucination that involves perceiving images without visual stimulus.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-04-14T03:54:02Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "Polyopia", "paracusia"; "behavior_ontology"; "HP:0008765"; rdfs:label "visual hallucination"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Polyopia"; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A form of hallucination that involves perceiving sounds without auditory stimulus.\" [wikipedia:Auditory_hallucination]"; ; "2011-04-14T03:56:24Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; "HP:0002367"; rdfs:label "auditory hallucination"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184509-clinical"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A form of hallucination that involves perceiving odors without odor stimulus.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-04-14T03:58:15Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "phantosmia"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "olfactory hallucination"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.tasteandsmell.com/june2013.htm"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"Observable characteristic of behavior related to movements that occur independent of planning.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-05-27T11:56:52Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "involuntary movement behavior phenotype" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"Observable characteristic of behavior related to movements executed with intent.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-05-27T11:57:12Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "voluntary movement behavior phenotype" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A type of seizure generated by sudden sensor stimulation caused by the environment.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-05-28T11:07:41Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2596/"; "environmental epilepsy", "reflex epilepsy"; "behavior_ontology"; "MP:0009358"; rdfs:label "reflex seizure"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A type of seizure associated with a significant rise in body temperature.\" [wikpedia:http\\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Febrile_seizure]"; ; "2011-05-27T05:13:26Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "febrile convulsion", "fever fit"; "behavior_ontology"; "HP:0002373"; rdfs:label "febrile seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/about-epilepsy-basics/what-are-risk-factors", "https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/febrile-seizure/symptoms-causes/syc-20372522"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"Benign rolandic epilepsy is characterized by either simple partial seizures involving the mouth and face or generalized tonic-clonic seizures.\" [wikipedia:http\\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolandic_epilepsy]"; ; "2011-05-27T05:24:49Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32086099"; "benign (childhood) epilepsy with centrotemporal (EEG) spikes"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "benign rolandic epilepsy"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A temporal lobe epilepsy arises in the neocortex on the outer surface of the temporal lobe of the brain.\" [wikipedia:http\\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobe_epilepsy]"; ; "2011-05-27T05:31:27Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6039834/"; "LTLE"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "lateral temporal lobe epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#LateralTemporalEpilepsy"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "2011-05-27T05:39:40Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "If seizures are prolonged, or occur in a series, there is an increased risk of status epilepticus. The term literally means a continuous state of seizure. Status epilepticus is usually defined as 30 minutes of uninterrupted seizure activity."; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "continuous seizure"; true . _:3eaa93 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "If seizures are prolonged, or occur in a series, there is an increased risk of status epilepticus. The term literally means a continuous state of seizure. Status epilepticus is usually defined as 30 minutes of uninterrupted seizure activity."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://epilepsychicago.org/epilepsy/seizure-types/status-epilepticus/" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"Paroxysmal events that mimic an epileptic seizure but do not involve abnormal, rhythmic discharges of cortical neurons.\" [wikipedia:http\\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-epileptic_seizure]"; , ; "2011-05-27T05:47:13Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21633606", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31617494"; "non-epileptic seizure"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "provoked seizure"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A type of seizure of psychological origin that superficially resembles an epileptic seizure, but without the characteristic electrical discharges associated with epilepsy.\" [wikipedia:http\\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizures]"; ; "2011-05-27T05:50:08Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "PNES", "non-epileptic attack disorder"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "psychogenic non-epileptic seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/non-epileptic-seizures#.XJhlBXduLIV"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"An absence seizure induced by hyperventilation.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-05-28T11:59:14Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "A typical absence seizure is a generalized seizure with abrupt onset and offset of altered awareness which can vary in severity (see specific syndromes). Memory for events during the seizures is usually impaired although there may be some retained awareness particularly for adolescents. Clonic movements of eyelids, head, eyebrows, chin, perioral or other facial parts may occur, most typically at 3Hz. Myoclonus of limbs can rarely occur. Oral and manual automatisms are common and there may be perseveration of behaviors occurring prior to seizure onset. Absence seizures were previously known as 'petit mal' seizures. Absence status epilepticus can occur."; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "typical absence seizure"; true . _:3eaaa3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A typical absence seizure is a generalized seizure with abrupt onset and offset of altered awareness which can vary in severity (see specific syndromes). Memory for events during the seizures is usually impaired although there may be some retained awareness particularly for adolescents. Clonic movements of eyelids, head, eyebrows, chin, perioral or other facial parts may occur, most typically at 3Hz. Myoclonus of limbs can rarely occur. Oral and manual automatisms are common and there may be perseveration of behaviors occurring prior to seizure onset. Absence seizures were previously known as 'petit mal' seizures. Absence status epilepticus can occur."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/absence-typical-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"An absence seizure not induced by hyperventilation.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-05-28T11:59:31Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "An atypical absence seizure has less abrupt onset and offset of loss of awareness than typical absence seizures. They are often associated with other features such as loss of muscle tone of the head, trunk or limbs (often a gradual slump) and subtle myoclonic jerks. Atypical absence seizures often occur in individuals with intellectual impairment.The loss of awareness may be minimal with the patient continuing an activity, but more slowly or with mistakes."; "behavior_ontology"; "HP:0007270"; rdfs:label "atypical absence seizure"; true . _:3eaab3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "An atypical absence seizure has less abrupt onset and offset of loss of awareness than typical absence seizures. They are often associated with other features such as loss of muscle tone of the head, trunk or limbs (often a gradual slump) and subtle myoclonic jerks. Atypical absence seizures often occur in individuals with intellectual impairment.The loss of awareness may be minimal with the patient continuing an activity, but more slowly or with mistakes."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/absence-atypical-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"Purposeless repetitive motor activities that often occur during a seizure.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-05-28T12:14:35Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:comment "Automatisms may occur during complex partial or absence seizures."; rdfs:label "automatism"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"An automatism characterised by involuntary movement of the limbs or body such as fumbling, picking and rubbing.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-05-28T12:17:42Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29325826"; "behavior_ontology"; "Fumbling"; rdfs:label "gestural automatism"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A type of seizure induced by the administration of a drug.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-05-28T12:32:11Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "drug induced seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.medlink.com/article/drug-induced_seizures"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A type of seizure induced by termination of drug administration.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-05-28T12:35:22Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31832260"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "drug withdrawal induced seizure"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A type of seizure induced by termination of alcohol administration.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-05-28T01:19:06Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "alcohol withdrawal induced seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.fairview.org/patient-education/115703EN"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A type of epilepsy that is characterised a sudden burst of energy, usually in the form of laughing.\" [NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-05-28T11:12:42Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15528919"; "gelastic seizure"; "behavior_ontology"; "HP:0010821"; rdfs:label "gelastic epilepsy"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"A type of epilepsy that is characterised a sudden paroxysmal crying.\" [NBO:, NBO:GVG]"; ; "2011-05-28T11:18:45Z"; "George Gkoutos"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29170920"; "dacrystic seizure"; "behavior_ontology"; "HP:0010820"; rdfs:label "dacrystic epilepsy"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "2012-03-17T09:51:17Z"; "gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "jaw movement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The act of displacing part or all of the tongue from its current position [NBO:SMAC]"; ; "2012-03-17T09:52:25Z"; "gkoutos"; "behavior_ontology"; rdfs:label "tongue movement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "\"Behavior related to the intake of substances.\" [NBOC:GVG]"; ; "George Gkoutos"; "ingest"; rdfs:label "consumption behavior" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "GC_ID:1"; "ncbi_taxonomy"; "all"; rdfs:label "root" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22938964"; "GC_ID:1"; "A rodent belonging to subfamily Gerbillinae, Meriones unguiculatus is the most common species of the gerbil subfamily. The Mongolian gerbil was first imported into the United States in 1954 by Dr. Victor Schwentker. Most gerbils used in pre-clinical research are agouti-colored and comprise less than 0.5% of total rodent usage annually."; "Mongolian gerbil", "Mongolian jird"; "ncbi_taxonomy"; rdfs:label "Meriones unguiculatus"; true . _:3eaac3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A rodent belonging to subfamily Gerbillinae, Meriones unguiculatus is the most common species of the gerbil subfamily. The Mongolian gerbil was first imported into the United States in 1954 by Dr. Victor Schwentker. Most gerbils used in pre-clinical research are agouti-colored and comprise less than 0.5% of total rodent usage annually."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C77100" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; ; "NCBITaxon:85055"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28332054"; "GC_ID:1"; "Mus Musculus is the polytypic species which encompasses all the subspecies and geographical or chromosomal races of the house mouse."; "house mouse", "mouse"; "ncbi_taxonomy"; "mice C57BL/6xCBA/CaJ hybrid"; rdfs:label "Mus musculus"; true . _:3eaad3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Mus Musculus is the polytypic species which encompasses all the subspecies and geographical or chromosomal races of the house mouse."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/mus-musculus" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; ; "NCBITaxon:42821"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22938964"; "GC_ID:1"; "The baboon species, Papio papio."; "Guinea baboon", "Papio papio sensu Groves", "baboon"; "ncbi_taxonomy"; "Papio cynocephalus papio", "Papio hamadryas papio"; rdfs:label "Papio papio"; true . _:3eaae3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The baboon species, Papio papio."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C161028" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; ; "NCBITaxon:36465"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29933054"; "GC_ID:1"; "The common rat, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism."; "Norway rat", "brown rat", "rat", "rats"; "ncbi_taxonomy"; "Rattus norvegicus8", "Rattus norwegicus"; rdfs:label "Rattus norvegicus"; true . _:3eaaf3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The common rat, Rattus norvegicus, often used as an experimental organism."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/NCIT_C14266" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "GC_ID:1"; "A cellular organism is an organism that contains one or more cells."; "ncbi_taxonomy"; "biota"; rdfs:label "cellular organisms" . _:3eab03 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A cellular organism is an organism that contains one or more cells."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://semanticscience.org/resource/SIO_010377" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; ; "GC_ID:1", "PMID:23020233", "PMID:30257078"; "One of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and archea), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including Animals; plants; fungi; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista."; "eucaryotes", "eukaryotes"; "ncbi_taxonomy"; "Eucarya", "Eucaryotae", "Eukarya", "Eukaryotae", "eukaryotes"; rdfs:label "Eukaryota" . _:3eab13 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "One of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and archea), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including Animals; plants; fungi; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://tolweb.org/Eukaryotes" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; ; "GC_ID:1"; "Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young."; "mammals"; "ncbi_taxonomy"; "mammals"; rdfs:label "Mammalia" . _:3eab23 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D008322" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; ; "GC_ID:1"; "flatworm", "flatworms"; "ncbi_taxonomy"; "flatworms"; rdfs:label "Platyhelminthes" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; ; "NCBITaxon:133821"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30711777"; "GC_ID:1"; "Taenia solium is the cause of neurocysticercosis, which has several forms including parenchymal, subarachnoid, ventricular, and spinal forms."; "pig tapeworm", "pork tapeworm"; "ncbi_taxonomy"; "Cysticercus cellulosae"; rdfs:label "Taenia solium"; true . _:3eab33 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Taenia solium is the cause of neurocysticercosis, which has several forms including parenchymal, subarachnoid, ventricular, and spinal forms."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/taenia-solium" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; ; "GC_ID:1"; "nematode", "nematodes", "roundworm", "roundworms"; "ncbi_taxonomy"; "Nemata", "nematodes"; rdfs:label "Nematoda" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22938964"; "GC_ID:1"; "Caenorhabditis elegans is a small, free-living, nematode worm, which has become established as a standard model organism for a great variety of genetic investigations, being especially useful for studying developmental biology, cell biology and neurobiology."; "roundworm"; "ncbi_taxonomy"; "Rhabditis elegans"; rdfs:label "Caenorhabditis elegans"; true . _:3eab43 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Caenorhabditis elegans is a small, free-living, nematode worm, which has become established as a standard model organism for a great variety of genetic investigations, being especially useful for studying developmental biology, cell biology and neurobiology."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/caenorhabditis-elegans" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; ; "GC_ID:1"; "arthropods"; "ncbi_taxonomy"; "arthropods"; rdfs:label "Arthropoda" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; ; "NCBITaxon:2267365"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22938964"; "GC_ID:1"; "Drosophila melanogaster is a small, common fly found near unripe and rotted fruit. It has been in use for over a century to study genetics and behavior."; "fruit fly"; "ncbi_taxonomy"; "Drosophila melangaster", "Sophophora melanogaster"; rdfs:label "Drosophila melanogaster"; true . _:3eab53 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Drosophila melanogaster is a small, common fly found near unripe and rotted fruit. It has been in use for over a century to study genetics and behavior."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://depts.washington.edu/cberglab/wordpress/outreach/an-introduction-to-fruit-flies/" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "GC_ID:1"; "Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes."; "Vertebrata", "vertebrates"; "ncbi_taxonomy"; "vertebrates"; rdfs:label "Vertebrata " . _:3eab63 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D014714" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; ; "GC_ID:1"; "amphibians"; "ncbi_taxonomy"; "amphibians"; rdfs:label "Amphibia" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929939"; "GC_ID:1"; "The albino Xenopus laevis tadpole is a transparent vertebrate used extensively for in vivo imaging of neuronal growth and synaptogenesis."; "African clawed frog", "clawed frog", "common platanna", "platanna"; "ncbi_taxonomy"; "Bufo laevis", "Xenopus leavis"; rdfs:label "Xenopus laevis"; true . _:3eab73 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The albino Xenopus laevis tadpole is a transparent vertebrate used extensively for in vivo imaging of neuronal growth and synaptogenesis."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22938964" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; ; "GC_ID:1"; "primate"; "ncbi_taxonomy"; "Primata", "primates"; rdfs:label "Primates" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; ; "NCBITaxon:36502"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13268119"; "GC_ID:1"; "Macaca mulatta or Rhesus macaques are frequently used models of human disease in biomedical research than any other nonhuman primate as their genomes share approximately 93.5% identity with that of humans."; "Rhesus monkey", "rhesus macaque", "rhesus macaques", "rhesus monkeys"; "ncbi_taxonomy"; rdfs:label "Macaca mulatta"; "Defintion modified"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30219655"; "GC_ID:1"; "The primate species of mammal to which modern humans belong."; "human", "man"; "ncbi_taxonomy"; "Home sapiens", "Homo sampiens", "Homo sapeins", "Homo sapian", "Homo sapians", "Homo sapien", "Homo sapience", "Homo sapiense", "Homo sapients", "Homo sapines", "Homo spaiens", "Homo spiens", "Humo sapiens"; rdfs:label "Homo sapiens"; true . _:3eab83 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The primate species of mammal to which modern humans belong."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=40191" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; ; "GC_ID:1"; "rodent"; "ncbi_taxonomy"; "rodents"; rdfs:label "Rodentia" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A sudden loss of consciousness with loss of postural tone not related to anesthesia with high risk characteristics. High risk characteristics include non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, or ischemic heart disease with significant ventricular dysfunction, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Brugada Syndrome, or Long QT Syndrome. (ACC)"; ; "C100018"; "Finding"; "Syncope with High Risk Cardiac Characteristics"; "C3272263"; "CDISC"; "A sudden loss of consciousness with loss of postural tone not related to anesthesia with high risk characteristics. High risk characteristics include non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, or ischemic heart disease with significant ventricular dysfunction, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Brugada Syndrome, or Long QT Syndrome."; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23190285"; "SYNCOPE WITH HIGH RISK CHARACTERISTICS", "Syncope with High Risk Cardiac Characteristics"; "cardiac syncope"; , , ; rdfs:label "Syncope with High Risk Cardiac Characteristics"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#longqt"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An injury sustained to a neonate during the birthing process."; ; "C101035"; "Finding"; "Neonatal Injury Related to Birth"; "C0005604"; "CPTAC", "NICHD"; "Injury to a newborn incurred during labor and delivery."; "Birth Injury"; "Birth Injury", "Birth Trauma", "Neonatal Birth Injury", "Neonatal Injury Related to Birth"; , , , , , ; rdfs:label "Neonatal Injury Related to Birth"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#BirthInjury"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A standardized rating scale which is used as a measure of health outcome. This instrument is a descriptive system consisting of 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activity, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has 5 levels ranging from no problem to extreme problem or incapable, which are assessed by the patient."; ; "C102117"; "Intellectual Product"; "European Quality of Life Five Dimension Five Level Scale Questionnaire"; "C3640517"; "CDISC"; "European Quality of Life Five Dimension Five Level Scale (EQ-5D-5L) (Copyright 2009 EuroQol Group. EQ-5D is a trade mark of the EuroQol Group)."; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24679945"; "EQ-5D-5L", "EQ5D02", "European Quality of Life Five Dimension Five Level Scale Questionnaire"; , , , , ; rdfs:label "European Quality of Life Five Dimension Five Level Scale Questionnaire"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A standardized, multipurpose, general health survey developed by John E. Ware and copyrighted by Quality Metric Inc. and the Medical Outcomes Trust in 1996 and 2000 which is used to assess the patient's functional health and overall well-being. This second version contains 36 questions that refer to the patient's symptoms or status within the past four weeks and can be completed by the patient. For each question the patient must choose from five different responses."; ; "C102122"; "Intellectual Product"; "Short Form 36 Health Survey Standard, US Version 2.0 Questionnaire"; "C3640521"; "CDISC"; "The Short Form 36 Health Survey Standard, US Version 2.0 (SF36 v2.0 Standard) (copyright 1996, 2000 by Quality Metric Incorporated and Medical Outcomes Trust. All rights reserved)."; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22512895"; "Medical Outcomes Survey 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey", "SF36 V2.0 STANDARD", "SF36 v2.0 Standard", "SF363", "Short Form 36 Health Survey", "Short Form 36 Health Survey Standard, US Version 2.0 Questionnaire"; , , , , ; rdfs:label "Short Form 36 Health Survey Standard, US Version 2.0 Questionnaire"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A standardized rating scale used to assess an individual's general level of daytime sleepiness."; ; "C103517"; "Intellectual Product"; "Epworth Sleepiness Scale Questionnaire"; "C3541276"; "CDISC"; "Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) (copyright Murray W. Johns, 1990-1997. All rights reserved.)."; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11081816"; "ESS", "ESS01", "Epworth Sleepiness Scale", "Epworth Sleepiness Scale Questionnaire"; , , , , ; rdfs:label "Epworth Sleepiness Scale Questionnaire"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A seven item validated, self-reported questionnaire for screening, and assessing the severity of generalized anxiety disorder in clinical practice and research settings."; ; "C103519"; "Intellectual Product"; "Generalized Anxiety Disorder - 7 Questionnaire"; "C3641330"; "CDISC"; "Generalized Anxiety Disorder - 7 (GAD-7) (Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, Lowe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166:1092-1097)."; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28064112"; "GAD-7", "GAD01", "General Anxiety Disorder-7", "General Anxiety Disorder-7 Questionnaire", "Generalized Anxiety Disorder - 7 Questionnaire", "Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale (GAD-7)"; , , , , ; rdfs:label "Generalized Anxiety Disorder - 7 Questionnaire"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A standardized survey developed and copyrighted by A. S. Zigmond and R. P. Snaith in 1983, 1992, 1994 and published in the Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica journal (A.S. Zigmond and R.P. Snaith. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta psychiart. scand. 1983, 67:361-370) which is used to detect depression and anxiety in individuals in a hospital or medical outpatient clinic. This instrument is a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 14 items that assess how the individual has felt over the past week. Each item as 4 response options that are associated with a score of 0 to 3."; ; "C103520"; "Intellectual Product"; "Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Questionnaire"; "C3539657"; "CDISC"; "Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (copyright 1983, 1992, 1994 by R.P. Snaith and A.S. Zigmond. All rights reserved.)."; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30599368"; "HADS", "HADS Questionnaire", "HADS01", "Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Questionnaire", "Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Questionnaire (HADS)"; , , , , ; rdfs:label "Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Questionnaire"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A 9-item scale using each of the 9 DSM-IV criteria with self-reported frequency of \"0\" (not at all) to \"3\" (nearly every day). One of the most widely used instruments to assess depression, PHQ-9 scores of 5, 10, 15, and 20 represent mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression, respectively."; ; "C103526"; "Intellectual Product"; "Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 Item"; "C4083201"; "CDISC"; "Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 (PHQ-9) (Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001; 16:606-613)."; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31026785"; "PHQ-9", "PHQ01", "Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)", "Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 Item", "Patient Health Questionnaire-9"; , , , , ; rdfs:label "Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 Item"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A self-rated questionnaire which assesses sleep quality and disturbances over a one month time interval."; ; "C103849"; "Intellectual Product"; "Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index"; "C3697468"; "Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) (Copyright 1989, University of Pittsburgh. Buysse,D.J., Reynolds,C.F., Monk,T.H., Berman,S.R., & Kupfer, D.J. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI): A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 1989, 28(2):193-213)."; "Authors: Buysse,D.J., Reynolds,C.F., Monk,T.H., Berman,S.R., & Kupfer,D.J. (1989)."; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26921599"; "PSQI", "PSQI1", "Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index", "Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) SF-10"; , , , , ; rdfs:label "Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A 9 question subset of the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication that omits the five items of the side effects domain."; ; "C107543"; "Intellectual Product"; "Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication"; "C3827778"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21576040"; "TSQM-9", "Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication", "Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM-9)"; rdfs:label "Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The determination of the amount of ghrelin present in a sample."; ; ; "C112286"; "Laboratory Procedure"; "Ghrelin Measurement"; "C3813179"; "CDISC"; "A measurement of total ghrelin in a biological specimen."; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28288363"; "GHRELIN", "Ghrelin", "Ghrelin Measurement", "Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor Ligand", "Motilin-related Peptide", "Total Ghrelin"; , , , , ; rdfs:label "Ghrelin Measurement"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A question about whether an individual has or had a feeling of fullness or heaviness in the area of the stomach."; ; "C113191"; "Intellectual Product"; "Have Feeling of Fullness or Heaviness in Stomach Area"; "C3829801"; "Have Feeling of Fullness or Heaviness in Stomach Area", "I have a feeling of fullness or heaviness in my stomach area"; ; rdfs:label "Have Feeling of Fullness or Heaviness in Stomach Area"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A complication occurring during hemodialysis that is thought to be due to a rapid decrease in blood urea nitrogen, and is characterized by an increase in intracranial pressure resulting in nausea, headache, vomiting, restlessness, and/or a decreased level of consciousness."; ; ; "C114781"; "Disease or Syndrome"; "Dialysis Disequilibrium Syndrome"; "C0403559"; "NICHD"; "A complication occurring during hemodialysis that is thought to be due to a rapid decrease in blood urea nitrogen, and is characterized by an increase in intracranial pressure resulting in nausea, headache, vomiting, restlessness, and/or a decreased level of consciousness."; "Dysequilibrium Syndrome"; "Dialysis Disequilibrium Syndrome", "Disequilibrium Syndrome"; , ; rdfs:label "Dialysis Disequilibrium Syndrome"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/renal-disorders/dialysis-disequilibrium-syndrome"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A technique that monitors blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals to map distant brain regions that work together while performing a task."; ; "C116454"; "Diagnostic Procedure"; "Functional Connectivity Magnetic Resonance Imaging"; "Functional Connectivity Magnetic Resonance Imaging"; "CL471734"; "CTRP"; "Functional Connectivity MRI", "Functional Connectivity Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "fcMRI"; , ; rdfs:label "Functional Connectivity Magnetic Resonance Imaging" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An extension of conventional diffusion tension imaging, which estimates the kurtosis of the water diffusion probability distribution function. This technique is most commonly used to study the brain."; ; "C116487"; "Diagnostic Procedure"; "Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging"; "Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging"; "CL433731"; "CTRP"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26255305"; "DKI", "Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging"; , ; rdfs:label "Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A collection of blood between the dura mater and the brain."; ; "C116585"; "Finding"; "Subdural Hematoma"; "C0018946"; "MedDRA", "NICHD"; "A collection of blood into the space between the dura mater and the brain."; "Subdural Hematoma"; "Subdural hematoma"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27914224"; "Subdural Hematoma"; , ; rdfs:label "Subdural Hematoma"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.medpagetoday.com/resource-centers/contemporary-advances-epilepsy/determining-risk-seizures-patients-subdural-hematomas/2090"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eab93; "The use of electrodes placed directly on the exposed brain surface to record the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex."; ; "C116664"; "Diagnostic Procedure"; "Electrocorticography"; "Electrocorticography"; "C0430797"; "CTRP"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25204010"; "ECoG", "Electrocorticography", "Noachter 1999 Electrocorticography ECoG"; , ; rdfs:label "Electrocorticography"; true; true . _:3eab93 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A condition characterized by recurrent, self-limiting episodes of vomiting associated with intense nausea, pallor, and lethargy. It is commonly a migraine precursor."; ; ; "C117014"; "Finding"; "Cyclical Vomiting"; "C0152164"; "MedDRA", "NICHD"; "A periodic syndrome that is commonly a migraine precursor and is characterized by recurrent, self-limiting episodes of vomiting associated with intense nausea, pallor, and lethargy."; "Cyclical Vomiting"; "Cyclic vomiting syndrome"; "Cyclical vomiting is characterized by stereotyped periods of recurrent vomiting which may last hours to days and may be separated by weeks during which the individual has no symptoms. It is considered a migraine variant as there is often a family history of migraine headache, though the pathophysiology is not well understood. Usually no trigger to a particular episode can be defined. Recurrent vomiting may produce physiological disturbance but awareness should not be impaired and the attacks are longer than expected in focal seizures. Episodes may begin in early childhood and evolve into abdominal migraine and then to classic migraine with headache. If the vomiting persists into adult life it remains paroxysmal but may be less cyclical in nature."; "Cyclical Vomiting"; , ; rdfs:label "Cyclical Vomiting"; true . _:3eaba3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Cyclical vomiting is characterized by stereotyped periods of recurrent vomiting which may last hours to days and may be separated by weeks during which the individual has no symptoms. It is considered a migraine variant as there is often a family history of migraine headache, though the pathophysiology is not well understood. Usually no trigger to a particular episode can be defined. Recurrent vomiting may produce physiological disturbance but awareness should not be impaired and the attacks are longer than expected in focal seizures. Episodes may begin in early childhood and evolve into abdominal migraine and then to classic migraine with headache. If the vomiting persists into adult life it remains paroxysmal but may be less cyclical in nature."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#cyc-vomiting" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Perception of a taste in the absence of a corresponding stimulus."; ; ; "C118177"; "Finding"; "Gustatory Hallucination"; "C0233766"; "MedDRA", "NICHD"; "Perception of a taste in the absence of a corresponding stimulus."; "Gustatory Hallucination"; "Hallucination gustatory"; "Gustatory Hallucination"; , ; rdfs:label "Gustatory Hallucination"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An alteration in visual perception that causes objects to appear smaller than their actual size."; ; "C118304"; "Finding"; "Micropsia"; "C0233769"; "MedDRA", "NICHD"; "An alteration in visual perception that causes objects to appear smaller than their actual size."; "Micropsia"; "Micropsia"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28116304"; "Micropsia"; , ; rdfs:label "Micropsia"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An alteration in visual perception that causes objects to appear larger than their actual size."; ; "C118305"; "Finding"; "Macropsia"; "C0233771"; "MedDRA", "NICHD"; "An alteration in visual perception that causes objects to appear larger than their actual size."; "Macropsia"; "Macropsia"; "Macropsia"; , ; rdfs:label "Macropsia"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Macropsia", "https://www.epilepsy.com/connect/forums/living-epilepsy-adults/macropsia-things-feeling-larger-they-are"; true; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Abnormal hypersynchronous electrical activity in the brain of a newborn which may be associated with stereotyped movements or autonomic changes."; ; "C118507"; "Finding"; "Neonatal Seizure"; "C0159020"; "NICHD"; "Abnormal hypersynchronous electrical activity in the brain of a newborn infant which may be associated with stereotyped movements or autonomic changes."; "Neonatal Seizure"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2599/"; "Neonatal Seizure"; , ; rdfs:label "Neonatal Seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1177069-overview"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Perception of more than one image when viewing with one eye."; ; ; "C118719"; "Finding"; "Monocular Diplopia"; "C0271190"; "MedDRA", "NICHD"; "Perception of more than one image when viewing with one eye."; "Monocular Diplopia"; "Monocular diplopia"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31914330"; "Monocular Diplopia"; , ; rdfs:label "Monocular Diplopia"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A component of the Children's Memory Scale. A child is read a list of paired words and then asked to say the second word after being told the first. The list is presented three times in this fashion. After about 30 minutes the child is given the cued recall trial again."; ; "C120333"; "Intellectual Product"; "Word Pairs Delayed"; "C3897165"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26874864"; "Word Pairs Delayed"; ; rdfs:label "Word Pairs Delayed"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale, 4th Edition that assesses narrative memory under a free recall condition. A short story is presented orally. Immediately after presentation of the story the subject is asked to recall the story from memory."; ; "C120342"; "Intellectual Product"; "Logical Memory I Subtest (WMS-IV)"; "C4027321"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26874864"; "Logical Memory I", "Logical Memory I Subtest (WMS-IV)", "WMS-IV Logical Memory", "WMS-IV Logical Memory I"; ; rdfs:label "Logical Memory I Subtest (WMS-IV)"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Interventions and exercises intended to develop, recover, or maintain the ability of an individual to accomplish their activities of daily living."; ; "C121351"; "Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure"; "Occupational Therapy"; "Occupational Therapy"; "C1318464"; "CTRP", "NICHD"; "Interventions and exercises intended to develop, recover, or maintain the ability of an individual to accomplish their activities of daily living."; "Occupational Therapy"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23941480"; "OT", "Occupational Therapy"; , , , ; rdfs:label "Occupational Therapy"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/diagnosis/you-and-your-healthcare-team/rehabilitation-therapists"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A standardized rating scale designed to assess the executive function behaviors in the school and home environments for children and adolescents as observed by a parent or teacher."; ; "C121459"; "Intellectual Product"; "Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function"; "C4050216"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31461681"; "BRIEF", "Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function", "Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF)", "Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functions"; rdfs:label "Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A standardized rating scale developed by Ziad Nasreddine in 1996 to screen for mild cognitive dysfunction and impairment. This instrument assesses the following cognitive domains: attention and concentration, executive functions, memory, language, visuoconstructional skills, conceptual thinking, calculations, and orientation."; ; "C123667"; "Intellectual Product"; "Montreal Cognitive Assessment Functional Test"; "C3496286"; "CDISC"; "Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) (Copyright Z. Nasreddine MD. Ziad S. Nasreddine, Natalie A. Phillips, Valerie Bedirian, Simon Charbonneau, Victor Whitehead, Isabelle Collin, Jeffrey L. Cummings and Howard Chertkow. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A Brief Screening Tool For Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Apr;53(4):695-9)."; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22258041"; "MOCA", "MOCA01", "Montreal Cognitive Assessment", "Montreal Cognitive Assessment Functional Test"; , , , , ; rdfs:label "Montreal Cognitive Assessment Functional Test"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A form of non-invasive mechanical pressure support ventilation that uses a continuous positive airway pressure level to support spontaneous breathing activity."; ; "C124040"; "Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure"; "Continuous Positive Airway Pressure"; "Continuous Positive Airway Pressure"; "C0199451"; "CTRP"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21849000", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29991426"; "CPAP", "Continuous Positive Airway Pressure", "Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)"; , ; rdfs:label "Continuous Positive Airway Pressure"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A group of malignant gliomas that includes anaplastic astrocytoma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, anaplastic oligoastrocytoma, and anaplastic ependymoma."; ; "C127816"; "Neoplastic Process"; "WHO Grade III Glioma"; "WHO Grade III Glioma"; "CL509578"; "CTRP"; "Malignant"; "Anaplastic Glioma", "WHO Grade III Glioma"; , ; rdfs:label "WHO Grade III Glioma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#AnaplasticGlioma"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An examination of an individual to determine their health status prior to a surgical procedure and their suitability for the procedure."; ; "C139982"; "Research Activity"; "Pre-operative Evaluation"; "C1293091"; "NCCN"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27101469"; "Pre-operative Evaluation", "Preoperative Evaluation", "pre-surgical evaluation"; rdfs:label "Pre-operative Evaluation"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A training technique in which various bodily functions, such as heart rate, skin temperature, muscle tension, and brain activity are monitored so that people can learn to control them voluntarily so as to improve their health and physical performance."; ; "C15186"; "Mental Process"; "Biofeedback"; "Biofeedback"; "C0005491"; "CTRP"; "Biofeedback"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30819542"; "Biofeedback", "biofeedback"; , ; rdfs:label "Biofeedback"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Surgical removal of a lobe of an organ."; ; "C15272"; "Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure"; "Lobectomy"; "Lobectomy"; "C0023928"; "CTRP"; "Surgery to remove a whole lobe (section) of an organ (such as the lungs, liver, brain, or thyroid gland)."; "Lobectomy"; "Lobectomy"; "Lobectomy", "lobectomy"; , ; rdfs:label "Lobectomy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.chp.edu/our-services/brain/neurosurgery/epilepsy-surgery/services/lobectomy"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A method of treating disease, esp. psychic disorders, by mental rather than pharmacological means (e.g., suggestion, re-education, hypnotism, and psychoanalysis). (Taber's)"; ; "C15308"; "Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure"; "Psychotherapy"; "Psychotherapy"; "C0033968"; "CTRP"; "Treatment of mental, emotional, personality, and behavioral disorders using methods such as discussion, listening, and counseling."; "Psychotherapy"; "Psychotherapy", "psychotherapy", "talk therapy"; , ; rdfs:label "Psychotherapy" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Restoration of the ability to function in a normal or near normal manner following disease, illness, or injury."; ; "C15315"; "Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure"; "Rehabilitation"; "Rehabilitation"; "C0034991"; "CTRP"; "In medicine, a process to restore mental and/or physical abilities lost to injury or disease, in order to function in a normal or near-normal way."; "Rehabilitation"; "Physical Health Services / Rehabilitation", "Rehabilitation", "Rehabilitation, Medical", "rehabilitation", "rehabilitation therapy"; , ; rdfs:label "Rehabilitation"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Performing a salvage procedure is the last resort. The clinical situation involves either ongoing life support measures, life support measures for more than 60 seconds during the prior 10 minutes, or unanticipated institution of extracorporeal circulatory support. (ACC)"; ; "C15359"; "Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure"; "Salvage Therapy"; "Salvage Therapy"; "C0085405"; "CDISC", "CPTAC", "CTRP"; "Performing a salvage procedure is the last resort. The clinical situation involves either ongoing life support measures, life support measures for more than 60 seconds during the prior 10 minutes, or unanticipated institution of extracorporeal circulatory support.", "Treatment that is given after the cancer has not responded to other treatments."; "Salvage_Therapy"; "SALVAGE", "Salvage", "Salvage Therapy", "salvage therapy"; "Rescue treatments"; , , , , , , , , , , ; rdfs:label "Salvage Therapy"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/managing-your-epilepsy/using-rescue-treatments"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Therapeutic use of hypnotism by a clinical professional."; ; "C15420"; "Mental Process"; "Hypnotherapy"; "Hypnotherapy"; "C0020587"; "CPTAC", "CTRP"; "Hypnotherapy"; "Clinical Hypnosis", "Hypnosis", "Hypnotherapy"; , , , , ; rdfs:label "Hypnotherapy"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://hypnosementor.nl/en/the-use-of-hypnosis-with-epilepsy/"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The determination of the amount of gamma-aminobutyric acid present in a sample."; ; "C154766"; "Laboratory Procedure"; "Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Measurement"; "CL555601"; "CDISC"; "A measurement of the gamma-aminobutyric acid in a biological specimen."; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20345933"; "GABA", "GAMBTAC", "Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid", "Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Measurement", "Gamma-aminobutyrate", "γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels"; , , , , ; rdfs:label "Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Measurement"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Supportive care is that which helps the patient and their family to cope with cancer and treatment of it from pre-diagnosis, through the process of diagnosis and treatment, to cure, continuing illness or death and into bereavement. It helps the patient to maximize the benefits of treatment and to live as well as possible with the effects of the disease. Supportive therapy may provide a patient with friendship, encouragement, practical advice such as access to community resources or how to develop a more active social life, vocational counseling, suggestions for minimizing friction with family members, and, above all, hope that the life of the patient may be improved. In all situations, supportive therapy involves the teaching of such life skills as managing medication, learning to socialize, handling finances, and getting a job."; ; "C15747"; "Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure"; "Supportive Care"; "Supportive Care"; "C0344211"; "CDISC", "CTRP"; "Any action or process to maximize comfort, minimize side effects, or mitigate against a decline in the participant's health or function. (clinicaltrials.gov)"; "Supportive_Care"; "Supportive Care", "Supportive Therapy", "Symptom Management", "Therapy, Supportive", "supportive care"; , , , , ; rdfs:label "Supportive Care" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "C157609"; "Finding"; "Complication due to Medical/Surgical Care"; "CL937198"; "CPTAC"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24861650"; "Complication due to Medical/Surgical Care"; "complications of epilepsy surgery"; , , ; rdfs:label "Complication due to Medical/Surgical Care"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Treatment of disease through the use of drugs."; ; "C15986"; "Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure"; "Pharmacotherapy"; "C0013216"; "CPTAC", "NICHD"; "Treatment with any substance, other than food, that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition."; "Pharmacological_Treatment"; "Drug Therapy"; "Pharmaceutical Therapy, NOS"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29140112"; "Drug Therapy", "Pharmaceutical Therapy", "Pharmacological Treatment", "Pharmacological Treatments", "Pharmacotherapy", "Treatment With Medication", "drug therapy"; , , , ; rdfs:label "Pharmacotherapy"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The process by which information about the health status of an individual is obtained after a study has officially closed; an activity that continues something that has already begun or that repeats something that has already been done."; ; "C16033"; "Health Care Activity"; "Follow-Up"; "C1522577"; "CDISC"; "Monitoring a person's health over time after treatment. This includes keeping track of the health of people who participate in a clinical study or clinical trial for a period of time, both during the study and after the study ends.", "The process by which information about the health status of a subject is obtained after the subject is no longer receiving study medication."; "Follow-up"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27091679"; "Active Follow-up", "CLSFUP", "Clinical Signs Follow-up", "Follow Up", "Follow-Up", "Follow-up", "Followup", "follow-up"; , , , ; rdfs:label "Follow-Up"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral difficulties that often occur in conjunction with frontal lobe disorders, including traumatic injury and dementia. It is also a feature of attention deficit disorder and other non-trauma-induced conditions."; ; "C160587"; "Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction"; "Executive Function Disorder"; "Executive Function Disorder"; "CTRP"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30909075"; "EFD", "Executive Dysfunction", "Executive Function Disorder", "Executive Functioning Deficit", "Impairment of Executive Functions"; , ; rdfs:label "Executive Function Disorder"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A categorization of surgical procedures by type or purpose."; ; "C161601"; "Health Care Activity"; "Surgical Procedure by Type"; "Surgical Procedure by Type"; rdfs:label "Surgical Procedure by Type" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "MRI that uses a magnet capable of producing a 7 telsa field strength. This increased magnet strength is can produce images with greater signal-to-noise ratio and increased spatial resolution, or faster imaging at standard resolution."; ; "C162646"; "Diagnostic Procedure"; "7 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging"; "7 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging"; "CTRP"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28324301"; "7 Tesla (7 T) MRI", "7 Tesla MRI", "7 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "7T MRI"; , ; rdfs:label "7 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An individual's weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters."; ; "C16358"; "Clinical Attribute"; "Body Mass Index"; "C1305855"; "CDISC", "CPTAC", "NCPDP"; "A general indicator of the body fat an individual is carrying based upon the ratio of weight to height. (NCI)", "A measure that relates body weight to height. BMI is sometimes used to measure total body fat and whether a person is a healthy weight. Excess body fat is linked to an increased risk of some diseases including heart disease and some cancers."; "Body_Mass_Index"; "BMI", "Body Mass Index", "Quetelet Index", "body mass index"; , , , , , , , , , ; rdfs:label "Body Mass Index"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eabb3; "The cause of a disease or abnormal condition."; ; "C16390"; "Conceptual Entity"; "Etiology"; "C1314792"; "The cause or origin of disease."; "Etiology"; "In recent years there has been a significant expansion in our understanding of the underlying etiologies of the epilepsies, underpinned by advances in modern neuroimaging and genetic testing. As such terminology such as 'idiopathic', 'cryptogenic' and 'symptomatic' are no longer used. Epilepsies are now described more precisely by their specific underlying etiologies."; "Causation", "Cause", "Etiology", "etiology"; "Epilepsy etiologies"; rdfs:label "Etiology"; true . _:3eabb3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . _:3eabc3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "In recent years there has been a significant expansion in our understanding of the underlying etiologies of the epilepsies, underpinned by advances in modern neuroimaging and genetic testing. As such terminology such as 'idiopathic', 'cryptogenic' and 'symptomatic' are no longer used. Epilepsies are now described more precisely by their specific underlying etiologies."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/epilepsies-etiology-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eabd3; "The measurement of the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain, usually conducted externally, using extremely sensitive devices. The measurement of electric fields in the brain provides information about the localization of brain activity which is complementary to that provided by electroencephalography."; ; "C16811"; "Diagnostic Procedure"; "Magnetoencephalography"; "Magnetoencephalography"; "C0024489"; "CTRP"; "Magnetoencephalography"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15281961"; "MEG", "Magnetoencephalography"; , ; rdfs:label "Magnetoencephalography"; true; true; true . _:3eabd3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A representation of something, often idealized or modified to make it conceptually easier to understand."; ; "C16866"; "Intellectual Product"; "Model"; "C3161035"; "CDISC-GLOSS"; "A formal structure for representing and analyzing a process such as a clinical trial or the information pertaining to a restricted context (e.g., clinical trial data). [CDISC]"; "Model_System"; "Model", "Model System", "Modeling System", "Models", "model"; , ; rdfs:label "Model" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eabe3; "Any aspect of an individual's life, behavior, an environmental exposure, or an inborn or inherited characteristic that increases the likelihood of a disease, condition or injury."; ; "C17103"; "Clinical Attribute"; "Risk Factor"; "C0035648"; "Something that increases the chance of developing a disease. Some examples of risk factors for cancer are age, a family history of certain cancers, use of tobacco products, being exposed to radiation or certain chemicals, infection with certain viruses or bacteria, and certain genetic changes."; "Risk_Factor"; "Risk Factor", "risk factor"; rdfs:label "Risk Factor" . _:3eabe3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A method of examining structures within the body by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis."; ; "C17204"; "Diagnostic Procedure"; "Computed Tomography"; "Computed Tomography"; "C0040405"; "CDISC", "CTRP", "FDA"; "A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine.", "An imaging technique for examining structures within the body by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis."; "Computed_Tomography"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=8215194"; "CAT", "CAT Scan", "CAT scan", "CT", "CT SCAN", "CT scan", "Computed Tomography", "Computerized Axial Tomography", "Computerized Tomography", "computed tomography", "computerized axial tomography", "computerized tomography", "tomography"; , , , , , ; rdfs:label "Computed Tomography"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eabf3; "A computer algorithm to solve non-linear optimization problems. The algorithm was derived in analogy to the way the densely interconnected, parallel structure of the brain processes information."; ; "C17429"; "Intellectual Product"; "Neural Network"; "C0870951"; "Neural_Network"; "Neural Network", "Neural Networks (Computer)"; rdfs:label "Neural Network" . _:3eabf3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "C17456"; "Intellectual Product"; "Experimental Model"; "C0086272"; "Experimental_Model"; "Experimental Model", "Experimental Models, Other"; rdfs:label "Experimental Model" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eac03; "Surgery that does not alter the course of a disease, but improves the quality of life."; ; "C17883"; "Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure"; "Palliative Surgery"; "Palliative Surgery"; "C0282282"; "CTRP"; "Palliative_Surgery"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23250841"; "Palliative Surgery"; , ; rdfs:label "Palliative Surgery"; true . _:3eac03 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Any procedure or test to diagnose a disease or disorder."; ; "C18020"; "Diagnostic Procedure"; "Diagnostic Procedure"; "Diagnostic Procedure"; "C0430022"; "CTRP", "NICHD"; "A specific test or series of steps done to help diagnose a disease or condition. Mammograms and colonscopies are examples of diagnostic procedures."; "Diagnostic_Procedure"; "Diagnostic Procedure"; "Other diagnostic procedures on breast", "Other diagnostic procedures on rectum, rectosigmoid and perirectal tissue"; "Diagnostic Method", "Diagnostic Procedure", "Diagnostic Technique", "Diagnostic Test", "diagnostic procedure", "diagnostic technique"; , , ; rdfs:label "Diagnostic Procedure" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Techniques for analysis of chromosomal and subchromosomal properties and structures, such as those to diagnose, classify, screen for, or manage genetic diseases and abnormalities."; ; "C18280"; "Laboratory Procedure"; "Cytogenetic Analysis"; "Cytogenetic Analysis"; "C0752095"; "CDISC", "CPTAC", "CTRP"; "The determination of the holistic or specific regional aberrations in a chromosome (insertions, deletions, amplifications, translocations)."; "Cytogenetic_Analysis"; "Cytogenetics, NOS"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21269290"; "CHROMAB", "Chromosomal Aberration", "Cytogenetic Analysis", "Cytogenetic Techniques", "Cytogenetic studies"; , , , , , , , , ; rdfs:label "Cytogenetic Analysis"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A record of a patient's background regarding health and the occurrence of disease events of the individual. In addition, personal medical history may be a variable in epidemiologic studies."; ; ; "C18772"; "Clinical Attribute"; "Personal Medical History"; "C0262926"; "CPTAC", "NICHD"; "A collection of information about a person's health. It may include information about allergies, illnesses and surgeries, and dates and results of physical exams, tests, screenings, and immunizations. It may also include information about medicines taken and about diet and exercise."; "Personal_Medical_History"; "Personal Medical History"; "General Medical History", "History", "Medical History", "PMH", "Past Medical History", "Personal History", "Personal Medical History", "personal health record", "personal history", "personal medical history"; , , , , ; rdfs:label "Personal Medical History"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A rodent disease whose pathologic mechanisms are sufficiently similar to those of a human disease to serve as a model."; ; "C19021"; "Experimental Model of Disease"; "Rodent Model of Disease"; "C1519106"; "Rodent_Model"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22938964"; "Rodent Model of Disease"; rdfs:label "Rodent Model of Disease"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "C19146"; "Research Activity"; "In Vitro Model"; "C1515654"; "in_vitro_Model"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30086482"; "In vitro (Latin for within the glass) refers to the technique of performing a given procedure in a controlled environment outside of a living organism."; "In Vitro Model"; rdfs:label "In Vitro Model"; true . _:3eac13 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "In vitro (Latin for within the glass) refers to the technique of performing a given procedure in a controlled environment outside of a living organism."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://mpkb.org/home/patients/assessing_literature/in_vitro_studies" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "C19148"; "Research Activity"; "In Vivo Model"; "C1515657"; "in_vivo_Model"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30086482"; "In vivo (Latin for “within the living”) refers to experimentation using a whole, living organism as opposed to a partial or dead organism."; "In Vivo Model"; rdfs:label "In Vivo Model"; true . _:3eac23 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "In vivo (Latin for “within the living”) refers to experimentation using a whole, living organism as opposed to a partial or dead organism."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://mpkb.org/home/patients/assessing_literature/in_vitro_studies" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A disease in a transgenic animal with pathologic mechanisms sufficiently similar to those of a human disease for the animal disease to serve as a model."; ; "C19272"; "Experimental Model of Disease"; "Transgenic Model"; "C1519606"; "Transgenic_Model"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20492865"; "Transgenic Model"; rdfs:label "Transgenic Model"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Research animal models that do not include mice, rats, etc, but that might include non-human primates, cats, dogs, and others."; ; "C19300"; "Experimental Model of Disease"; "Non-Rodent Model"; "C1518385"; "Non-Rodent_Model"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22938964"; "Non-Rodent Model"; rdfs:label "Non-Rodent Model"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The distinguishing qualities or prominent aspects of an individual person."; ; "C19332"; "Organism Attribute"; "Personal Attribute"; "C0681884"; "Personal_Attribute"; "Personal", "Personal Attribute", "Subject Characteristics"; rdfs:label "Personal Attribute" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eac33; "A laboratory procedure that involves the study of tissues, cells, and fluids using DNA/RNA analysis techniques for the identification of characteristics and abnormalities at the molecular level."; ; "C19770"; "Laboratory Procedure"; "Molecular Analysis"; "C1513380"; "Molecular_Analysis"; "Molecular Analysis", "Molecular Genetic Analysis", "Molecular Genetic Procedure", "Molecular Procedure"; rdfs:label "Molecular Analysis" . _:3eac33 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The X-ray examination of the blood vessels or chambers of the heart."; ; "C20080"; "Diagnostic Procedure"; "Angiography"; "Angiography"; "CL378222"; "CDISC", "CTRP"; "A method used to create an image of blood vessels.", "A procedure to x-ray blood vessels. The blood vessels can be seen because of an injection of a dye that shows up in the x-ray."; "Angiography"; "ANGIOGRAPHY", "Angiography", "angiography"; , , , , , ; rdfs:label "Angiography"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://epilepsyontario.org/wada-test/"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Any one of several evaluation/assessment tools used to ascertain a patient's condition or diagnosis."; ; ; "C20993"; "Intellectual Product"; "Research or Clinical Assessment Tool"; "C1516602"; "NICHD"; "Clinical_Assessment_Tool"; "Clinical Assessment Tool"; "Clinical Assessment Tool", "Clinical or Research Assessment Tool", "Research or Clinical Assessment Tool"; ; rdfs:label "Research or Clinical Assessment Tool" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A highly invasive form of electroanalgesia mainly used in the management of debilitating chronic pain syndromes after all other less invasive therapeutic modalities (including SCS) have failed. (White, Li, and Chiu)"; ; "C21024"; "Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure"; "Deep Brain Stimulation"; "C0394162"; "CPTAC"; "Deep_Brain_Stimulation"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30030085"; "DBS", "Deep Brain Stimulation", "Deep Brain Stimulation Therapy"; , , ; rdfs:label "Deep Brain Stimulation"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The vertical measurement or distance from the base to the top of an object; the vertical dimension of extension."; ; "C25347"; "Quantitative Concept"; "Height"; "C0489786"; "CDISC", "FDA", "NCPDP"; "The vertical measurement or distance from the base to the top of an object; the vertical dimension of extension. (NCI)", "Vertical measurement value."; "Height"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28384785"; "HEIGHT", "Height", "Height at Time of Procedure"; , , , , , , , ; rdfs:label "Height"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Something that happens at a given place and time."; ; "C25499"; "Event"; "Event"; "C0441471"; "Event"; "Event"; rdfs:label "Event" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A functional and/or structural disorder of the brain caused by diseases (e.g. liver disease, kidney disease), medications, chemicals, and injuries."; ; ; "C26920"; "Disease or Syndrome"; "Encephalopathy"; "C0085584"; "Patient Code (Appendix B)"; "CTCAE", "FDA", "MedDRA", "NICHD"; "A disorder characterized by a pathologic process involving the brain.", "A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals.", "Diffuse disease of the brain that alters function and/or structure of the brain and is characterized by an altered mental state."; "Encephalopathy"; "Encephalopathy"; "Encephalopathy"; "Encephalopathy", "encephalopathy"; , , , , ; rdfs:label "Encephalopathy" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Any disease or disorder that occurs during the course of, or because of, another disease, treatment, or procedure."; ; "C2959"; "Finding"; "Complication"; "C0009566"; "NICHD"; "In medicine, a medical problem that occurs during a disease, or after a procedure or treatment. The complication may be caused by the disease, procedure, or treatment or may be unrelated to them."; "Complication"; "Complication"; "Complication", "Medical Complication", "complication"; , ; rdfs:label "Complication" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A traumatic injury to the head."; ; ; "C34660"; "Finding"; "Head Injury"; "C0018674"; "Patient Code (Appendix B)"; "FDA", "NICHD"; "Head_Injury"; "Head Injury"; "Head Injury", "Injury of Head", "Injury, Head"; , , , ; rdfs:label "Head Injury"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A psychological state of emotional lability characterized by irrational behavior. This is a colloquial term that is not commonly used in clinical medicine."; ; "C34721"; "Sign or Symptom"; "Hysteria"; "C0020701"; "Hysteria"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1169/#adnfle.Clinical_Characteristics"; "Hysteria"; rdfs:label "Hysteria"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A partial motor seizure that begins in a single area of the body and progresses to include other areas on the same side of the body."; ; "C34739"; "Finding"; "Jacksonian Seizure"; "C0022333"; "Jacksonian_Seizure"; "Jacksonian Seizure"; rdfs:label "Jacksonian Seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/article/2013/6/do-you-know-what-jacksonian-march"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The visual perception of an image that differs from the reality of the image."; ; "C34865"; "Disease or Syndrome"; "Optical Illusion"; "C0029139"; "Optical_Illusion"; "Optical Illusion", "Visual Illusion"; rdfs:label "Optical Illusion"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://eyewiki.aao.org/Ophthalmologic_Manifestations_of_Epilepsy"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A specific behavioral problem that occurs in persistent patterns and characteristic clusters and that causes clinically significant impairment."; ; "C35470"; "Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction"; "Behavioral Disorder"; "C0481391"; "CPTAC", "NICHD"; "Behavior-Related_Disorder"; "Behavioral Disorder"; "Seeking and accepting physical, nutritional and chemical interventions known to be hazardous and harmful"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27210239"; "Behavior-Related Disorder", "Behavior-Related Problem", "Behavioral Disorder", "Behaviour-Related Disorder", "Lifestyle-Related Condition", "Lifestyle-Related Disorder", "Lifestyle-Related Problem"; "Behavioral, psychological and psychiatric disorders"; , , , , ; rdfs:label "Behavioral Disorder"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#behavioral"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A variation in or modification of the nucleic acid sequence of a gene that can alter its expression and may result in either a congenital disorder or the clinical presentation of a disease."; ; "C36327"; "Cell or Molecular Dysfunction"; "Gene Abnormality"; "C1517478"; "Gene_Abnormality"; "Current knowledge regarding the contribution of gene abnormalities to epilepsy derives from specific molecular genetic studies that have been well replicated and even become the basis of diagnostic testing, or from appropriately designed family studies."; "Gene Abnormality", "Genetic Mutation"; rdfs:label "Gene Abnormality"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#GeneticMutation"; ""; true . _:3eac43 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Current knowledge regarding the contribution of gene abnormalities to epilepsy derives from specific molecular genetic studies that have been well replicated and even become the basis of diagnostic testing, or from appropriately designed family studies."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/gene-abnormalities-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eac53; "Surgery which cures disease."; ; "C38047"; "Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure"; "Curative Surgery"; "C1511562"; "Curative_Surgery"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16380232"; "Curative Surgery"; rdfs:label "Curative Surgery"; true . _:3eac53 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A twenty-one question survey completed by a patient, with each answer scored on a scale of 0 to 3, designed to measure presence of depression."; ; "C40438"; "Intellectual Product"; "Beck Depression Inventory"; "C0451022"; "Beck_Depression_Inventory"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29111504"; "Beck Depression Inventory"; rdfs:label "Beck Depression Inventory"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Graphic representation and categorization of the electrical vectors produced by the depolarization and repolarization of myocardial tissue."; ; "C41328"; "Finding"; "Electrocardiographic Finding"; "C0438154"; "Electrocardiographic_Finding"; "ECG Finding", "Electrocardiographic Finding", "Electrocardiographic Findings"; rdfs:label "Electrocardiographic Finding" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Infection of a break in the skin or other tissue."; ; , ; "C45234"; "Disease or Syndrome"; "Wound Infection"; "C0043241"; "MedDRA", "NICHD"; "A disorder characterized by an infectious process involving the wound.", "Infection of a break in the skin or other tissue due to injury."; "Wound_Infection"; "Wound Infection"; "Wound infection"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29624147"; "Wound Infection", "Wound infection"; , , ; rdfs:label "Wound Infection"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eac63; "A conductor that is designed to make contact with part of a circuit or system."; ; "C49936"; "Manufactured Object"; "Electrode Device"; "C0013812"; "FDA"; "A small piece of metal or other conductive substance this is used to take an electric current to or from a source of power, a piece of equipment. Not to be used for patient connection.", "In medicine, a device such as a small metal plate or needle that carries electricity from an instrument to a patient for treatment or surgery. Electrodes can also carry electrical signals from muscles, brain, heart, skin, or other body parts to recording devices to help diagnose certain conditions."; "Electrode_Device_Component"; "IMDRF:G021501"; "Electrode", "Electrode Device", "electrode"; , ; rdfs:label "Electrode Device" . _:3eac63 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A dose of medicine that was not taken at the prescribed dosing interval."; ; ; "C50429"; "Functional Concept"; "Missed Dose"; "C1709043"; "Patient Code (Appendix B)"; "FDA"; "Missed_Dose"; "Dose, Missed", "Missed Dose"; , ; rdfs:label "Missed Dose"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/triggers-seizures/missed-medicines"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A state of general hypoxia and hypercapnea, resulting in acidosis, which affects all tissues in the body."; ; ; ; "C50465"; "Finding"; "Asphyxia"; "C0004044"; "Patient Code (Appendix B)"; "FDA", "MedDRA", "NICHD"; "A condition due to lack of oxygen in respired air, resulting in impending or actual cessation of life.", "A state of hypoxia and hypercapnea, resulting in acidosis, which affects all tissues in the body."; "Asphyxia"; "Asphyxia"; "Asphyxia"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29382476"; "Asphyxia"; , , , ; rdfs:label "Asphyxia"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A severe, often fatal encephalopathy which has been attributed to accumulation in the brain of aluminum from dialysate prepared with inadequately purified water."; ; ; "C50531"; "Disease or Syndrome"; "Dialysis Encephalopathy"; "C0221040"; "Patient Code (Appendix B)"; "FDA"; "A severe, often fatal encephalopathy which has been attributed to accumulation in the brain of aluminum from dialysate prepared with inadequately purified water."; "Dialysis_Encephalopathy"; "Dementia, Dialysis", "Dialysis Dementia", "Dialysis Encephalopathy", "Progressive Dialysis Encephalopathy"; , ; rdfs:label "Dialysis Encephalopathy"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/renal-disorders/dialysis-encephalopathy-syndrome"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A sudden movement downward, usually resulting in injury."; ; ; "C50558"; "Phenomenon or Process"; "Fall"; "C0085639"; "Patient Code (Appendix B)"; "CPTAC", "CTCAE", "FDA", "MedDRA", "NICHD"; "A finding of sudden movement downward, usually resulting in injury.", "An event which results in an individual coming to rest inadvertently on the ground or lower object. (WHO)"; "Fall"; "Fall"; "Fall"; "Fall"; , , , , , , , ; rdfs:label "Fall"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/age-groups/seniors-and-epilepsy/falls-during-seizures"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An objective visual sensation that appears with the eyes closed and in the absence of visual light."; ; ; "C50697"; "Finding"; "Phosphene Visualization"; "C1709528"; "Patient Code (Appendix B)"; "FDA"; "An objective visual sensation that appears with the eyes closed and in the absence of visual light."; "Phosphene_Visualization"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2757123/"; "Phosphene Visualization", "Visualization, Phosphene"; , ; rdfs:label "Phosphene Visualization"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Flow in the opposite direction from normal, as the casting up of undigested food or gas from the stomach, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent."; ; ; "C50726"; "Finding"; "Regurgitation"; "C2004489"; "Patient Code (Appendix B)"; "FDA", "NICHD"; "Flow in the opposite direction from normal, as the casting up of undigested food or gas from the stomach, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent."; "Regurgitation"; "Regurgitation"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28139515"; "Regurgitation"; , , , ; rdfs:label "Regurgitation"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An interconnected system of things or people."; ; "C61377"; "Conceptual Entity"; "Network"; "C1882071"; "Network"; "Network"; rdfs:label "Network" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "C63479"; "Laboratory Procedure"; "Gene Expression Analysis"; "Gene Expression Analysis"; "C1880945"; "CTRP"; "Gene_Expression_Analysis"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19243383", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29722352"; "Gene expression analysis is the study of gene products by imaging, amplification, probe hybridization or sequencing-based detection methods."; "Gene Expression Analysis"; , ; rdfs:label "Gene Expression Analysis"; true . _:3eac73 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Gene expression analysis is the study of gene products by imaging, amplification, probe hybridization or sequencing-based detection methods."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.nature.com/subjects/gene-expression-analysis" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A type of psychotherapy utilized to treat different forms of mental disorders.The treatment involves the identification of unhelpful or destructive patterns of thinking and behaviors and the subsequent replacement with behaviors that are beneficial and constructive."; ; "C64345"; "Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure"; "Cognitive Behavior Therapy"; "Cognitive Behavior Therapy"; "C0009244"; "CTRP"; "A type of psychotherapy that helps patients change their behavior by changing the way they think and feel about certain things. It is used to treat mental, emotional, personality, and behavioral disorders."; "Cognitive_Behavior_Therapy"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28382495"; "CBT", "CT", "Cognitive Behavior Therapy", "cognitive behavior therapy", "cognitive therapy"; "Cognitive and Behavioral Interventions"; , ; rdfs:label "Cognitive Behavior Therapy"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A type of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) that maps the diffusion of water in three dimensions, the principal purpose of which is to image the white matter of the brain, specifically measuring the anisotropy, location, and orientation of the neural tracts, which can demonstrate microstructural changes or differences with neuropathology and treatment."; ; "C64862"; "Diagnostic Procedure"; "Diffusion Tensor Imaging"; "Diffusion Tensor Imaging"; "C1537007"; "CDISC", "CTRP"; "A type of MRI technique that maps the diffusion of water in three dimensions."; "Diffusion_Tensor_Imaging"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26255305"; "DIFFUSION TENSOR MRI", "DT-MRI", "DTI", "Diffusion Tensor Imaging"; , , , , ; rdfs:label "Diffusion Tensor Imaging"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "C65017"; "Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure"; "Nutritional Therapy"; "C2937349"; "CPTAC"; "Treatment based on nutrition. It includes checking a person's nutrition status, and giving the right foods or nutrients to treat conditions such as those caused by diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. It may involve simple changes in a person's diet, or intravenous or tube feeding. Medical nutrition therapy may help patients recover more quickly and spend less time in the hospital."; "Nutritional_Therapy"; "Medical Nutrition Therapy", "Nutritional Therapy", "medical nutrition therapy", "nutrition therapy"; , , ; rdfs:label "Nutritional Therapy"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/living-epilepsy/healthy-living/healthy-eating/nutrition-and-seizure-control"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A thermal ablation therapy in which neoplasms are heated with prolonged and moderate temperature elevations. It results in coagulative necrosis in the heated tissue."; ; "C68680"; "Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure"; "Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy"; "Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy"; "CL374463"; "CTRP"; "Laser_Interstitial_Thermal_Therapy"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30591281"; "LITT", "Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy"; , ; rdfs:label "Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Diverse, mixed, consisting of an assortment of different kinds."; ; "C69023"; "Qualitative Concept"; "Miscellaneous"; "C0205395"; "Miscellaneous"; "Misc", "Miscellaneous", "Miscellaneous events"; rdfs:label "Miscellaneous"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#misc"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An animal that is amenable to experimentation and whose physiological or pathologic mechanisms are sufficiently similar to those of a human for the animal to serve as a model."; ; "C71164"; "Research Activity"; "Animal Model"; "C0599779"; "Animal_Model_Generic"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22938964"; "Animal Model", "Animal Model, Generic", "Research Model, Animal"; rdfs:label "Animal Model"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Injury to the brain of a newborn infant occurring around the time of birth."; ; ; "C73501"; "Finding"; "Perinatal Brain Injury"; "C2347482"; "Patient Code (Appendix B)"; "FDA", "NICHD"; "Injury occurring as a result of the delivery process.", "Injury to the brain of a newborn infant occurring around the time of birth."; "Brain injury, fetal", "Injury, fetal brain"; "Perinatal_Brain_Injury"; "Perinatal Brain Injury"; "Perinatal Brain Injury"; , , , ; rdfs:label "Perinatal Brain Injury"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/about-epilepsy-basics/what-are-risk-factors"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The determination of the amount of glutamate present in a sample."; ; "C74739"; "Laboratory Procedure"; "Glutamate Measurement"; "C0523665"; "CDISC"; "A measurement of the glutamate in a biological specimen."; "Glutamate_Measurement"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21909104"; "GLUTAM", "Glutamate", "Glutamate Measurement", "Glutamic Acid", "glutamate levels"; , , , , ; rdfs:label "Glutamate Measurement"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The determination of the amount of hormone present in a sample."; ; "C74742"; "Laboratory Procedure"; "Hormone Measurement"; "C0441683"; "NICHD"; "Hormone_Measurement"; "Hormone Measurement"; "Hormone Measurement"; , ; rdfs:label "Hormone Measurement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "The determination of the amount of acetylcholine hormone present in a sample."; ; "C74838"; "Laboratory Procedure"; "Acetylcholine Measurement"; "C0523441"; "A measurement of the acetylcholine hormone in a biological specimen."; "Acetylcholine_Measurement"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25819950"; "ACH", "Acetylcholine", "Acetylcholine Measurement"; , , , , ; rdfs:label "Acetylcholine Measurement"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Systems designed to elucidate facts about complex biological phenomena, usually in a less complex or theoretical test environment."; ; "C80519"; "Intellectual Product"; "Biological Model"; "C0026339"; "Biological_Model"; "Biological Model", "Biological Models", "Model", "Model System"; rdfs:label "Biological Model" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Past events that occurred between individuals and/or their communities."; ; ; "C81292"; "Clinical Attribute"; "Social History"; "C0424945"; "NICHD"; "Social_History"; "Social History"; "Social History"; , ; rdfs:label "Social History"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The weight of a subject."; ; "C81328"; "Conceptual Entity"; "Body Weight"; "C0005910"; "CDISC", "NCPDP", "NICHD"; "The weight of a subject. (NCI)"; "Weight_of_Body"; "Body Weight"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25487080"; "BW", "Body Weight"; , , , , , , , ; rdfs:label "Body Weight"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A group of neural cortical developmental malformations of diverse genetic causes. Clinical manifestations include epilepsy and developmental delays."; ; "C84834"; "Congenital Abnormality"; "Malformations of Cortical Development"; "C1955869"; "Malformations of cortical development are structural abnormalities of the cerebral cortex (the grey matter that lines the surface of the brain), which arise due to the abnormal formation of the cerebral cortex in early (intrauterine) life. The precursor cells of the cerebral cortex are initially formed in the periventricular region, and then migrate to their correct location to form the normal structure and cell connections seen in the mature cerebral cortex."; "Malformations of Cortical Development"; rdfs:label "Malformations of Cortical Development"; true . _:3eac83 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Malformations of cortical development are structural abnormalities of the cerebral cortex (the grey matter that lines the surface of the brain), which arise due to the abnormal formation of the cerebral cortex in early (intrauterine) life. The precursor cells of the cerebral cortex are initially formed in the periventricular region, and then migrate to their correct location to form the normal structure and cell connections seen in the mature cerebral cortex."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/malform-cortical-dev-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A parasitic infection with tapeworms of the genus Taenia affecting the brain. It is manifested with seizures and headaches."; ; , ; "C84932"; "Disease or Syndrome"; "Neurocysticercosis"; "C0338437"; "NICHD"; "A central nervous system infection that results from the inactive parenchymal or ventricular stage of Taenia solium. While many infections are asymptomatic, seizures are the most common symptom."; "Neurocysticercosis"; "Neurocysticercosis is caused by ingestion of food contaminated with Taenia solium eggs. Eggs hatch in the intestine, larvae migrate to the central nervous system and then form cysts. Cysts have four phases: 1) vesicular (asymptomatic); 2) colloidal (degeneration and inflammation); 3) granular nodular; and 4) calcification. Although seizures are most often associated with cyst degeneration, they can occur at any stage. Although neurocysticercosis is more prevalent in developing countries (Latin-America, India and Africa), individuals in developed countries may be affected, if they have had foreign travel to endemic areas."; "Neurocysticercosis"; , ; rdfs:label "Neurocysticercosis"; true . _:3eac93 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Neurocysticercosis is caused by ingestion of food contaminated with Taenia solium eggs. Eggs hatch in the intestine, larvae migrate to the central nervous system and then form cysts. Cysts have four phases: 1) vesicular (asymptomatic); 2) colloidal (degeneration and inflammation); 3) granular nodular; and 4) calcification. Although seizures are most often associated with cyst degeneration, they can occur at any stage. Although neurocysticercosis is more prevalent in developing countries (Latin-America, India and Africa), individuals in developed countries may be affected, if they have had foreign travel to endemic areas."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/infectious-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A condition characterized by development of symptoms while standing. It is an autonomic nervous system disorder and the symptoms are relieved once the person sits back down. Symptoms include heart palpitations, sweating, anxiety, lightheadedness, hyperpnea, anxiety, and blurred vision."; ; "C84973"; "Finding"; "Orthostatic Intolerance"; "C1535893"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18777476"; "Orthostatic intolerance may result in syncope with changes in posture. Chronic orthostatic intolerance / the postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) in adolescents and adults can produce symptoms of light-headedness, dizziness, blurred vision, sweating, headache and nausea."; "Orthostatic Intolerance"; rdfs:label "Orthostatic Intolerance"; true; true . _:3eaca3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Orthostatic intolerance may result in syncope with changes in posture. Chronic orthostatic intolerance / the postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) in adolescents and adults can produce symptoms of light-headedness, dizziness, blurred vision, sweating, headache and nausea."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#orthostatic" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An ability to understand the meaning or importance of something (or the knowledge acquired as a result)."; ; "C86022"; "Mental Process"; "Comprehension"; "C0162340"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28858722"; "Comprehension", "Understanding"; rdfs:label "Comprehension"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An emotion associated with feeling good."; ; "C86580"; "Mental Process"; "Pleasure"; "C0679105"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4804666/"; "Pleasure"; rdfs:label "Pleasure"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Failing to produce an effect from some foregoing stimulus or agent."; ; "C86933"; "Conceptual Entity"; "Unresponsive"; "C0237284"; "Not Responsive", "Unresponsive"; rdfs:label "Unresponsive"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An intelligence test published by Harcourt Assessment and designed for children ages 2 years 6 months to 7 years 3 months. It provides subtest and composite scores that represent intellectual functioning in verbal and performance cognitive domains, and provides a composite score that represents a child's general intellectual ability."; ; "C86974"; "Intellectual Product"; "Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence"; "C2828074"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31461681"; "WPPSI", "Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence", "Wechsler intelligence scale for preschool children version IV)"; rdfs:label "Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A change from the normal breathing pattern in an infant, child, or adult, in terms of the amplitude and frequency of inhalations and exhalations."; ; "C87089"; "Sign or Symptom"; "Irregular Respiration"; "C0425492"; "NICHD"; "Irregular Respiration"; "Irregular Breathing", "Irregular Respiration"; , , ; rdfs:label "Irregular Respiration"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An instrument consisting of a predetermined set of questions for a clinical or research assessment."; ; "C91105"; "Intellectual Product"; "Clinical or Research Assessment Questionnaire"; "C2984042"; "Clinical or Research Assessment Questionnaire"; rdfs:label "Clinical or Research Assessment Questionnaire" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "MRI that uses a magnet capable of producing a 3 telsa field strength. In theory, 3.0 T magnets have the capability to provide better image quality, with improved diagnostic performance."; ; "C93013"; "Diagnostic Procedure"; "3 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging"; "3 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging"; "CL412383"; "CTRP"; "A procedure in which radio waves and a powerful magnet linked to a computer are used to make detailed pictures of areas inside the body. These pictures can show the difference between normal and abnormal tissue. 3T MRI has a stronger magnet and makes better images of organs and soft tissue than other types of MRI do. It is used to make images of the brain, the spine, the soft tissue of joints, and the inside of bones and blood vessels."; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28324301"; "3 Tesla (3 T) MRI", "3 Tesla MRI", "3 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging", "3T MRI"; , ; rdfs:label "3 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "C94198"; "Medical Device"; "Cardiac Pacemaker"; "C0030163"; "An electronic device that is implanted in the body to monitor heart rate and rhythm. It gives the heart electrical stimulation when it does not beat normally. It runs on batteries and has long, thin wires that connect it to the heart."; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26293325"; "Cardiac Pacemaker", "artificial pacemaker", "cardiac pacemaker", "pacemaker"; rdfs:label "Cardiac Pacemaker"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eacb3; "Epilepsy that is refractory to treatment."; ; "C9487"; "Disease or Syndrome"; "Intractable Epilepsy"; "C1096063"; "Intractable_Epilepsy"; "Intractable Epilepsy", "refractory epilepsy"; rdfs:label "Intractable Epilepsy" . _:3eacb3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A benign glial-neuronal neoplasm. It is usually supratentorial, located, generally, in the cortex and occurs in children and young adults with a long-standing history of partial seizures. A histologic hallmark of this tumor is the 'specific glioneuronal element', characterized by columns, made up of bundles of axons, oriented perpendicularly to the cortical surface. (Adapted from WHO)"; ; "C9505"; "Neoplastic Process"; "Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor"; "C1266177"; "9413/0"; "Undetermined"; "Dysembryoplastic_Neuroepithelial_Tumor"; "9413/0", "Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor"; "A dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET) is a glioneuronal tumor that is cortically based, usually with a multinodular and/or multicystic appearance. Histologically, DNET's are characterized by oligodendrioglial like cells, intermixed with neuronal and astrocytic cells, with minimial cellular atypia. They are commonly found in the temporal lobes, but can be found elsewhere. They are frequently found to co-occur with adjacent focal cortical dysplasia (FCD IIIb), suggesting a common developmental etiology for both structural abnormalities."; "DNET", "DNT", "Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Neoplasm", "Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor"; , ; rdfs:label "Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor"; true . _:3eacc3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET) is a glioneuronal tumor that is cortically based, usually with a multinodular and/or multicystic appearance. Histologically, DNET's are characterized by oligodendrioglial like cells, intermixed with neuronal and astrocytic cells, with minimial cellular atypia. They are commonly found in the temporal lobes, but can be found elsewhere. They are frequently found to co-occur with adjacent focal cortical dysplasia (FCD IIIb), suggesting a common developmental etiology for both structural abnormalities."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/dnet-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Episodes of cyanosis that result from breath holding spells in response to anger or frustration, during childhood. These episodes usually resolve in a few seconds."; ; "C98909"; "Finding"; "Cyanotic Attacks in Children"; "C3274490"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2609/"; "Breath-holding attacks", "Cyanotic Attacks in Children", "cyanotic breath-holding attacks"; rdfs:label "Cyanotic Attacks in Children"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#breath-holding"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A congenital or acquired cystic cavity within the cerebral hemisphere."; ; ; "C99020"; "Finding"; "Porencephalic Cyst"; "C4082172"; "NICHD"; "Cystic area of encephalomalacia that is the end result of a destructive process such as intraparenchymal hemorrhage, infection or trauma."; "Porencephalic Cyst"; "Porencephalic cysts are cavities seen in the cerebral hemispheres, that may arise due to past hypoxia-ischemia, vascular occlusion (stroke), haemorrhage, or infection. These cysts may co-exist with other structural sequelae of the original cerebral insult or with hippocampal sclerosis."; "Porencephalic Cyst"; , , ; rdfs:label "Porencephalic Cyst"; true . _:3eacd3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Porencephalic cysts are cavities seen in the cerebral hemispheres, that may arise due to past hypoxia-ischemia, vascular occlusion (stroke), haemorrhage, or infection. These cysts may co-exist with other structural sequelae of the original cerebral insult or with hippocampal sclerosis."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/porencephalic-cyst-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "a pathological bodily process that occurs after a medical intervention. An adverse event is likely caused by the medical intervention; however, such a causal association is not required to be an adverse event."; "Melanie Courtot and YH: More work is needed on how to restrict the scope of a term to be an 'adverse event', notably regarding temporal association. When is an appropirate time interval between a medical intervention and an adverse event observed? One week, one month, one year, or a lifetime? For some well-studied medical interventions (e.g., administration of many vaccines or drugs), we probably have a general idea. For many new interventions, we don't know much. In OAE, this issue is associated with defining the 'adverse event incubation time'.", "YH: An adverse event is a process that has specified output of some adverse medical outcome (e.g., symptom, sign or accident) after a medical intervention (or process) (e.g., administration of drug or vaccine). The medical intervention can be an administration of a drug, a vaccine (i.e., vaccination), or a special nutritional product (for example, dietary supplement, infant formula, medical food), surgery, or usage of a medical device.", "YH: An adverse event is possibly induced by the medical intervention. It can be caused by the medical intervention, or may not be caused by the medical intervention. One ultimate goal (or the goal in clinics) of study adverse events is to assess if the adverse event outcome is due to the medical intervention.", """YH: In development of OAE, we initially use vaccine adverse event as our use case. A vaccine adverse event is associated with a vaccination (i.e. a medical intervention), regardless of whether it is considered vaccine-related, and includes any side effect, injury, toxicity, or sensitivity reaction or significant failure of immunization (i.e., a pharmacologic action). Ref: Baylor NW and Midthum K. Regulation and testing of vaccines. In: Vaccines (Editors: Plotkin S, Orenstein W, and Offit P). 2008. p1623.""", """YH: The current term 'adverse event' is different from the term definition shown in our paper: He Y, Xiang Z, Sarntivijai S, Toldo L, Ceusters W. OAE: a realism-based biomedical ontology for the representation of adverse events. Adverse Event Representation Workshop, International Conference on Biomedical Ontologies (ICBO), University at Buffalo, NY, July 26-30, 2011. Full lenghth conference proceeding paper. We made the name changing in order to make OAE cover the broader sense of the 'adverse event' which does not assume definite causal effect between an adverse event and a medical intervention. In current definition, the adverse event emphasizes the time association and assumes a likelihood of such a causal association. This term 'adverse event' is stil under the OGMS:pathological bodily process. The 'adverse event' defined in the above paper has now been changed to a new term: 'causal adverse event'. See more information in the new publication: Yongqun He Y, Sirarat Sarntivijai, Yu Lin, Zuoshuang Xiang, Abra Guo, Shelley Zhang, Desikan Jagannathan, Luca Toldo, Cui Tao and Barry Smith. OAE: The Ontology of Adverse Events. Journal of Biomedical Semantics. 2014, 5:29 doi:10.1186/2041-1480-5-29. PMID: 25093068.PMCID: PMC4120740.""", "YH: The main scope of OAE includes: (1) represent terms and relations in the area of adverse events, (2) assess possible associations between an adverse event and a medical intervention, particularly, identify any causal effect of a medical intervention to an adverse event; and (2) understand the mechanism (including molecular mechanisms) of causal adverse events.", "YH: There has been discussion regarding whether the term 'side effect' is an alternative term for 'adverse event'. In AERO, the term 'AERO:adverse event' represents a subset of those adverse events for which causality has been established. In OAE, an adverse event for which causality has been established is called 'causal adverse event'."; "Yongqun He"; "AE", "adverse reaction"; "WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_event", "WEB: http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/HowToReport/ucm053087.htm", "WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25093068"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5946606/"; rdfs:comment "The OAE official website is: http://www.oae-ontology.org/."; rdfs:label "adverse event"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "medical intervention is a planned process that has the goal of diagnosing, preventing or relieving illness or injury. "; """The act of intervening, interfering or interceding with the intent of modifying the outcome. In medicine, an intervention is usually undertaken to help treat or cure a condition. For example, \"Acupuncture as a therapeutic intervention is widely practiced in the United States,\" Reference: http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=34214 . Some interventions can be used for diagnosis. """; "YH"; "WEB: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_medical_intervention"; ; rdfs:label "medical intervention" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "coagulopathy AE results in the impairment of blood to clot causing ecessive or prolonged bleeding. "; "SJ, YH"; "bleeding disorder", "clotting disorder"; "WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulopathy"; ; "10009802"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22693291"; "Coagulopathy Hemorrhage"; rdfs:label "coagulopathy AE"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#CoagulopathyHemorrhage"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "an adverse event that occurs in brain. "; "YH"; "brain disorder AE"; ; rdfs:label "brain AE" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "a brain disorder AE that results in brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood vessels being moved or pressed away from their usual position inside the skull."; "SJ, YH"; """WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001421.htm """; ; "10006126"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25260205"; "Idiopathic Brain Herniation"; rdfs:label "brain herniation AE"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "a brain injury AE,  injury to the brain caused by an external force, that results in a brain AE"; "SJ, YH"; "Traumatic Brain Injury"; """WEB: http://www.biausa.org/FAQRetrieve.aspx?ID=43913 """; ; "10067967"; rdfs:label "brain injury AE"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#TraumaticBrainInjury", "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/traumatic-brain-injury-overview.html"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Acupuncture is the stimulation of specific acupuncture points along the skin of the body using thin needles. It can be associated with the application of heat, pressure, or laser light to these same points."; "JX, LW"; "WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupuncture"; ; "10000646"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29888583"; "acupuncture therapy"; rdfs:label "acupuncture"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The amount of a neurotransmitter."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25819950"; "amount of neurotransmitter"; "oba"; "OBA:0000116"; rdfs:label "neurotransmitter levels"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The amount of a ammonia when measured in blood."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28288363"; "blood ammonia amount"; rdfs:label "blood ammonia amount"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "planned process"; "Injecting mice with a vaccine in order to test its efficacy"; ; "A processual entity that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification."; "'Plan' includes a future direction sense. That can be problematic if plans are changed during their execution. There are however implicit contingencies for protocols that an agent has in his mind that can be considered part of the plan, even if the agent didn't have them in mind before. Therefore, a planned process can diverge from what the agent would have said the plan was before executing it, by adjusting to problems encountered during execution (e.g. choosing another reagent with equivalent properties, if the originally planned one has run out.)", """We are only considering successfully completed planned processes. A plan may be modified, and details added during execution. For a given planned process, the associated realized plan specification is the one encompassing all changes made during execution. This means that all processes in which an agent acts towards achieving some objectives is a planned process."""; "Bjoern Peters"; "branch derived"; "6/11/9: Edited at workshop. Used to include: is initiated by an agent", "This class merges the previously separated objective driven process and planned process, as they the separation proved hard to maintain. (1/22/09, branch call)"; , , , , ; rdfs:label "planned process" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "processed material"; "Examples include gel matrices, filter paper, parafilm and buffer solutions, mass spectrometer, tissue samples"; ; "Is a material entity that is created or changed during material processing."; "PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg"; ; rdfs:label "processed material" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "assay"; "Assay the wavelength of light emitted by excited Neon atoms. Count of geese flying over a house."; ; "A planned process with the objective to produce information about some evaluant", "A planned process with the objective to produce information about the material entity that is the evaluant, by physically examining it or its proxies."; "12/3/12: BP: the reference to the 'physical examination' is included to point out that a prediction is not an assay, as that does not require physical examiniation. "; "PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch"; "measuring", "scientific observation"; "OBI branch derived"; , ; "study assay"; "any method"; rdfs:label "assay" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "material processing"; "A cell lysis, production of a cloning vector, creating a buffer."; ; "A planned process which results in physical changes in a specified input material"; "PERSON: Bjoern Peters", "PERSON: Frank Gibson", "PERSON: Jennifer Fostel", "PERSON: Melanie Courtot", "PERSON: Philippe Rocca Serra"; "material transformation"; "OBI branch derived"; , ; rdfs:label "material processing" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "extracellular electrophysiology recording assay"; "The recording of a spike train in the caudate nucleus of a monkey where the electrodes are extra cellular, i.e. not in the neuron"; ; "An electrophysiology recording assay where the recording location of the electrode is extracellular"; "Frank Gibson", "Helen Parkinson"; "Frank Gibson"; ; rdfs:label "extracellular electrophysiology recording assay" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "DNA sequencing"; "Genomic deletions of OFD1 account for 23% of oral-facial-digital type 1 syndrome after negative DNA sequencing. Thauvin-Robinet C, Franco B, Saugier-Veber P, Aral B, Gigot N, Donzel A, Van Maldergem L, Bieth E, Layet V, Mathieu M, Teebi A, Lespinasse J, Callier P, Mugneret F, Masurel-Paulet A, Gautier E, Huet F, Teyssier JR, Tosi M, Frébourg T, Faivre L. Hum Mutat. 2008 Nov 19. PMID: 19023858"; ; "DNA sequencing is a sequencing process which uses deoxyribonucleic acid as input and results in a the creation of DNA sequence information artifact using a DNA sequencer instrument."; "Philippe Rocca-Serra"; "OBI Branch derived"; , ; rdfs:label "DNA sequencing" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "device"; "A voltmeter is a measurement device which is intended to perform some measure function.", "An autoclave is a device that sterlizes instruments or contaminated waste by applying high temperature and pressure."; ; "A material entity that is designed to perform a function in a scientific investigation, but is not a reagent."; """2012-12-17 JAO: In common lab usage, there is a distinction made between devices and reagents that is difficult to model. Therefore we have chosen to specifically exclude reagents from the definition of \"device\", and are enumerating the types of roles that a reagent can perform. 2013-6-5 MHB: The following clarifications are outcomes of the May 2013 Philly Workshop. Reagents are distinguished from devices that also participate in scientific techniques by the fact that reagents are chemical or biological in nature and necessarily participate in some chemical interaction or reaction during the realization of their experimental role. By contrast, devices do not participate in such chemical reactions/interactions. Note that there are cases where devices use reagent components during their operation, where the reagent-device distinction is less clear. For example: (1) An HPLC machine is considered a device, but has a column that holds a stationary phase resin as an operational component. This resin qualifies as a device if it participates purely in size exclusion, but bears a reagent role that is realized in the running of a column if it interacts electrostatically or chemically with the evaluant. The container the resin is in (“the column”) considered alone is a device. So the entire column as well as the entire HPLC machine are devices that have a reagent as an operating part. (2) A pH meter is a device, but its electrode component bears a reagent role in virtue of its interacting directly with the evaluant in execution of an assay. (3) A gel running box is a device that has a metallic lead as a component that participates in a chemical reaction with the running buffer when a charge is passed through it. This metallic lead is considered to have a reagent role as a component of this device realized in the running of a gel. In the examples above, a reagent is an operational component of a device, but the device itself does not realize a reagent role (as bearing a reagent role is not transitive across the part_of relation). In this way, the asserted disjointness between a reagent and device holds, as both roles are never realized in the same bearer during execution of an assay. """; "PERSON: Helen Parkinson"; "instrument"; "OBI development call 2012-12-17."; ; rdfs:label "device" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "assay array"; ; "A device made to be used in an analyte assay for immobilization of substances that bind the analyte at regular spatial positions on a surface."; "PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng, Alan Ruttenberg"; "Penn Group"; ; rdfs:label "assay array" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eace3, _:3eacf3; "electroencephalography"; ; "An extracellular electrophysiology assay where electrodes are mounted outside the brain (either on the surface of the scalp on onto the brain surface itself during surgery) to measure the electrical field over the external surface."; "Gully Burns"; "EEG"; ; rdfs:label "electroencephalography"; true; true . _:3eace3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . _:3eacf3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "microarray"; "An affymetrix U133 array is a microarray. Microarrays include 1 and 2-color arrays, custom and commercial arrays (e.g, Affymetrix, Agilent, Nimblegen, Illumina, etc.) for expression profiling, DNA variant detection, protein binding, and other genomic and functional genomic assays."; ; "A processed material that is made to be used in an analyte assay. It consists of a physical immobilisation matrix in which substances that bind the analyte are placed in regular spatial position."; "Daniel Schober"; "PERSON: Chris Stoeckert"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26033084"; rdfs:label "microarray"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "allergy"; ; "is a disease in which an abnormally strong inflammatory immune response is triggered against non-self entities, and the immune response has no protective effect"; "IEDB"; "IEDB"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20161538"; "Allergies"; rdfs:label "allergy"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A representation that is either the output of a clinical history taking or a physical examination or an image finding, or some combination thereof."; "Albert Goldfain"; "http://ontology.buffalo.edu/medo/Disease_and_Diagnosis.pdf"; "creation date: 2010-07-19T10:18:02Z"; , ; rdfs:label "clinical finding" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A series of statements representing health-relevant qualities of a patient and of a patient's family."; "Albert Goldfain"; "http://ontology.buffalo.edu/medo/Disease_and_Diagnosis.pdf"; "creation date: 2010-07-19T10:18:59Z"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28190753"; rdfs:label "clinical history"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A representation of a quality of a specimen that is the output of a laboratory test and that can support an inference to an assertion about some quality of the patient."; "Albert Goldfain"; "http://ontology.buffalo.edu/medo/Disease_and_Diagnosis.pdf"; "creation date: 2009-06-23T10:21:58Z"; ; rdfs:label "laboratory finding" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A quality of a patient, a material entity that is part of a patient, or a processual entity that a patient participates in, any one of which is observed in a physical examination and is deemed by the clinician to be of clinical significance."; "note: defined class"; "Albert Goldfain"; "http://ontology.buffalo.edu/medo/Disease_and_Diagnosis.pdf"; "creation date: 2010-11-18T11:14:36Z"; ; rdfs:label "sign" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A physical sign in which a non-zero value is standardly considered to be an indication that the organism is alive."; "Albert Goldfain"; "http://ontology.buffalo.edu/medo/Disease_and_Diagnosis.pdf"; "creation date: 2009-06-23T11:19:17Z"; ; rdfs:label "vital sign"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Albert Goldfain"; "creation date: 2009-06-23T11:22:01Z"; ; "Homeostasis is defined as the property of a system in which variables are regulated so that internal conditions remain stable and relatively constant. Examples of homeostasis include the regulation of body temperature, and the balance between acidity and alkalinity. It is a process that maintains the stability of the organism’s internal environment in response to fluctuations in external environmental conditions."; rdfs:label "homeostasis" . _:3ead03 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Homeostasis is defined as the property of a system in which variables are regulated so that internal conditions remain stable and relatively constant. Examples of homeostasis include the regulation of body temperature, and the balance between acidity and alkalinity. It is a process that maintains the stability of the organism’s internal environment in response to fluctuations in external environmental conditions."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26389962" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Homeostasis that is clinically abnormal for an organism of a given type and age in a given environment."; "Albert Goldfain"; "http://ontology.buffalo.edu/medo/Disease_and_Diagnosis.pdf"; "creation date: 2009-06-23T11:26:44Z"; ; rdfs:label "abnormal homeostasis" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A material entity which is clinically abnormal and part of an extended organism. Disorders are the physical basis of disease."; "Albert Goldfain"; "http://ontology.buffalo.edu/medo/Disease_and_Diagnosis.pdf"; "creation date: 2009-06-23T11:39:44Z"; ; rdfs:label "disorder" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A sequence of acts of observing and measuring qualities of a patient performed by a clinician; measurements may occur with and without elicitation."; "Albert Goldfain"; "http://ontology.buffalo.edu/medo/Disease_and_Diagnosis.pdf"; "creation date: 2010-07-19T11:50:18Z"; ; rdfs:label "physical examination"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A process in which at least one bodily component of an organsim participates."; "Albert Goldfain"; "http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/1/1/10"; "creation date: 2009-06-23T11:53:49Z"; , , ; rdfs:comment "From OGMS: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OGMS_0000060"; rdfs:label "bodily process" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A bodily process that is clinically abnormal."; "Albert Goldfain"; "http://ontology.buffalo.edu/medo/Disease_and_Diagnosis.pdf"; "creation date: 2009-06-23T11:54:29Z"; , , ; rdfs:label "pathological bodily process" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3ead13; "The representation of a conclusion of a diagnostic process."; "Albert Goldfain"; "http://ontology.buffalo.edu/medo/Disease_and_Diagnosis.pdf"; "creation date: 2009-06-23T12:42:23Z"; ; rdfs:label "diagnosis"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Diagnosis", "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/diagnosing-epilepsy"; true; "" . _:3ead13 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "TODO: Define."; "Albert Goldfain"; "http://code.google.com/p/ogms/issues/detail?id=26"; "creation date: 2009-11-24T04:51:11Z"; , ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK361/"; "The information regarding anatomic findings obtained through the use of observation, palpation, percussion, and auscultation."; rdfs:label "physical examination finding"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3ead23; "A planned process whose completion is hypothesized by a health care provider to eliminate, prevent, or alleviate the signs and symptoms of a disorder or pathological process"; "Albert Goldfain"; "http://code.google.com/p/ogms/issues/detail?id=35"; "creation date: 2010-03-31T04:51:11Z"; ; "Treatment of epilepsy"; rdfs:label "treatment"; true . _:3ead23 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A planned process with the objective to improve the health status of a patient that directly involves the treatment, diagnosis, or prevention of disease or injury of a patient"; """Albert Goldfain Sagar Jain"""; "http://groups.google.com/group/ogms-discuss/browse_thread/thread/a2dbc2ed1dff99d6"; """creation date: 2011-02-21T09:57:44Z editor date: 2017-04-18 """; ; rdfs:label "health care process" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3ead33; "A disorder that involves some structural damage that is immediately caused by a catastrophic external force."; """At the scale of organism (as opposed to the cellular scale or the population scale), an injury is typically the result of a catastrophic event. Consider the implications of making 'injury' a subtype of 'disorder'. Note: Adopted subtype of disorder, and injury can occur at the scale of organism down to cellular level."""; """Albert Goldfain Sagar Jain"""; """http://groups.google.com/group/ogms-discuss/browse_thread/thread/ca0ad373f27774c5 OGMS call adoption- 16 SEPT 2015 https://docs.google.com/document/d/1iiV1-fTS7BUUSzDw3N_Afx42698YWf54-FOTY2NkAxo/edit """; """creation date: 2011-09-20T09:57:44Z edited date: 30 SEPT 2015"""; ; rdfs:label "injury"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/about-epilepsy-basics/what-are-risk-factors"; true . _:3ead33 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A health care process with the objective to produce information about the material entity that is the evaluant, by physically examining it or its proxies."; ; "creation: 16MAY2017"; rdfs:label "health care process assay" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A treatment whose completion is hypothesized by a health care provider to eliminate a disorder or to alleviate the signs and symptoms of a disorder or pathological process."; "Creation data: 2018-11-27"; ; rdfs:label "therapeutic procedure" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A therapeutic procedure that uses immune system derived entities."; "creation date: 2018-11-27"; ; "Immunotherapy"; rdfs:label "immunotherapy procedure"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.medscape.com/answers/1184846-153550/what-is-the-role-of-immunotherapy-in-the-treatment-of-epileptic-seizures"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "a therapeutic procedure that uses physical conditioning"; "creation date: 2018-11-27"; ; "Physical Therapy"; rdfs:label "physical therapy procedure"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/diagnosis/you-and-your-healthcare-team/rehabilitation-therapists"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "a data item that is about a patient and is the specified output of a health care process assay or diagnostic process"; "creation date: 2018-11-27"; , ; rdfs:label "clinical data item" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A diagnosis that is the outcome of a diagnostic process targeting a second or additional health problem."; "Alice Nzinga", "Mathias Brochhausen"; "secondary infection, nosocomial infection"; "amended from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comorbidity"; ; rdfs:comment """It is argued that Comorbidity occurs due to a disposition established by a prior infection with a pathogenic organism of a different kind. """; rdfs:label "comorbidity"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "mastectomy / craniotomy / liver resection e.t.c."; "A planned process that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, or to help improve bodily function or appearance."; "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"; ; "Surgical intervention"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29107258"; rdfs:label "surgical procedure"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28951736"; "Brain waves characterized by a relatively high voltage or amplitude and a frequency of 8-13 Hz. They constitute the majority of waves recorded by EEG registering the activity of the parietal and occipital lobes when the individual is awake, but relaxed with the eyes closed."; rdfs:label "Alpha Rhythm"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#AlphaRhythm", "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1139332-overview#a1"; ""; true . _:3ead43 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Brain waves characterized by a relatively high voltage or amplitude and a frequency of 8-13 Hz. They constitute the majority of waves recorded by EEG registering the activity of the parietal and occipital lobes when the individual is awake, but relaxed with the eyes closed."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D000513" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "A treatment that suppresses undesirable behavior by simultaneously exposing the subject to unpleasant consequences."; rdfs:label "Aversive Therapy"; true . _:3ead53 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A treatment that suppresses undesirable behavior by simultaneously exposing the subject to unpleasant consequences."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68001348" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28951736"; "Brain waves with frequency between 15-30 Hz seen on EEG during wakefulness and mental activity."; "Beta Activity"; rdfs:label "Beta Rhythm"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#BetaActivity"; ""; true . _:3ead63 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Brain waves with frequency between 15-30 Hz seen on EEG during wakefulness and mental activity."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D001611" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28951736"; "Brain waves seen on EEG characterized by a high amplitude and a frequency of 4 Hz and below. They are considered the \"deep sleep waves\" observed during sleep in dreamless states, infancy, and in some brain disorders."; rdfs:label "Delta Rhythm"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#DeltaRhythm", "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1139332-overview#a1"; ""; true . _:3ead73 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Brain waves seen on EEG characterized by a high amplitude and a frequency of 4 Hz and below. They are considered the \"deep sleep waves\" observed during sleep in dreamless states, infancy, and in some brain disorders."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D003700" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23515147"; "Adjusting the quantity and quality of food intake to improve health status of an individual. This term does not include the methods of food intake (Nutritional support)."; rdfs:label "Diet Therapy"; true . _:3ead83 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Adjusting the quantity and quality of food intake to improve health status of an individual. This term does not include the methods of food intake (Nutritional support)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68004035" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "The consumption of edible substances."; rdfs:label "Eating"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://n.neurology.org/content/86/16_Supplement/P6.367"; true; true . _:3ead93 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The consumption of edible substances."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68004435" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Eidetic imagery or childhood preoccupation is an activity engaged in by some children who are able to enjoy bringing vivid visual images into their mind allowing them to play and interact in an imaginary visual world."; rdfs:label "Eidetic Imagery"; true . _:3eada3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Eidetic imagery or childhood preoccupation is an activity engaged in by some children who are able to enjoy bringing vivid visual images into their mind allowing them to play and interact in an imaginary visual world."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#eidetic" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "A regimen or plan of physical activities designed and prescribed for specific therapeutic goals. Its purpose is to restore normal musculoskeletal function or to reduce pain caused by diseases or injuries."; rdfs:label "Exercise Therapy"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/ConditionsAndTreatments/epilepsy-and-exercise"; true . _:3eadb3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A regimen or plan of physical activities designed and prescribed for specific therapeutic goals. Its purpose is to restore normal musculoskeletal function or to reduce pain caused by diseases or injuries."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D005081" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Emergency care or treatment given to a person who suddenly becomes ill or injured before full medical services become available."; rdfs:label "First Aid"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/seizure-first-aid-and-safety/adapting-first-aid-plans/seizure-first-aid"; true . _:3eadc3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Emergency care or treatment given to a person who suddenly becomes ill or injured before full medical services become available."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D005392" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Movement of a part of the body for the purpose of communication."; rdfs:label "Gestures"; true; true . _:3eadd3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Movement of a part of the body for the purpose of communication."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D005868" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "A curved elongated ridge that extends over the floor of the descending horn of each lateral ventricle of the brain and consists of gray matter covered on the ventricular surface with white matter; The hippocampus is a part of the temporal lobe, which has a well established role in learning, memory and emotion."; rdfs:label "Hippocampus"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Hippocampus"; "" . _:3eade3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A curved elongated ridge that extends over the floor of the descending horn of each lateral ventricle of the brain and consists of gray matter covered on the ventricular surface with white matter; The hippocampus is a part of the temporal lobe, which has a well established role in learning, memory and emotion."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BTO_0000601" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "The desire for food generated by a sensation arising from the lack of food in the stomach."; rdfs:label "Hunger"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17778-temporal-lobe-seizures"; true; true . _:3eadf3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The desire for food generated by a sensation arising from the lack of food in the stomach."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68006815" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15608956"; "Standardized tests that measure the present general ability or aptitude for intellectual performance."; rdfs:label "Intelligence Tests"; true . _:3eae03 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Standardized tests that measure the present general ability or aptitude for intellectual performance."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D007361" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28288363"; "Laboratory tests used to evaluate how well the kidneys are working through examination of blood and urine."; "renal function tests"; rdfs:label "Kidney Function Tests"; true . _:3eae13 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Laboratory tests used to evaluate how well the kidneys are working through examination of blood and urine."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D007677" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2871721"; "The repeated weak excitation of brain structures, that progressively increases sensitivity to the same stimulation. Over time, this can lower the threshold required to trigger seizures."; "Kindling"; rdfs:label "Kindling model"; true . _:3eae23 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The repeated weak excitation of brain structures, that progressively increases sensitivity to the same stimulation. Over time, this can lower the threshold required to trigger seizures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D007696" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "An involuntary expression of merriment and pleasure; it includes the patterned motor responses as well as the inarticulate vocalization."; "laughing"; rdfs:label "Laughter"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/gelastic-and-dacrystic-seizures"; true; true . _:3eae33 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "An involuntary expression of merriment and pleasure; it includes the patterned motor responses as well as the inarticulate vocalization."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68007845" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions."; rdfs:label "Liver Function Tests"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/guide/epilepsy-blood-test"; true . _:3eae43 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D008111" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Investigative technique commonly used during electroencephalography in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity."; "Noachter 1999 Photic Stimulation"; rdfs:label "Photic Stimulation"; true . _:3eae53 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Investigative technique commonly used during electroencephalography in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D010775" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Non-acceptance, negative attitudes, hostility or excessive criticism of the individual which may precipitate feelings of rejection."; rdfs:label "Rejection (Psychology)"; true . _:3eae63 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Non-acceptance, negative attitudes, hostility or excessive criticism of the individual which may precipitate feelings of rejection."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D012059" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16059497"; "The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder."; rdfs:label "Sleep Deprivation"; true . _:3eae73 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D012892" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Treatment for individuals with speech defects and disorders that involves counseling and use of various exercises and aids to help the development of new speech habits."; rdfs:label "Speech Therapy"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.asdclinic.co.uk/conditions/epilepsy/speech-and-language-therapy-for-epilepsy.php"; true . _:3eae83 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Treatment for individuals with speech defects and disorders that involves counseling and use of various exercises and aids to help the development of new speech habits."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D013070" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3064627"; "Brain waves characterized by a frequency of 4-7 Hz, usually observed in the temporal lobes when the individual is awake, but relaxed and sleepy."; rdfs:label "Theta Rhythm"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#ThetaActivity", "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1139332-overview#a1"; ""; true . _:3eae93 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Brain waves characterized by a frequency of 4-7 Hz, usually observed in the temporal lobes when the individual is awake, but relaxed and sleepy."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D013826" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10908505"; "A major orthodox system of Hindu philosophy based on Sankhya (metaphysical dualism) but differing from it in being theistic and characterized by the teaching of raja-yoga as a practical method of liberating the self. It includes a system of exercises for attaining bodily or mental control and well-being with liberation of the self and union with the universal spirit."; rdfs:label "Yoga"; true . _:3eaea3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A major orthodox system of Hindu philosophy based on Sankhya (metaphysical dualism) but differing from it in being theistic and characterized by the teaching of raja-yoga as a practical method of liberating the self. It includes a system of exercises for attaining bodily or mental control and well-being with liberation of the self and union with the universal spirit."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68015013" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13789853"; "Traumatic injuries to the cranium where the integrity of the skull is not compromised and no bone fragments or other objects penetrate the skull and dura mater. This frequently results in mechanical injury being transmitted to intracranial structures which may produce traumatic brain injuries, hemorrhage, or cranial nerve injuries."; "closed head injury"; rdfs:label "Head Injuries, Closed"; true . _:3eaeb3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Traumatic injuries to the cranium where the integrity of the skull is not compromised and no bone fragments or other objects penetrate the skull and dura mater. This frequently results in mechanical injury being transmitted to intracranial structures which may produce traumatic brain injuries, hemorrhage, or cranial nerve injuries."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D016489" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14630489"; "The use of fragrances and essences from plants to affect or alter a person's mood or behavior and to facilitate physical, mental, and emotional well-being. The chemicals comprising essential oils in plants has a host of therapeutic properties and has been used historically in Africa, Asia, and India. Its greatest application is in the field of alternative medicine."; rdfs:label "Aromatherapy"; true . _:3eaec3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The use of fragrances and essences from plants to affect or alter a person's mood or behavior and to facilitate physical, mental, and emotional well-being. The chemicals comprising essential oils in plants has a host of therapeutic properties and has been used historically in Africa, Asia, and India. Its greatest application is in the field of alternative medicine."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/Aromatherapy" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones."; rdfs:label "Craniofacial Abnormalities"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://medlineplus.gov/craniofacialabnormalities.html"; true . _:3eaed3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68019465" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26835338"; "A neurosurgical procedure that removes or disconnects the epileptogenic cerebral cortex of a hemisphere. Hemispherectomy is usually performed for patients with intractable unilateral epilepsy due to malformations of cortical development or brain lesions. Depending on the epileptogenic area in the hemisphere, cortical removal can be total or partial."; rdfs:label "Hemispherectomy"; true . _:3eaee3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A neurosurgical procedure that removes or disconnects the epileptogenic cerebral cortex of a hemisphere. Hemispherectomy is usually performed for patients with intractable unilateral epilepsy due to malformations of cortical development or brain lesions. Depending on the epileptogenic area in the hemisphere, cortical removal can be total or partial."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D038421" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30760973"; "A course of food intake that is high in fats and low in carbohydrates. This diet provides sufficient proteins for growth but insufficient amount of carbohydrates for the energy needs of the body. A ketogenic diet generates 80-90% of caloric requirements from fats and the remainder from proteins."; rdfs:label "Ketogenic Diet"; true . _:3eaef3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A course of food intake that is high in fats and low in carbohydrates. This diet provides sufficient proteins for growth but insufficient amount of carbohydrates for the energy needs of the body. A ketogenic diet generates 80-90% of caloric requirements from fats and the remainder from proteins."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D055423" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22826811"; "An adjunctive treatment for partial epilepsy and refractory depression that delivers electrical impulses to the brain via the vagus nerve. A battery implanted under the skin supplies the energy."; rdfs:label "Vagus Nerve Stimulation"; true . _:3eaf03 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "An adjunctive treatment for partial epilepsy and refractory depression that delivers electrical impulses to the brain via the vagus nerve. A battery implanted under the skin supplies the energy."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D055536" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "An endophenotype (also known as intermediate phenotype) is a quantitative biological trait that is reliable in reflecting the function of a discrete biological system and is reasonably heritable, and as such is more closely related to the root cause of the disease than the broad clinical phenotype."; rdfs:label "Endophenotypes"; true . _:3eaf13 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "An endophenotype (also known as intermediate phenotype) is a quantitative biological trait that is reliable in reflecting the function of a discrete biological system and is reasonably heritable, and as such is more closely related to the root cause of the disease than the broad clinical phenotype."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/endophenotype" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Wave-like oscillations of electric potential between parts of the brain recorded by EEG."; "Noachter 1999 Brain Wave"; rdfs:label "Brain Waves"; true . _:3eaf23 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Wave-like oscillations of electric potential between parts of the brain recorded by EEG."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D058256" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28214547"; "Pathological processes or diseases where cerebral MICROVESSELS show abnormalities. They are often associated with aging, hypertension and risk factors for lacunar infarcts."; rdfs:label "Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases"; true . _:3eaf33 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Pathological processes or diseases where cerebral MICROVESSELS show abnormalities. They are often associated with aging, hypertension and risk factors for lacunar infarcts."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D059345" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eaf43; ; "Non-invasive methods of visualizing the central nervous system, especially the brain, by various imaging modalities."; rdfs:label "Neuroimaging"; true . _:3eaf43 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . _:3eaf53 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Non-invasive methods of visualizing the central nervous system, especially the brain, by various imaging modalities."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68059906" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eaf63; ; "Methods for visualizing regional blood flow, metabolic, electrical, or other physiological activities in the central nervous system using various imaging modalities."; "Neuroimaging Test Functional"; rdfs:label "Functional Neuroimaging"; true . _:3eaf63 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . _:3eaf73 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Methods for visualizing regional blood flow, metabolic, electrical, or other physiological activities in the central nervous system using various imaging modalities."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68059907" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2609/"; "Clinical or physiological indicators that precede the onset of disease."; "prodrome"; rdfs:label "Prodromal Symptoms"; true . _:3eaf83 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Clinical or physiological indicators that precede the onset of disease."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D062706" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24686330"; "Brain waves characterized by a relatively high voltage or amplitude and a frequency of approximately 30-100 Hz. They are primarily observed during network engagement and sensory processing activities, during both waking and sleeping states."; rdfs:label "Gamma Rhythm"; true; true . _:3eaf93 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Brain waves characterized by a relatively high voltage or amplitude and a frequency of approximately 30-100 Hz. They are primarily observed during network engagement and sensory processing activities, during both waking and sleeping states."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D065818" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to detect or perceive external stimulation."; ; "sensitivity"; "quality"; "PATO:0000085"; , , ; rdfs:label "sensitivity toward" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's placement which is defined by the angle between the bearer and an axis, or the angle between the bearer and another object."; ; "PATO:0000137"; "angular placement"; "quality"; "amount of rotation", "angle", "angular magnitude", "plane angle"; "PATO:0000133"; , ; rdfs:label "orientation" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's spatial location relative to other objects in the vicinity."; ; "PATO:0001032", "PATO:0001631"; "location", "placement", "relational spatial quality"; "quality"; "PATO:0000140"; ; rdfs:label "position" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence per unit time."; ; "quality"; "PATO:0000161"; , ; rdfs:label "rate" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being sensitivity to the action of radiant energy."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28532712"; "quality"; "PATO:0000927"; , , ; rdfs:label "photosensitivity"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities."; ; "PATO:0002079"; "Wikipedia:Physical_property"; "relational physical quality"; "quality"; "PATO:0001018"; ; rdfs:label "physical quality" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A quality which inheres in an process."; ; "PATO:0001239", "PATO:0001240"; "quality of a process", "quality of occurrent", "quality of process", "relational quality of occurrent"; "quality"; "PATO:0001236"; rdfs:comment "See comments of relational quality of a physical entity."; rdfs:label "process quality" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A quality which inheres in a continuant."; ; "PATO:0001237", "PATO:0001238"; "snap:Quality"; "monadic quality of a continuant", "multiply inhering quality of a physical entity", "quality of a continuant", "quality of a single physical entity", "quality of an object", "quality of continuant"; "monadic quality of an object", "monadic quality of continuant"; "quality"; "PATO:0001241"; rdfs:comment "Relational qualities are qualities that hold between multiple entities. Normal (monadic) qualities such as the shape of a eyeball exist purely as a quality of that eyeball. A relational quality such as sensitivity to light is a quality of that eyeball (and connecting nervous system) as it relates to incoming light waves/particles."; rdfs:label "physical object quality" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the state of bearer's mechanical, physical, and biochemical processes."; ; "quality"; "PATO:0001912"; rdfs:label "physiological state" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eafa3; "A physiological state which is characterized by periods of high-frequency high amplitude electrical activity in neuronal tissue."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32154929"; "quality"; "PATO:0001913"; rdfs:label "ictal"; true; true . _:3eafa3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A quality that inheres in an entire organism or part of an organism."; ; "quality"; "PATO:0001995"; rdfs:label "organismal quality" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "george"; "2009-06-05T09:16:46Z"; "quality"; "PATO:0002062"; ; rdfs:label "physical quality of a process" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A displaced angular placement quality inhering in a body part by virtue of the bearer's movement away from the medial plane of the body."; ; "george"; "2009-10-13T06:38:53Z"; "quality"; "PATO:0002131"; , ; rdfs:label "abduction"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An angular placement quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being changed in position in relation to another entity."; ; "george"; "2010-01-14T04:45:18Z"; "quality"; "mislocalised to"; "PATO:0002168"; ; rdfs:label "displaced to" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A pathway is a set of inter-connected reactions and interactions whose delineation and scope are used as a model for exploring and studying, describing and understanding the working of and relationships between biomolecules within a context."; ; "pathway"; "PW:0000001"; rdfs:label "pathway" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The mitogen -activated protein kinase pathway groups several serine/threonine protein kinases mediated cascades in response to a number of extracellular stimuli. A characteristic feature of these cascades is the presence of at least three kinases in series leading to the activation of a multifunctional MAP kinase."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26677173"; "pathway"; "KEGG:04010", "MAPK signaling pathway"; "PW:0000007"; rdfs:label "mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The Immune response pathways mediate the defense of host cells against infection and injury. The first line of defense is provided by the phylogenetically older innate immune response. The later, more versatile response is provided by the pathways of adaptive immunity: the B cell mediated humoral and the T cell mediated cellular or cell-mediated responses."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27346214"; "pathway"; "immune response"; "PW:0000023"; rdfs:label "immune response pathway"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Inflammation is the cellular response of the innate immune system to infection or injury. Sensing of infection by pattern recognition receptors triggers signaling cascades leading to the expression of mediator genes such as the pro-inflammatory cytokines."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30912766"; "pathway"; "CLR signaling pathway"; "PW:0000024"; rdfs:label "inflammatory response pathway"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a strengthening of the synapse that can last from hours to days and months. It is thought to underlie information storage and constitute the cellular basis of learning and memory. LTP engages numerous cascades of events on either side of the synapse and is accompanied by changes in gene expression."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29467619"; "pathway"; "KEGG:04720", "LTP"; "PW:0000060"; rdfs:label "long term potentiation"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Those metabolic reactions involved in the degradation of lysine. In mammals, lysine is metabolized to acetyl-CoA. A derivative of lysine, allysine, is used in the production of elastin and collagen."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30767241"; "pathway"; "KEGG:00310", "SMP:00037"; "PW:0000073"; rdfs:label "lysine degradation pathway"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A pathway that mediates or facilitates the movement of biochemical material, organic and inorganic substances and/or drugs."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23252947"; "pathway"; "PW:0000103"; rdfs:label "transport pathway"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Those metabolic reactions involving vitamin B6 - a water-soluble vitamin that exists in several forms. Vitamin B6 is required for many enzymatic reactions as the active pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) form. A number of organisms can carry out de novo synthesis of vitamin B6; humans derive it from diet."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24114605", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30767241"; "vitamin B6 metabolism"; "pathway"; "KEGG:00750", "SMP:00017", "pyridoxine metabolic pathway"; "PW:0000138"; rdfs:label "vitamin B6 metabolic pathway"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "mTOR signaling pathway regulates cellular processes such as translation, ribosome biogenesis, cell growth and autophagy and is regulated or responds to growth factors, energy metabolites and/or levels of nutrients."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29359340"; "pathway"; "KEGG:04150", "PID:200096"; "PW:0000180"; rdfs:label "mTOR signaling pathway"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Notch signaling pathway regulates processes involved in early embryonic development. It plays an important role in cell fate determination. Target genes of Notch have been implicated in angiogenesis, somitogenesis, gliogenesis. Deregulation of the Notch signaling pathway underlies a broad spectrum of diseases and clinical conditions."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29737480"; "Notch signaling"; "pathway"; "KEGG:04330", "PID:200015"; "PW:0000204"; rdfs:label "Notch signaling pathway"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The innate immune response - a universal and ancient form of host defense against infection - is a first line of response to various pathogens and also to damaged cells. It plays a role in stimulating adaptive immunity; molecules generated during innate responses act as second signals that can impact on both the magnitude and the nature of the adaptive response."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26260962"; "pathway"; "innate immunity"; "PW:0000234"; rdfs:label "innate immune response pathway"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Those pathways involved in the degradation of proteins."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24914213"; "pathway"; "Protein degradation"; "PW:0000325"; rdfs:label "protein degradation pathway"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The reelin signaling pathway regulates neuronal positioning and may also play a role in synaptic plasticity. The reelin gene appears to be downregulated in schizophrenic brains but the link between the reelin pathway and the disease remains to be established."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29512697"; "pathway"; "PID:200062"; "PW:0000388"; rdfs:label "Reelin signaling pathway"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway plays important roles in the growth, differentiation and survival of neurons, particularly the striatal neurons. BDNF signals via the tropomyosin-related kinase receptor type B (TrkB) to activate PKC, PI3K-AKT and MAPK/ERK intracellular pathways. Impaired BDNF signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of conditions such as Huntington Disease (HD) and psychiatric disorders. Upregulation on the other hand, is associated with several malignancies."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30262417"; "pathway"; "BDNF signaling pathway"; "PW:0000572"; rdfs:label "brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling pathway"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Phosphatidylinositol kinases represent a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate the 3' position of the inositol ring in target substrates. They are grouped into three classes: class I further subdivided into subclass A and B, class II and class III. By far the best known and characterized is class I, particularly IA that signals downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases and engages the Akt family of kinases."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17910583"; "PI3K-pathway", "phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway - give exact synonym"; "pathway"; "KEGG:04070", "PI3K signaling pathway", "phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway"; "PW:0000595"; rdfs:label "phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics pathway elicited by the administration of specific drugs. The systems involved in drug processing and responses are also those handling exogenous, xenobiotic compounds in the cellular detoxification pathway. The distinction between a random encounter with a foreign compound and the processing of a substance administered for treatment along with the importance of genetic variation for the individual responses to particular drugs warrant their separate consideration."; ; "VPetri"; "2010-03-15T11:01:15Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25221392"; "pathway"; "drug metabolism"; "PW:0000754"; rdfs:label "drug pathway"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Glutamate signaling via the ionotropic AMPA or NMDA and several metabotropic receptors plays important roles in the modulation of synaptic plasticity, long term depression or potentiation, and in learning and memory."; ; "VPetri"; "2011-03-09T11:57:08Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25433904"; "glutamatergic signaling"; "pathway"; "KEGG:04724"; "PW:0000844"; rdfs:label "glutamate signaling pathway"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Gamma-aminobutyric acid signals at inhibitory synapses via the type A receptor, which is part of a ligand-gated ion channel and the type B receptors which are metabotropic, G protein-coupled receptors."; ; "VPetri"; "2011-03-09T02:10:16Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28074534"; "pathway"; "KEGG:04727"; "PW:0000848"; rdfs:label "gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Calcium signaling impacts on a large and diverse spectrum of cellular processes such as gene expression and cell death, proliferation, muscle contraction and energy metabolism, learning, memory and synaptic plasticity. Calcium acts in signal transduction as a first as well as a second messenger. Calcium transport, which controls and maintains the calcium gradient, and calcium signaling, which the gradient promotes, are inextricably connected in the fabric of calcium homeostasis."; ; "VPetri"; "2012-11-05T10:53:28Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24723228"; "Calcium signaling"; "pathway"; "KEGG:04020"; "PW:0001140"; rdfs:label "calcium/calcium-mediated signaling pathway"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26254980"; "In genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPRs), 100% of the animals present recurrent generalized non-convulsive seizures characterized by bilateral and synchronous spike-and-wave discharges accompanied with behavioral arrest, staring and sometimes twitching of the vibrissae."; "rat_strain_ontology"; "RGD ID: 68042"; "RS:0000274"; rdfs:label "GEPR"; true . _:3eafb3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "In genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPRs), 100% of the animals present recurrent generalized non-convulsive seizures characterized by bilateral and synchronous spike-and-wave discharges accompanied with behavioral arrest, staring and sometimes twitching of the vibrissae."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25312505" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "rat_strain_ontology"; "RS:0000457"; rdfs:label "rat strain" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Rat strains carrying mutated alleles, spontaneously occurred, chemical-induced, genome-edited and others, are included in the mutant strain."; ; "rat_strain_ontology"; "RS:0000461"; rdfs:label "mutant strain" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) is a genetic model of absence seizures developed by inbreeding Wistar colonies that displayed spontaneous spike-and-wave discharges."; "rat_strain_ontology"; "RS:0000480"; rdfs:label "GAERS"; true . _:3eafc3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) is a genetic model of absence seizures developed by inbreeding Wistar colonies that displayed spontaneous spike-and-wave discharges."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26742792" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "P77PMC rat is a breed of rat with congenital audiogenic seizure."; "rat_strain_ontology"; "RGD ID: 68115"; "RS:0000637"; rdfs:label "P77PMC"; true . _:3eafd3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "P77PMC rat is a breed of rat with congenital audiogenic seizure."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8413853" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Inbred Strains are produced by brother x sister mating for 20 or more consecutive generations, and individuals of the strain can be traced to a single ancestral pair at the 20th or subsequent generation."; ; "RNigam"; "2010-02-10T12:00:00Z"; "rat_strain_ontology"; "RS:0000765"; rdfs:label "inbred strain" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "WAG/Rij rats, originally developed as an animal model of human absence epilepsy, share many electroencephalography and behavioral characteristics resembling absence epilepsy in humans, including the similarity of action of various antiepileptic drugs."; "rat_strain_ontology"; "RGD ID: 737924"; "RS:0000969"; rdfs:label "WAG/Rij"; true . _:3eafe3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "WAG/Rij rats, originally developed as an animal model of human absence epilepsy, share many electroencephalography and behavioral characteristics resembling absence epilepsy in humans, including the similarity of action of various antiepileptic drugs."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21093520" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "GRY inbred strain exhibit ataxia, inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and a missense (M251K) mutation in the alpha (1a) subunit of the P/Q-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel gene Cacna1a was identified by positional cloning."; "rat_strain_ontology"; "RGD ID: 1599759", "groggy rat"; "RS:0001318"; rdfs:label "GRY/Idr"; true . _:3eaff3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "GRY inbred strain exhibit ataxia, inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and a missense (M251K) mutation in the alpha (1a) subunit of the P/Q-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel gene Cacna1a was identified by positional cloning."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25312505" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "RNigam"; "2010-01-05T12:00:00Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25312505"; "Established by ENU mutagenesis. A missense mutant N1417H (4246A>G)was identified in the model."; "rat_strain_ontology"; "Boo", "F344-Ker/Kyo", "Kyoto Epileptic Rat", "NBRP Rat No: 0458", "RGD ID: 2314163", "autosomal dominant myokymia and seizures rat"; "RS:0001872"; rdfs:label "F344-Adms/Kyo"; true . _:3eb003 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Established by ENU mutagenesis. A missense mutant N1417H (4246A>G)was identified in the model."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://rgd.mcw.edu/rgdweb/report/strain/main.html?id=2306042" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "RNigam"; "2010-01-05T12:00:00Z"; "Scn1a-targeted rats carrying a missense mutation (N1417H) in the third pore region of the sodium channel were developed by gene-driven ENU mutagenesis."; "rat_strain_ontology"; "F344-Scn1aKyo811/Kyo", "NBRP Rat No: 0455", "RGD ID: 2306042"; "RS:0001877"; rdfs:label "F344-Scn1am1Kyo"; true . _:3eb013 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Scn1a-targeted rats carrying a missense mutation (N1417H) in the third pore region of the sodium channel were developed by gene-driven ENU mutagenesis."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25312505" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "RNigam"; "2014-04-23T09:05:21Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25312505"; "Developed by gene driven ENU mutagenesis in F344/NSlc rats. Lgi1-mutant rats carrying a missense mutation (c.1154 T > G)(L385R)."; "rat_strain_ontology"; "Lgi1 mutant rat", "NBRP Rat No: 0656", "RGD ID: 8552275"; "RS:0003717"; rdfs:label "F344-Lgi1m1Kyo"; true . _:3eb023 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Developed by gene driven ENU mutagenesis in F344/NSlc rats. Lgi1-mutant rats carrying a missense mutation (c.1154 T > G)(L385R)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://rgd.mcw.edu/rgdweb/report/strain/main.html?id=8552275" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "sjwang"; "2017-02-21T09:41:16Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25312505"; "Genetically Epilepsy-Prone Rats (GEPR-9) have severe levels of seizure predisposition. This colony was bred to exhibit clonic convulsions (severe seizures with an ARS of 9) following a single wild running phase in response to sound."; "rat_strain_ontology"; "RGD ID: 12738218"; "RS:0004315"; rdfs:label "SD-GEPR-9"; true . _:3eb033 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Genetically Epilepsy-Prone Rats (GEPR-9) have severe levels of seizure predisposition. This colony was bred to exhibit clonic convulsions (severe seizures with an ARS of 9) following a single wild running phase in response to sound."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://rgd.mcw.edu/rgdweb/report/strain/main.html?id=12738218" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "sjwang"; "2017-11-14T14:20:23Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25312505"; "Genetically Epilepsy-Prone Rats (GEPR-3) have moderate levels of seizure predisposition. This colony,initially referred to as an AGS (audiogenic response score) colony, was bred to exhibit clonic convulsions (moderate seizures with an ARS of 3) following a single wild running phase in response to sound."; "rat_strain_ontology"; "RGD ID: 13450922"; "RS:0004561"; rdfs:label "SD-GEPR-3"; true . _:3eb043 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Genetically Epilepsy-Prone Rats (GEPR-3) have moderate levels of seizure predisposition. This colony,initially referred to as an AGS (audiogenic response score) colony, was bred to exhibit clonic convulsions (moderate seizures with an ARS of 3) following a single wild running phase in response to sound."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://rgd.mcw.edu/rgdweb/report/strain/main.html?id=13450922" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "sjwang"; "2019-07-12T14:00:53Z"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28506440"; "The Wistar audiogenic rat (WAR) is an animal model of tonic-clonic epileptic seizures, developed after genetic selection by sister × brother inbreeding of Wistar rats susceptible to sound stimuli."; "RGD ID: 14695083", "Wistar audiogenic rat"; "rat_strain_ontology"; "RS:0004742"; rdfs:label "W/Lnne"; true . _:3eb053 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The Wistar audiogenic rat (WAR) is an animal model of tonic-clonic epileptic seizures, developed after genetic selection by sister × brother inbreeding of Wistar rats susceptible to sound stimuli."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517024" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Ataxia is a neurological and physiological symptom characterized by an inability to coordinate voluntary muscular movements that is symptomatic of some nervous disorders."; ; "uncoordination"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000005"; rdfs:label "ataxia"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Confusion is a neurological and physiological symptom characterized by a disturbance of consciousness characterized by inability to engage in orderly thought or by lack of power to distinguish, choose, or act decisively."; ; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000016"; rdfs:label "confusion"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Dehydration is a nutrition, metabolism, and development symptom characterized by an abnormal depletion of body fluids."; ; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000020"; rdfs:label "dehydration"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/about-epilepsy-basics/what-are-risk-factors"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and at home."; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000022"; rdfs:label "depression"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Depression", "https://www.epilepsy.com/living-epilepsy/healthy-living/emotional-health/overview-depression"; true; "" . _:3eb063 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and at home."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/depression/what-is-depression" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11219629"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000051"; rdfs:comment "doid/symp duplicate"; rdfs:label "hydrocephalus"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Inflammation is a general symptom where there is a local response to cellular injury that is marked by capillary dilatation, leukocytic infiltration, redness, heat, pain, swelling, and often loss of function and that serves as a mechanism initiating the elimination of noxious agents and of damaged tissue."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3378051/"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000061"; rdfs:label "inflammation"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Inflammation"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Lethargy is a fatigue characterized as abnormal drowsiness."; ; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000075"; rdfs:label "lethargy"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/wellbeing/fatigue"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Meningoencephalitis is a nervous system symptom characterized as an inflammation of the brain and meninges."; ; "The commonest etiologies for bacterial meningitis are meningococus, pneumococcus and haemophilus influenza B. Acute seizures may occur related to fever or to complications such as subdural collections, cerebritis or cerebral infarction. Immunization programs may reduce the incidence of specific bacterial meningitides."; "bacterial meningitis or meningoencephalitis"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000089"; rdfs:comment "doid/symp duplicate"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ilae.org/guidelines/definition-and-classification"; rdfs:label "meningoencephalitis"; true . _:3eb073 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The commonest etiologies for bacterial meningitis are meningococus, pneumococcus and haemophilus influenza B. Acute seizures may occur related to fever or to complications such as subdural collections, cerebritis or cerebral infarction. Immunization programs may reduce the incidence of specific bacterial meningitides."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/infectious-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Skin lesion is a skin and integumentary tissue symptom characterized as an abnormal change in structure of the skin that is especially circumscribed and well defined due to injury or disease."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25535236"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000092"; rdfs:label "skin lesion"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A sensation perception where there is an unpleasant sensation that usually indicates the body is threatened or damaged. The sensation may be sharp or dull, short-lived or chronic, intermittent or continual, confined to one area or spread over the entire body."; ; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000099"; rdfs:label "pain"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eb083; ; "Seizures", "seizure"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000124"; rdfs:label "seizure" . _:3eb083 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Thirst is a general symptom characterized by a sensation of dryness in the mouth and throat associated with a desire for liquids."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=30416962"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000156"; rdfs:label "thirst"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000183"; rdfs:label "muscle symptom" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28139515"; "Discomfort feeling in abdomen"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000188"; rdfs:label "abdominal discomfort" . _:3eb093 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Discomfort feeling in abdomen"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30095344" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A cardiac fibrillation consisting of a very rapid uncoordinated contractions of the atria of the heart resulting in a lack of synchronism between heartbeat and pulse beat."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22637287", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22698381"; "AF", "a-fib", "auricular fibrillation"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000226"; rdfs:comment "doid/symp duplicate"; rdfs:label "atrial fibrillation"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Bradycardia is a cardiovascular system symptom consisting of a relatively slow heart action whether physiological or pathological."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4468352/"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000231"; rdfs:label "bradycardia"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000254"; rdfs:label "dilated pupil" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Arrhythmia is a cardiovascular system symptom consisting of an alteration in rhythm of the heartbeat either in time or force."; ; "SYMP:0000288", "SYMP:0000667", "SYMP:0000668"; "abnormal heart beat", "abnormal heart rhythm", "dysrhythmia", "heart rhythm symptom"; "symptoms"; "fluctuation of heart rate"; "SYMP:0000287"; rdfs:label "arrhythmia" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Belching is a digestive system symptom involving the sudden expulsion of gas from the stomach through the mouth."; ; "eructation"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000290"; rdfs:label "belching"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Ptosis is a general symptom characterized by a sagging or prolapse of an organ or part."; ; "droopiness"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000369"; rdfs:comment "doid/symp duplicate"; rdfs:label "ptosis"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000387"; rdfs:label "head symptom" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18539570"; "excessive pupil dilation", "prolonged pupil dilation"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000396"; rdfs:label "mydriasis"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Vertigo is a dizziness characterized by a specific type of dizziness, a major symptom of a balance disorder. It is the sensation of spinning or swaying while the body is stationary with respect to the surroundings."; ; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000399"; rdfs:label "vertigo"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Bruise is a skin and integumentary tissue symptom characterized as an injury transmitted through unbroken skin to underlying tissue causing rupture of small blood vessels and escape of blood into the tissue with resulting discoloration."; ; "bruises", "bruising", "contusion", "ecchymosis"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000406"; rdfs:label "bruise"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/seizure-first-aid-and-safety/staying-safe/types-injuries"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Cataplexy is a muscle symptom characterized by a sudden loss of muscle control with retention of clear consciousness that follows a strong emotional stimulus (as elation, surprise, or anger) and is a characteristic symptom of narcolepsy."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4623123/"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000408"; rdfs:label "cataplexy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Cataplexy"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000410"; rdfs:label "neurological and physiological symptom" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Anxiety is a neurological and physiological symptom characterized by a painful or apprehensive uneasiness of mind usually over an impending or anticipated ill."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30698542"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000412"; rdfs:label "anxiety"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Dysarthria is a neurological and physiological symptom characterized by a difficulty in articulating words due to disease of the central nervous system."; ; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000414"; rdfs:label "dysarthria"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000417"; rdfs:label "pupil symptom" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A pain that is a leg pain in the calf or thigh which is caused by inadequate blood flow to the leg muscles brought on by leg exercise such as walking."; ; "blockage of leg arteries"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000424"; rdfs:label "claudication"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/atonic-seizures"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Hypoventilation is a respiratory abnormality characterized by a deficient ventilation of the lungs that results in reduction in the oxygen content or increase in the carbon dioxide content of the blood or both."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22791548"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000428"; rdfs:label "hypoventilation"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Paresthesia is a skin and integumentary tissue symptom characterized as a sensation of pricking, tingling, or creeping on the skin having no objective cause and usually associated with injury or irritation of a sensory nerve or nerve root."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2511/"; "Tingling"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000435"; rdfs:label "paresthesia"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "ICD9CM_2005:785.51", "SyOID:10218", "UMLS_CUI:C0036980", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0243814"; "Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a condition in which a marked reduction in cardiac output and inadequate end-organ perfusion results from an array of cardiac insults, the most common of which is acute myocardial infarction. CS is a systemic disease involving a vicious cycle of inflammation, ischemia, and progressive myocardial dysfunction, which often results in death."; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000449"; rdfs:label "cardiogenic shock"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/cardiac-disorders"; true . _:3eb0a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a condition in which a marked reduction in cardiac output and inadequate end-organ perfusion results from an array of cardiac insults, the most common of which is acute myocardial infarction. CS is a systemic disease involving a vicious cycle of inflammation, ischemia, and progressive myocardial dysfunction, which often results in death."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24188221" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A cardiovascular system symptom that is characterized as a state of profound depression of the vital processes of the body that is characterized by pallor, rapid but weak pulse, rapid and shallow respiration, reduced total blood volume, and low blood pressure and that is caused usually by severe especially crushing injuries, hemorrhage, burns, or major surgery."; ; "ICD9CM_2005:785.5", "UMLS_CUI:C0159051", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0284197"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000450"; rdfs:label "shock" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Nausea is a digestive system symptom characterized by an uneasy or unsettled feeling in the stomach together with an urge to vomit."; ; "ICD9CM_2005:787.02", "SyOID:1173", "UMLS_CUI:C0375548", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0750850"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000458"; rdfs:label "nausea"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/guide/abdominal-epilepsy-in-children-and-adults"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "ICD9CM_2005:787", "SyOID:5330", "UMLS_CUI:C0159058", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0284224"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000459"; rdfs:label "digestive system symptom" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "ICD9CM_2005:789", "ICD9CM_2005:789.9", "SyOID:12097", "UMLS_CUI:C0159065", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0284267", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0284268"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000461"; rdfs:label "abdominal symptom" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eb0b3; "A symptom is a perceived change in function, sensation, loss, disturbance or appearance reported by a patient indicative of a disease."; ; "SyOID:14974"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000462"; rdfs:label "symptom"; true . _:3eb0b3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "ICD9CM_2005:783", "SyOID:2644", "UMLS_CUI:C0159041", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0284163"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000473"; rdfs:label "nutrition, metabolism, and development symptom" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "ICD9CM_2005:781", "SyOID:90", "UMLS_CUI:C0159033", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0284131"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000480"; rdfs:label "nervous system symptom" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "ICD9CM_2005:788", "SyOID:2134", "UMLS_CUI:C0476293", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0284245"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000486"; rdfs:label "urinary system symptom" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "ICD9CM_2005:782", "ICD9CM_2005:782.9", "SyOID:2103", "UMLS_CUI:C0159037", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0284146", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0284161"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000488"; rdfs:label "skin and integumentary tissue symptom" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Urinary incontinence is a urinary system symptom characterized by the an inability of the body to control the evacuative functions."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5885137/", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23142708"; "ICD9CM_2005:788.3", "ICD9CM_2005:788.30", "SyOID:5372", "UMLS_CUI:C0042024", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0814766", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A6994675"; "incontinence"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000492"; rdfs:label "urinary incontinence"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Aphasia is a nervous system symptom characterized by a loss or impairment of the power to use or comprehend words usually resulting from brain damage."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5639272/"; "ICD9CM_2005:784.3", "SyOID:14727", "UMLS_CUI:C0003537", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0025556"; "inability to comprehend language"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000508"; rdfs:comment "doid/symp duplicate"; rdfs:label "aphasia"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Pallor is a skin and integumentary tissue symptom characterized as a deficiency of color especially of the face."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC531654/"; "ICD9CM_2005:782.61", "SyOID:14889", "UMLS_CUI:C0030232", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0096956"; "paleness"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000510"; rdfs:label "pallor"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Flushing is a skin and integumentary tissue symptom characterized as a markedly red flush in a persons face and often other areas of the skin, from various physiological conditions. Flushing is generally distinguished, despite a close physiological relation between them, from blushing, which is milder, generally restricted to the face or cheeks, and generally assumed to reflect embarrassment. Flushing is also a cardinal symptom of carcinoid syndrome the syndrome that results from hormones (often serotonin or histamine) being secreted into systemic circulation."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC531654/"; "ICD9CM_2005:782.62", "SyOID:14890", "UMLS_CUI:C0016382", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0060138"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000511"; rdfs:label "flushing"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Stridor is a respiratory system and chest symptom characterized by a harsh vibrating sound heard during respiration in cases of obstruction of the air passages."; ; "ICD9CM_2005:786.1", "SyOID:15070", "UMLS_CUI:C0038450", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0120146"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000513"; rdfs:label "stridor"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "ICD9CM_2005:786", "SyOID:5868", "UMLS_CUI:C0476271", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0284200"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000514"; rdfs:label "respiratory system and chest symptom" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Hiccough is a respiratory system and chest symptom characterized by a spasmodic inhalation with closure of the glottis accompanied by a peculiar sound."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28139515"; "ICD9CM_2005:786.8", "SyOID:15071", "UMLS_CUI:C0019521", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0421293"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000515"; rdfs:label "hiccough"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "ICD9CM_2005:785", "SyOID:2147", "UMLS_CUI:C0159049", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0284192"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000528"; rdfs:label "cardiovascular system symptom" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Tachycardia is a cardiovascular system symptom consisting of a relatively rapid heart action whether physiological (as after exercise) or pathological."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC531654/"; "ICD9CM_2005:785.0", "SyOID:16496", "UMLS_CUI:C0039231", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0804597"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000529"; rdfs:label "tachycardia"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Palpitation is a cardiovascykar system symptom characterized by an abnormal awareness of the beating of the heart,whether it is too slow, too fast, irregular, or at its normal frequency when excited by violent exertion, strong emotion, or disease."; ; "ICD9CM_2005:785.1", "SyOID:16497", "UMLS_CUI:C0030252", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0004066"; "Palpitations", "abnormal heart beats"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000530"; rdfs:label "palpitation"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Cyanosis is a skin and integumentary tissue symptom characterized as a bluish or purplish discoloration (as of skin) due to deficient oxygenation of the blood."; ; "ICD9CM_2005:782.5", "SyOID:17346", "UMLS_CUI:C0010520", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0044296"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000537"; rdfs:label "cyanosis"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/connect/forums/living-epilepsy-adults/cyanosis"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Nocturia is a urinary system symptom characterized by urination at night especially when excessive."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3481949/"; "ICD9CM_2005:788.43", "SyOID:3049", "UMLS_CUI:C0028734", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0011475"; "nycturia"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000564"; rdfs:label "nocturia"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Nocturia"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "ICD9CM_2005:780.5", "SyOID:3247", "UMLS_CUI:C0037317", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0246756"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000566"; rdfs:label "sleep disturbance" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "ICD9CM_2005:780", "SyOID:777", "UMLS_CUI:C0159028", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0284119"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000567"; rdfs:label "general symptom" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Insomnia is a sleep disturbance characterized by prolonged and usually abnormal inability to obtain adequate sleep."; ; "ICD9CM_2005:780.52", "SyOID:3766", "UMLS_CUI:C0029645", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0243733"; "agrypnia"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000571"; rdfs:label "insomnia"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Insomnia", "https://www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/7-top-tips-better-sleep-epilepsy-and-insomnia"; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Hypersomnia is a sleep disturbance characterized by sleeping for excessive periods at intervals with intervening periods of normal duration of sleeping and waking."; ; "ICD9CM_2005:780.54", "SyOID:5380", "UMLS_CUI:C0029637", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0243739"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000582"; rdfs:label "hypersomnia"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Hypersomnia", "https://www.ajmc.com/conferences/sleep-2013/epilepsy-and-sleep-defining-the-relationship"; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "ICD9CM_2005:780.58", "SyOID:5383", "UMLS_CUI:C1455873", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A6995224"; "Sleep related rhythmic movement disorders include body rocking, rolling and head banging. These are usually benign exaggerations of presumed self-comforting movements or habits that many infants demonstrate in sleep wake transition as they fall asleep."; "Sleep related rhythmic movement disorders"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000585"; rdfs:label "sleep related movement disorder"; true . _:3eb0c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Sleep related rhythmic movement disorders include body rocking, rolling and head banging. These are usually benign exaggerations of presumed self-comforting movements or habits that many infants demonstrate in sleep wake transition as they fall asleep."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#sleep-disorder" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "ICD9CM_2005:784", "SyOID:7123", "UMLS_CUI:C0476247", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0284173"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000597"; rdfs:label "head and neck symptom" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "ICD9CM_2005:786.0", "SyOID:7239", "UMLS_CUI:C0159053", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0284202"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000598"; rdfs:label "respiratory abnormality" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Apnea is a respiratory abnormality characterized by transient cessation of respiration whether normal (as in hibernating animals) or abnormal (as that caused by certain drugs)."; ; "ICD9CM_2005:786.03", "SyOID:7243", "UMLS_CUI:C0003578", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0025648"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000600"; rdfs:label "apnea"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Dizziness is a neurological and physiological symptom characterized by a sensation of unsteadiness accompanied by a feeling of movement within the head."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2609/"; "ICD9CM_2005:780.4", "SyOID:7637", "UMLS_CUI:C0476206", "UMLS_ICD9CM_2005_AUI:A0243727"; "dizzy"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000610"; rdfs:label "dizziness"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27638925"; "Memory deficits"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000719"; rdfs:label "memory impairment"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Stroke is a nervous system symptom characterized by a sudden diminution or loss of consciousness, sensation, and voluntary motion caused by rupture or obstruction (as by a clot) of a blood vessel of the brain."; ; "Stroke includes two main types, hemorrhagic and ischemic. Both types of stroke can cause acute seizures at the time of the acute event, as well as epilepsy as a long-term complication. In the elderly, cerebrovascular disease and stroke are the most common cause of acute seizures and epilepsy."; "apoplexy", "brain attack", "cerebral accident", "cerebrovascular accident"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000734"; rdfs:label "stroke"; true . _:3eb0d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Stroke includes two main types, hemorrhagic and ischemic. Both types of stroke can cause acute seizures at the time of the acute event, as well as epilepsy as a long-term complication. In the elderly, cerebrovascular disease and stroke are the most common cause of acute seizures and epilepsy."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/stroke-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Hypoesthesia is a general symptom where there is a diminished sensitivity to stimulation."; ; "numbness"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000834"; rdfs:label "hypoesthesia"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Chronic pain is a pain that can range from mild to severe, and continues beyond the expected healing phase."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20161538"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000837"; rdfs:label "chronic pain"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Hematoma is a skin and integumentary tissue symptom characterized by a mass of usually clotted blood that forms in a tissue, organ, or body space as a result of a broken blood vessel generally the result of hemorrhage, or more specifically, internal bleeding."; ; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000874"; rdfs:label "hematoma" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "lschriml"; "2010-10-15T11:48:05Z"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000891"; rdfs:label "musculoskeletal system symptom" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Sensation perception is a nervous system symptom where the information perceived by sensory receptors are interpreted."; ; "lschriml"; "2010-10-15T11:54:30Z"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000892"; rdfs:label "sensation perception" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An arrhythmia characterized by rapid, irregular, and unsynchronized contraction of muscle fibers within the heart."; ; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0000898"; rdfs:label "cardiac fibrillation" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Diaphoresis is a sweat characterized as excessive sweating commonly associated with shock and other medical emergency conditions."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29763181"; "profuse perspiration"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0019152"; rdfs:label "diaphoresis"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.healthline.com/health/diaphoresis#sweat"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0019163"; rdfs:label "eye symptom" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Meningitis is a nervous system symptom characterized as an inflammation of the meninges and especially of the pia mater and the arachnoid."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18754955"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0019173"; rdfs:label "meningitis"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Meningitis"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A skin and integumentary tissue symptom characterized as the excretion of moisture in visible quantities through the opening of the sweat glands."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15562299"; "Sweating", "perspire"; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0019175"; rdfs:label "sweaty"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Malaise is a neurological and physiological symptom characterized as an indefinite feeling of debility or lack of health often indicative of or accompanying the onset of an illness."; ; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0019176"; rdfs:label "malaise"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/metabolic-disorders/electrolyte-abnormalities/hyponatremia"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Fatigue is a neurological and physiological symptom characterized by a weariness or exhaustion from labor, exertion, or stress."; ; "symptoms"; "SYMP:0019177"; rdfs:label "fatigue"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A nervous system symptom that involves, is related to, or emphasizes behavior."; ; rdfs:label "behavioral symptom" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A behavioral symptom that is characterized by a restricted rate of information processing by the brain."; ; "Decreased attention", "Impaired Attention"; rdfs:label "limited attention"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/challenges-epilepsy/moods-and-behavior/mood-and-behavior-advanced/impaired-attention"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A C-shaped bundle of fibres (axons) in the brain, and carries signals from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei. It is typically divided into the columns (crus), body, commissure and the pre-commissural and post-commissural fornix (MM)."; ; "fornix"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23613463"; , , , , , "BAMS:f", "BIRNLEX:705", "DHBA:10576", "DMBA:17767", "EMAPA:35352", "FMA:61965", "FMA:83865", "HBA:9249", "MA:0002747", "NCIT:C32289", "UMLS:C0152334", "UMLS:C0458370", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=268"; "brain fornix", "cerebral fornix", "forebrain fornix", "fornix of neuraxis", "neuraxis fornix"; "uberon"; "fornix (column and body of fornix)", "fornix cerebri", "fornix hippocampus", "hippocampus fornix"; "UBERON:0000052"; , ; rdfs:label "fornix of brain"; ; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A tubular structure that contains, conveys body fluid, such as blood or lymph."; ; "uberon"; "UBERON:0000055"; , ; rdfs:label "vessel" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome."; ; , , "AAO:0010825", "AEO:0000003", "BILA:0000003", "CARO:0000003", "EHDAA2:0003003", "EMAPA:0", "FBbt:00007001", "FMA:305751", "FMA:67135", "GAID:781", "HAO:0000003", "MA:0003000", "MESH:D000825", "TAO:0000037", "TGMA:0001823", "VHOG:0001759", "XAO:0003000", "ZFA:0000037"; "biological structure", "connected biological structure"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0000061"; ; rdfs:label "anatomical structure" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP]."; ; "Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions."; "CARO v1 does not include a generic 'organ' class, only simple and compound organ. CARO v2 may include organ, see https://github.com/obophenotype/caro/issues/4"; , , , "BIRNLEX:4", "CARO:0020004", "EFO:0000634", "EMAPA:35949", "ENVO:01000162", "FMA:67498", "MA:0003001", "NCIT:C13018", "OpenCyc:Mx4rv5XMb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "OpenCyc:Mx4rwP3iWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "UMLS:C0178784", "WBbt:0003760"; "uberon"; "anatomical unit", "body organ", "element"; "UBERON:0000062"; ; rdfs:label "organ" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A multicellular structure that is a part of an organ."; "currently defined in a very broad sense, may be replaced by more specific classes in the future"; ; , , "AAO:0011124", "BIRNLEX:16", "EFO:0000635", "FMA:82472"; "cardinal organ part"; "uberon"; "regional part of organ"; "UBERON:0000064"; , , ; rdfs:label "organ part" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Any part or collection of parts of the central or peripheral nervous system. Parts may span both CNS and PNS."; ; "Melissa Haendel"; "2009-06-18T09:00:04Z"; , , "BIRNLEX:1157", "NCIT:C13040", "UMLS:C1518256"; "part of nervous system"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0000073"; , ; rdfs:label "regional part of nervous system" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A depression or fissure in the surface of an organ."; ; "cjm"; "2009-04-09T06:23:22Z"; ; "uberon"; "UBERON:0000093"; , ; rdfs:label "sulcus" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Portion of tissue, that consists of single layer of cells connected to each other by cell junctions. Examples: layer of glial cells; epithelium."; "consider adding to caro"; ; "layer"; "NCIT:C66831"; "layer of cells"; "uberon"; "cell sheath", "sheath of cells"; "UBERON:0000119"; ; rdfs:label "cell layer" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses."; ; "UBERON:0005163"; "CARO:0001001", "FBbt:00005099", "NLX:147821"; "funiculus", "nerve fiber bundle", "neural fiber bundle"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0000122"; rdfs:label "neuron projection bundle" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections, and including nearby cells that share the same cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO)"; ; "Anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma[GO][GO_REF:0000021]."; "Proposed CUMBO def from MM: A subcortical part of the nervous system consisting of a relatively compact group of cells that is distinguishable histologically that share a commonality of cytoarchitecture, chemoarchitecturel and connectivity. (comments: I put in 'subcortical' because I don't think we consider either the cerebellar cortex or cerebral cortex to be nuclei. Some people distinguish between a nucleus and a laminar structure (see Wikipedia definition). However, there are structures identified as nuclei that are laminar, e.g., lateral geniculate nucleus, although they are not laminated in all species. Also, I put in 'relatively compact' and 'distiguishable by histology' because we have groups of cells, e.g., cholinergic cell groups, doparminergic cell groups that are related on the 3 criteria but which we don't tend to consider nuclei because they don't occupy an easily defined territory. But all is open to debate."; "nucleus"; , "AEO:0000136", "FMA:83686", "NCIT:C13197", "NLX:28443"; "nervous system nucleus", "neuraxis nucleus", "neuronal nucleus", "nucleus of CNS"; "uberon"; "nucleus of neuraxis"; "UBERON:0000125"; ; rdfs:label "neural nucleus" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A ridge on the cerebral cortex. It is generally surrounded by one or more sulci ."; ; ; , , ; , , , , "BTO:0002495", "FMA:83874", "NCIT:C32290", "UMLS:C0458308"; "cerebral gyrus", "gyrus of neuraxis", "neuraxis gyrus"; "uberon"; "folia", "folium", "folium of brain", "gyri", "gyri of cerebrum", "gyrus of cerebral hemisphere", "gyrus of cerebrum"; "UBERON:0000200"; ; rdfs:label "gyrus"; rdfs:seeAlso . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A lining of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which is involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. It is at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and gland is termed mucus. The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body and not every mucous membrane secretes mucus[WP]"; ; "mucosal"; "FMA has mucosa vs region of mucosa; these are subtypes of Mucosa: Mucosa of gallbladder, tongue, .... The following are subtypes of Region of mucosa: Mucosa of zone of stomach, trachea, bronchus, dorsum of tongue.... Depends on whether the covered area is an organ or organ component. Uberon does not regard organ vs organ component as crucial distinction and thus collapses these into a single class deliberately"; , , , "AEO:0000199", "BTO:0000886", "CALOHA:TS-2031", "EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003234", "EV:0100382", "FMA:85355", "FMA:85358", "GAID:297", "MESH:D009092", "NCIT:C13166", "OpenCyc:Mx4rvmKNOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "UMLS:C0026724", "galen:Mucosa"; "mucosa of organ", "mucosa of organ part", "mucosal region", "mucous membrane", "organ mucosa"; "uberon"; "region of mucosa", "tunica mucosa"; "UBERON:0000344"; ; rdfs:label "mucosa"; , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Gray matter structure located on the midline of the forebrain consisting of the septum pellucidum (in some species) and the septal nuclei (Heimer, 1996)."; ; "Subdivision of the telencephalon on the midline between the lateral ventricles which contains the septum pellucidum and the septal nuclei[FMA][FMA:61842]."; "Se", "septum"; , , "BAMS:SA", "BAMS:SEP", "BAMS:Sep", "BAMS:Spt", "BIRNLEX:963", "BM:Tel-Spt", "BTO:0002705", "EMAPA:32837", "FMA:61842", "MA:0000924", "MESH:A08.186.211.577.750", "UMLS:C0752060", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=255"; "area septalis", "septal area", "septum (NN)", "telencephalon septum"; "uberon"; "massa praecommissuralis", "septal region", "septum pellucidum (BNA,PNA)", "septum telencephali"; "UBERON:0000446"; ; rdfs:label "septum of telencephalon"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas.nnThis brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior. The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals.nnThe most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the pre-frontal cortex area is executive function. Executive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on actions, and social 'control' (the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially-unacceptable outcomes).nnMany authors have indicated an integral link between a person's personality and the functions of the prefrontal cortex. - definition adapted from Wikipedia"; "TODO - check MA"; ; , , "BAMS:FrA", "BTO:0002807", "DHBA:10172", "EFO:0001384", "EMAPA:35356", "FMA:224850", "GAID:676", "MA:0000906", "MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.213.270.700", "NLXANAT:090801"; "prefrontal association cortex"; "uberon"; "frontal association cortex", "prefrontal association complex"; "UBERON:0000451"; ; rdfs:label "prefrontal cortex"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The layer located below the cerebral cortex that includes the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23671345"; , "BTO:0002858", "FMA:242188", "NCIT:C98712", "UMLS:C0815008"; "cerebral medulla"; "uberon"; "subcortex"; "UBERON:0000454"; ; rdfs:label "cerebral subcortex"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SubcorticalTelecephalonSegment"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures."; ; "lumen", "space"; , "AAO:0010110", "AEO:0000005", "BILA:0000005", "CARO:0000005", "EHDAA2:0003005", "FBbt:00007017", "FMA:5897", "HAO:0000005", "NCIT:C94478", "TAO:0001668", "TGMA:0001825", "UMLS:C0524461", "VHOG:0001728", "XAO:0003190", "ZFA:0001643"; "lumen space"; "uberon"; "anatomical spaces"; "UBERON:0000464"; ; rdfs:label "anatomical space" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Anatomical entity that has mass."; ; "AAO:0010264", "AEO:0000006", "BILA:0000006", "CARO:0000006", "EHDAA2:0003006", "FBbt:00007016", "FMA:67165", "HAO:0000006", "TAO:0001836", "TGMA:0001826", "VHOG:0001721"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0000465"; ; rdfs:label "material anatomical entity" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Anatomical entity that has no mass."; ; "AAO:0010265", "AEO:0000007", "BILA:0000007", "CARO:0000007", "EHDAA2:0003007", "FBbt:00007015", "FMA:67112", "HAO:0000007", "TAO:0001835", "TGMA:0001827", "VHOG:0001727"; "immaterial physical anatomical entity"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0000466"; ; rdfs:label "immaterial anatomical entity" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Anatomical group that has its parts adjacent to one another."; "Will be obsoleted in CARO v2 [https://github.com/obophenotype/caro/issues/3]"; ; "AAO:0010009", "AEO:0000041", "BILA:0000041", "CARO:0000041", "EHDAA2:0003041", "FBbt:00007277", "FMA:49443", "HAO:0000041", "TADS:0000605", "TAO:0001478", "TGMA:0001842", "VHOG:0001737", "XAO:0003160", "ZFA:0001478"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0000477"; ; rdfs:label "anatomical cluster" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organisation is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organisation."; "changed label and definition to reflect CARO2"; ; , "AAO:0000607", "AAO:0010054", "AEO:0000043", "BILA:0000043", "BIRNLEX:19", "CALOHA:TS-2090", "CARO:0000043", "EHDAA2:0003043", "EMAPA:35868", "FBbt:00007003", "FMA:9637", "HAO:0000043", "MA:0003002", "MESH:D014024", "NCIT:C12801", "TAO:0001477", "TGMA:0001844", "UMLS:C0040300", "VHOG:0001757", "WBbt:0005729", "XAO:0003040", "ZFA:0001477", "galen:Tissue"; "portion of tissue", "tissue portion"; "simple tissue"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0000479"; , ; rdfs:label "tissue" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types."; ; "AAO:0010048", "AEO:0000055", "BILA:0000055", "CARO:0000055", "EHDAA2:0003055", "FBbt:00007010", "HAO:0000055", "TAO:0001488", "TGMA:0001847", "VHOG:0001762", "XAO:0003037", "ZFA:0001488"; "uberon"; "multi-tissue structures"; "UBERON:0000481"; ; rdfs:label "multi-tissue structure" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP]."; "requires review for applicability to invertebrate structures, e.g. synganglion"; ; "Cavitated compound organ which is comprised of gray and white matter and surrounds the cerebral ventricular system.[TAO]", "Part of the central nervous system situated within the cranium and composed of both nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers.[AAO]", "The part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium, comprising the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and metencephalon. It is derived from the anterior part of the embryonic neural tube (or the encephalon). Does not include retina. (CUMBO)"; "(...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622192"; , , , , , "AAO:0010478", "ABA:Brain", "BAMS:Br", "BAMS:Brain", "BILA:0000135", "BIRNLEX:796", "BTO:0000142", "CALOHA:TS-0095", "DHBA:10155", "EFO:0000302", "EHDAA2:0000183", "EHDAA:2641", "EHDAA:6485", "EMAPA:16894", "EV:0100164", "FBbt:00005095", "FMA:50801", "GAID:571", "HBA:4005", "MA:0000168", "MAT:0000098", "MBA:8", "MBA:997", "MESH:D001921", "MIAA:0000098", "NCIT:C12439", "OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjT65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "PBA:3999", "TAO:0000008", "UMLS:C0006104", "UMLS:C1269537", "VHOG:0000157", "XAO:0000010", "ZFA:0000008", "galen:Brain", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=21"; "uberon"; "encephalon", "suprasegmental levels of nervous system", "suprasegmental structures", "synganglion", "the brain"; "UBERON:0000955"; , , , , , ; rdfs:label "brain"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon. It consists of the neocortex (6 layered cortex or isocortex), the hippocampal formation and the olfactory cortex."; "We follow NIFSTD in defining cerebral cortex and including both neocortex and hippocampal formation (DG+hippocampus)."; ; ; "The cerebral cortex is a structure within the brain that plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It constitutes the outermost layer of the cerebrum. In preserved brains, it has a grey color, hence the name 'grey matter'. Grey matter is formed by neurons and their unmyelinated fibers, whereas the white matter below the grey matter of the cortex is formed predominantly by myelinated axons interconnecting different regions of the central nervous system. The human cerebral cortex is 2-4 mm (0.08-0.16 inches) thick. The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the grooves, called 'sulci. ' The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex, also called isocortex, is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus (also called archicortex), has at most three cellular layers, and is divided into subfields. Relative variations in thickness or cell type (among other parameters) allow us to distinguish between different neocortical architectonic fields. The geometry of at least some of these fields seems to be related to the anatomy of the cortical folds, and, for example, layers in the upper part of the cortical ridges seem to be more clearly differentiated than in its deeper parts. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Cerebral_cortex]."; "Migration of neurons from the basal or striatal portions of the anterior part of the neural tube occurs to varying degrees in different vertebrate classes, but a true cerebral cortex is generally acknowledged to have made its first appearance in reptiles. The definition can be unambiguous, since 'cortex' simply implies the existence of a surface neuronal layer with an overlying 'zonal lamina' or 'molecular' layer containing dendrites and axons, which is separated from the underlying basal 'matrix' by white matter. Although reptilian cerebral cortex does indeed fulfill these conditions in certain locations, the separation from striatal structures is often indistinct, so that it may even be argued that some primitive dipnoans possess a pallium or cortex. Nevertheless, an extensive laminated layer separated by underlying white matter is well represented only in reptiles and mammals.[well established][VHOG]"; "hagfishes have independently evolved a highly laminated cerebral cortex, comparable in many ways to the cerebral cortex of mammals [http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/4/743]"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5096551"; , , , , "BAMS:C", "BAMS:CTX", "BAMS:Cerebral_cortex", "BAMS:Cx", "BIRNLEX:1494", "BM:Tel-Cx", "BTO:0000233", "CALOHA:TS-0091", "DHBA:10159", "EFO:0000328", "EHDAA2:0000234", "EHDAA:5464", "EMAPA:17544", "EV:0100166", "FMA:61830", "GAID:629", "HBA:4008", "MA:0000185", "MAT:0000108", "MBA:688", "MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.213", "MIAA:0000108", "NCIT:C12443", "PBA:128011354", "UMLS:C0007776", "VHOG:0000722", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=39"; "cortex of cerebral hemisphere"; "uberon"; "brain cortex", "cortex cerebralis", "cortex cerebri", "cortical plate (CTXpl)", "cortical plate (areas)", "pallium of the brain"; "UBERON:0000956"; , , ; rdfs:label "cerebral cortex"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#CerebralCortexRegion"; , ; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Any thin layer or plate."; "TODO - merge with cell layer?"; ; "laminar"; ; "laminar tissue"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0000957"; , , ; rdfs:label "lamina"; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain, ventral to the cerebellum."; "The pons is not present in zebrafish. In this ontology we currently have some structures which are applicable to zebrafish appearing as parts of the pons. Currently we only include the weaker dubious_for_taxon relationship ubtil this is resolved"; ; "The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain, ventral to the cerebellum. [TFD][VHOG]"; "During the embryonic development of birds and mammals, neuroblasts migrate from the cerebellum into the ventral part of the rhombencephalon and differentiate into pontine and other nuclei, which relay information from between the cerebrum and cerebellum, and a conspicuous band of transverse fibers. This region is known as the pons. A pons does not differentiate in reptiles and anamniotes (...).[well established][VHOG]"; , , , , , "BAMS:PONS", "BAMS:Pons", "BIRNLEX:733", "BM:Pons", "BTO:0001101", "CALOHA:TS-0813", "DHBA:10661", "EFO:0001394", "EHDAA2:0004394", "EMAPA:17563", "EV:0100253", "FMA:67943", "GAID:578", "HBA:9131", "MA:0000204", "MAT:0000115", "MBA:771", "MESH:D011149", "MIAA:0000115", "NCIT:C12511", "UMLS:C0032639", "UMLS:C1280999", "VHOG:0001176", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=547"; "pons Varolii", "pons of Varolius"; "uberon"; "pons cerebri"; "UBERON:0000988"; , , ; rdfs:label "pons"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "A group of axons linking two or more neuropils and having a common origin, termination[FBbt]."; ; "White matter structure of CNS that contains axons that arise predominantly in one central nervous system part and terminate in another. Tracts are generally named by their region or origin followed by their region of primary termination, e.g., mammillothalamic tract contains axons that arise from neurons in the mammillary bodies and terminate in the thalamus. (CUMBO)"; "BIRNLEX:1649", "EV:0100304", "FBbt:00005100", "FMA:83847", "NLX:147822"; "axonal tract", "neuraxis tract", "tract of neuraxis"; "nerve tract"; "uberon"; "nerve tract", "tract"; "UBERON:0001018"; , ; rdfs:comment "WP says this is the analog of peripheral nerves in CNS."; rdfs:label "axon tract" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Axon tract that crosses the midline of the central nervous system[NIF, modified]. In the context of Drosophila refers to a broad band of axons connecting equivalent neuropils each side of the brain[FBbt]."; ; "White matter fiber bundle that crosses the midline of the brain or spinal cord, that connects similar structures on both sides. (CUMBO; Heimer, L. The Human Brain, 2nd ed., 1995, pg 6)"; "commissural"; , ; "commissure"; , , "FBbt:00005103", "FMA:83906", "NCIT:C32349", "NLX:110", "NLXANAT:20090513", "OpenCyc:Mx4rdBrmE6gOEdudWQACs5b6Bw", "TADS:0000201", "UMLS:C1185742"; "commissure of neuraxis", "neuraxis commissure"; "white matter commissure"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0001020"; , ; rdfs:comment "*not* the same as FMA:76741 Commissure"; rdfs:label "nervous system commissure" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eb0e3; "Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species."; ; , "AAO:0010841", "AEO:0000000", "BILA:0000000", "BIRNLEX:6", "CARO:0000000", "EHDAA2:0002229", "FBbt:10000000", "FBbt_root:00000000", "FMA:62955", "HAO:0000000", "MA:0000001", "NCIT:C12219", "TAO:0100000", "TGMA:0001822", "UMLS:C1515976", "WBbt:0000100", "XAO:0000000", "ZFA:0100000"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0001062"; ; rdfs:label "anatomical entity" . _:3eb0e3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The part of the cerebral cortex that receives projections from the motor thalamus and which projects to motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord. The motor cortex corresponds to Brodmann's area 4 (MM). The primary motor cortex, or M1, is located on the precentral gyrus and on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain. Of the three motor cortex areas, stimulation of the primary motor cortex requires the least amount of electrical current to elicit a movement. http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s3/chapter03.html"; "TODO - in MA this is asserted to be part_of BOTH frontal and parietal cortex. in ABA these are disjoint. FMA makes no commitment beyond cerebral cortex. Wikipedia says frontal lobe. Check if species difference or difference in definition. Removed relationship: part_of UBERON:0001872 parietal lobe"; ; "The part of the cerebral cortex that receives projections from the motor thalamus and which projects to motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord. The motor cortex corresponds to Brodmann's area 4 (MM). The primary motor cortex, or M1, is located on the precentral gyrus and on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain. Of the three motor cortex areas, stimulation of the primary motor cortex requires the least amount of electrical current to elicit a movement. http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s3/chapter03.html", "the area of the frontal lobe that is involved with integration of voluntary movements and with speech.[MP]"; , , , , "BAMS:M1", "BAMS:MO", "BAMS:MOp", "BM:Tel-Cx-M1", "BTO:0004348", "DHBA:10162", "EFO:0002472", "EMAPA:35704", "FMA:224854", "MA:0000907", "MBA:985", "MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.213.270.548", "NCIT:C97339", "NLX:143555", "UMLS:C0026607"; "motor cortex"; "uberon"; "Rolando's area", "excitable area", "gyrus precentralis", "motor area", "prefrontal gyrus", "primary motor area", "somatic motor areas", "somatomotor areas"; "UBERON:0001384"; , , ; rdfs:label "primary motor cortex"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. (MSH)"; ; , , , , , "BAMS:TL", "BAMS:Temporal_lobe", "BIRNLEX:1160", "BTO:0001355", "CALOHA:TS-1020", "DHBA:12139", "EFO:0000917", "EMAPA:18797", "EV:0100169", "FMA:61825", "GAID:635", "HBA:4132", "MAT:0000508", "MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.213.863", "NCIT:C12353", "OpenCyc:Mx4rwQLi-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "UMLS:C0039485", "UMLS:C1268978", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=125"; "lobus temporalis"; "temporal cortex"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0001871"; , , ; rdfs:comment "Boundary notes: It is bounded dorsally by the lateral fissure and posteriorly by an arbitrary border shared with the occipital lobe. [Wikipedia:Temporal_lobe]"; rdfs:label "temporal lobe"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. (MSH)"; ; "parietal region"; , , , , "BAMS:Parietal_lobe", "BIRNLEX:1148", "BTO:0001001", "CALOHA:TS-0747", "DHBA:12131", "EFO:0000914", "EV:0100168", "FMA:61826", "GAID:680", "HBA:4084", "MAT:0000506", "MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.213.670", "NCIT:C12354", "OpenCyc:Mx4rvg-typwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "UMLS:C0030560", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=95"; "regio parietalis"; "uberon"; "lobus parietalis"; "UBERON:0001872"; , , ; rdfs:label "parietal lobe"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "Subcortical brain region lying anterior to the hippocampal formation in the temporal lobe and anterior to the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle in some species. It is usually subdivided into several groups. Functionally, it is not considered a unitary structure (MM)."; ; "Subdivision of basal ganglion of telencephalon which is an almond-shaped gray mass in the dorsomedial part of the temporal lobe[FMA:61841]"; "One part of the striatum is called the archistriatum. (...) The archistriatum of fishes consists of several indistinctly segregated nuclei called the amygdaloid (...) complex. Tetrapods retain the structure, and in mammals the corresponding amygdala is a globular mass that tends to be ventral to the other basal nuclei.[well established][VHOG]"; "amygdalar"; "MA and FMA differ on relationship to basal ganglion. The FMA text def suggests a subdivision, but it is classified as a subtype"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23671345"; , , , , "BAMS:AMY", "BAMS:Amg", "BAMS:Amy", "BAMS:Amygdala", "BAMS:Amygdaloid_complex", "BIRNLEX:1241", "BM:Tel-Am", "BTO:0001042", "CALOHA:TS-0037", "DHBA:10361", "EFO:0000252", "EMAPA:32672", "EMAPA:36051", "EV:0100189", "EV:0100190", "FMA:61841", "GAID:616", "HBA:4327", "MA:0000887", "MAT:0000289", "MESH:A08.186.211.577.090", "MIAA:0000289", "NCIT:C12440", "OpenCyc:Mx4rwJC_2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "PBA:4002", "UMLS:C0002708", "VHOG:0001277", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=237"; "amygdaloid body", "amygdaloid complex", "amygdaloid nuclear complex", "amygdaloid nuclear groups", "archistriatum"; "uberon"; "amygdaloid area", "amygdaloid nuclear group", "amygdaloid nucleus", "corpus amygdalae", "corpus amygdaloideum", "nucleus amygdalae"; "UBERON:0001876"; , , ; rdfs:label "amygdala"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Amygdala"; ; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The most anterior region the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon."; ; "Most anterior of the three regions of the brain consisting of the telencephalon and diencephalon.[AAO]", "The most anterior region the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]"; "relationship loss: develops_from forebrain neural tube (TAO:0007041)[TAO]"; "In craniate embryos, neural expression of Distal-less-related genes is exclusively in the forebrain (...). Because the major neural expression domain of amphioxus AmphiDll is in the anterior three-fourths of the cerebral vesicle, we suggest that this region of the neural tube is homologous to parts of the craniate forebrain. This conclusion is strongly supported by three-dimensional, computer-assisted reconstruction of the neural tube of amphioxus based on serial transmission electron microscopy. At the neuroanatomical level, a number of detailed homologies are indicated between the anterior three-fourths of the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the diencephalic region of the craniate forebrain. If one assumes that the amphioxus condition fairly represents the nervous system of the proximate ancestor of the craniates, one can suggest that they evolved from a creature that had the beginnings of a forebrain.[well established][VHOG]"; "prosencephalic"; "FB"; , , , , "AAO:0010147", "BAMS:FB", "BAMS:Forebrain", "BIRNLEX:1509", "BTO:0000478", "CALOHA:TS-0380", "DHBA:10156", "DMBA:15566", "EFO:0000909", "EHDAA2:0000556", "EHDAA:3470", "EMAPA:16895", "FMA:61992", "MA:0000170", "MAT:0000105", "MESH:D016548", "MIAA:0000105", "NCIT:C40185", "TAO:0000109", "UMLS:C0085140", "VHOG:0000383", "XAO:0000011", "ZFA:0000109", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=27"; "uberon"; "prosencephalon"; "UBERON:0001890"; , , , ; rdfs:label "forebrain"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Forebrain"; ; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles)[GO]."; "developmental relationships need revised"; ; "Middle part of the brain composed of the optic tectum and penducular region.[AAO]", "The brain region between the forebrain anteriorly and the hindbrain posteriorly, including the tectum dorsally and the midbrain tegmentum ventrally. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]"; "Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG]"; "mesencephalic"; "part of brainstem in ABA - we reject this in favor of ISBN:0471888893 which has an implicit overlaps relationships"; "MB"; , , , , "AAO:0010149", "BAMS:MES", "BIRNLEX:1667", "BM:MB", "BTO:0000138", "CALOHA:TS-0630", "DHBA:10648", "DMBA:16649", "EFO:0000919", "EHDAA2:0001162", "EHDAA:3694", "EMAPA:16974", "EV:0100242", "FMA:61993", "HBA:9001", "MA:0000207", "MAT:0000106", "MBA:313", "MESH:D008636", "MIAA:0000106", "NCIT:C12510", "OpenCyc:Mx4rvsBUqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001104", "TAO:0000128", "UMLS:C0025462", "VHOG:0000069", "XAO:0000014", "ZFA:0000128", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=462"; "uberon"; "mesencephalon"; "UBERON:0001891"; , , , ; rdfs:label "midbrain"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Part of the forebrain consisting of paired olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres."; ; "Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, basal ganglia, septum and fornix, as well as subcortical gray and white matter structures[FMA:62000].", "Part of the forebrain consisting of paired olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres.[AAO]", "The anterior and dorsal forebrain neuromere, includes the olfactory bulb. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]"; "relationship loss: develops_from presumptive telencephalon (TAO:0000571)[TAO]"; "From an evolutionary standpoint, the telencephalon is the most recent brain structure: the amphioxus does not have this structure as a morphological entity. Overt telencephalon is present in the hagfish and lamprey to receive numerous input fibers from various parts of the CNS, similar to gnathostomes.[well established][VHOG]"; "cerebral", "telenencephalic"; "In mammals the cortex covers almost the whole of the cerebral hemispheres.", "In ray-finned fishes and most pronounced in teleosts the roof plate of the embryonic telencephalon extends laterally with the effect that the paired alar plates forming the hemispheric walls roll out lateroventrally in a process called eversion. This is unlike the development in other vertebrate groups. [ZFA:0000079, ISBN:3764351209]", "In ray-finned fishes the inner surfaces of the lateral and ventral regions of the cerebrum bulge up into the ventricles.", "In the amniotes, the cerebrum becomes increasingly large and complex. In reptiles, the paleopallium is much larger than in amphibians, and its growth has pushed the basal nuclei into the central regions of the cerebrum.", "In the most primitive living vertebrates, the hagfishes and lampreys, the cerebrum is a relatively simple structure receiving nerve impulses from the olfactory bulb.", "The cerebrum of birds has evolved along different lines to that of mammals, although they are similarly enlarged, by comparison with reptiles. However, this enlargement is largely due to the basal ganglia, with the other areas remaining relatively primitive in structure.", "dolphins are the only species (other than humans) to have cerebra accounting for as much as 2 percent of their body weight."; "supratentorial region"; , , , , "AAO:0010479", "BAMS:CB", "BAMS:CH", "BAMS:IV", "BAMS:Tel", "BIRNLEX:1115", "BM:Tel", "BTO:0000239", "CALOHA:TS-1018", "DHBA:10158", "EFO:0000912", "EHDAA2:0001982", "EMAPA:16910", "EV:0100165", "FMA:62000", "GAID:621", "HBA:4007", "MA:0000183", "MAT:0000421", "MBA:567", "MESH:D013687", "MIAA:0000421", "PBA:128011350", "TAO:0000079", "UMLS:C0039452", "VHOG:0000283", "XAO:0000012", "ZFA:0000079", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=31"; "cerebrum", "endbrain"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0001893"; , , , ; rdfs:label "telencephalon"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The division of the forebrain that develops from the foremost primary cerebral vesicle."; ; ; "The more posterior and ventral of two forebrain neuromeres, the other being the telencephalon; major derivatives are the eye cups, the brain pretectal region, the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus (including the habenula and epiphysis). Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]", "Unpaired part of the forebrain comprised of three major parts; the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus.[AAO]"; "Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG]"; "diencephalic"; "in ABA, this is part of the brain stem"; "DiE"; , , , , "AAO:0010481", "BAMS:DI", "BAMS:Di", "BAMS:DiE", "BAMS:IB", "BAMS:Zh.", "BIRNLEX:1503", "BM:Die", "BTO:0000342", "CALOHA:TS-0199", "DHBA:10389", "DMBA:16308", "EFO:0000911", "EHDAA2:0000385", "EHDAA:1969", "EHDAA:2645", "EHDAA:3472", "EMAPA:16896", "EV:0100194", "FMA:62001", "GAID:618", "HBA:4391", "MA:0000171", "MAT:0000420", "MBA:1129", "MESH:A08.186.211.730.385", "MIAA:0000420", "NCIT:C12456", "OpenCyc:Mx4rwC-V0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "PBA:128013010", "TAO:0000101", "UMLS:C0012144", "VHOG:0000318", "XAO:0000013", "ZFA:0000101", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=288"; "between brain", "interbrain", "mature diencephalon", "thalamencephalon"; "uberon"; "betweenbrain", "diencephalon"; "UBERON:0001894"; , , , ; rdfs:label "diencephalon"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Diencephalon"; ; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the medullary reticular formation, inferior olivary complex and cochlear nuclear complex, among other structures[FMA]. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate[GO]."; ; "Posterior portion of the hindbrain which controls respiration, heartbeat, digestion, and swallowing as well as some locomotor responses.[AAO]", "The posterior region of the brain that is continuous with the spinal cord. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-17, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG]"; "Classical anatomical studies subdivided the vertebrate rhombencephalon into pons and medulla oblongata. (...) The medulla oblongata appears therefore as a tagma, that is, a group of segmental units (pseudorhombomeres, in this case) sharing some morphological and molecular characteristics, and in some aspects different from the segmental units present in adjoining brain regions, pons and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG]"; "bulb", "medulla"; , , , , , "AAO:0010486", "BAMS:MY", "BAMS:Md", "BIRNLEX:957", "BM:Me", "BTO:0000041", "CALOHA:TS-0607", "DMBA:17352", "EFO:0000924", "EHDAA2:0001088", "EHDAA:7588", "EMAPA:17550", "EV:0100275", "FMA:62004", "GAID:590", "MA:0000206", "MAT:0000111", "MAT:0000367", "MBA:354", "MESH:D008526", "MIAA:0000111", "NCIT:C12442", "OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjxSJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "OpenCyc:Mx4rwCqnXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "TAO:0000545", "UMLS:C0025148", "UMLS:C1269575", "VHOG:0000181", "XAO:0003100", "ZFA:0000545", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=698"; "bulbus"; "uberon"; "medulla oblonzata", "metepencephalon"; "UBERON:0001896"; , , , ; rdfs:label "medulla oblongata"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Subcortical brain region consisting of paired gray matter bodies in the dorsal diencephalon and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups.(MeSH). The dorsal topographic division of the interbrain. The macrodissected adult human thalamus was clearly illustrated by Vesalius in 1543 and the term as defined here was introduced by His in 1893. It includes the traditional epithalamus, dorsal thalamus, and ventral thalamus of Herrick (1910, pp. 494, 498). Also see Kuhlenbeck (1927, Ch. 9) and Jones (1985, p. 87)."; ; "One of a pair of large oval nervous structures made of gray matter and forming most of the lateral walls of the third ventricle of the brain and part of the diencephalon. [TFD][VHOG]", "Part of the diencephalon consisting of a mass of connecting fibers which relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex.[AAO]"; "(...) the brain regions of tetrapods, the structures they contain, and their basic organizational features are the same as in fishes.[well established][VHOG]"; "thalamic"; "Th", "thalamus"; , , , , "AAO:0010483", "BAMS:TH", "BAMS:Th", "BIRNLEX:954", "BTO:0001365", "CALOHA:TS-1031", "DHBA:10390", "DMBA:16376", "EFO:0000910", "EMAPA:17540", "EV:0100195", "GAID:656", "HBA:4392", "MA:0000179", "MAT:0000109", "MBA:549", "MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.826", "MIAA:0000109", "NCIT:C12459", "OpenCyc:Mx4rwMPQ65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "PBA:128013014", "TAO:0001215", "UMLS:C0039729", "VHOG:0000657", "ZFA:0001215", "galen:Thalamus", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=300"; "wider thalamus"; "uberon"; "thalamencephalon", "thalami", "thalamus opticus"; "UBERON:0001897"; , , , ; rdfs:label "dorsal plus ventral thalamus"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#ThalamusSegment"; ; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A specialized brain region of the ventral diencephalon arising near the end of the segmentation period; the embryonic hypothalamic region will give rise to the posterior pituitary gland as well as a number of brain nuclei. [ZFA]. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).[Wikipedia]."; ; ; , ; "A specialized brain region of the ventral diencephalon arising near the end of the segmentation period; the embryonic hypothalamic region will give rise to the posterior pituitary gland as well as a number of brain nuclei. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]", "Part of the diencephalon ventral to the thalamus consisting of connecting fibers and is a center for control of the autonomous nervous system.[AAO]"; "For instance, the vertebrate ventral diencephalon generates the hypothalamus which functions as a major endocrine center in cooperation with the hypophysis, the anterior part of the pituitary gland, located just ventral to the hypothalamus. In the amphioxus brain, the presence of a hypothalamus-like structure has been reported associated with the ventrally located Hatschek's pit, the hypothetical hypophysial homologue. It is thus conceivable that a hypothalamus-like structure originally involved in endocrine functions may have already been present before the establishment of vertebrates.[well established][VHOG]"; "hypothalamic"; "all vertebrates contain a hypothalamus"; "Hy"; , , , , "AAO:0010484", "BAMS:HY", "BAMS:Hy", "BIRNLEX:734", "BM:Die-Hy", "BTO:0000614", "CALOHA:TS-0469", "DHBA:10467", "EFO:0000107", "EHDAA2:0000802", "EHDAA:5446", "EMAPA:17536", "EV:0100225", "FMA:62008", "GAID:460", "HBA:4540", "MA:0000173", "MAT:0000112", "MBA:1097", "MESH:A08.186.211.577.482", "MIAA:0000112", "NCIT:C12458", "OpenCyc:Mx4rwEgr9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "TAO:0000032", "UMLS:C0020663", "VHOG:0000179", "XAO:0004070", "ZFA:0000032", "galen:Hypothalamus", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=292"; "preoptico-hypothalamic area", "preoptico-hypothalamic region"; "uberon"; "hypothalamus"; "UBERON:0001898"; , , , ; rdfs:label "hypothalamus"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#HypothalamusZone"; ; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "Part of the midbrain tecturm consisting of paired bodies that sit caudal to the thalamus and surround the pineal gland in the mesencephalon of vertebrate brains. It comprises the rostral aspect of the midbrain, posterior to the periaqueductal gray and adjacent superior the inferior colliculus. The inferior and superior colliculi are known collectively as the corpora quadrigemina (Latin, quadruplet bodies). It consists of several identified cellular layers and also comprises the brachium of the superior colliculus and commissure of supeior colliculus from Wikipedia.org and Neuronames (MM)."; ; "The brain structure where the two separate inputs from the two eyes are combined into a single, integrated map.[AAO]", "The roof of the midbrain, morphologically visible by the end of the segmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]"; "The tectum is a layered structure, with a number of layers that vary by species. The superficial layers are sensory-related, and receive input from the eyes as well as other sensory systems.[1] The optic tectum is one of the fundamental components of the vertebrate brain, existing across the full range of species from hagfish to human.[4] (See the brain article for background.) Some aspects of the structure are very consistent, including a structure composed of a number of layers, with a dense input from the optic nerve to the superficial layers and another strong input conveying somatosensory input to deeper layers. Other aspects are highly variable, such as the total number of layers (from 3 in the African lungfish to 15 in the goldfish[5]), and the number of different types of cells (from 2 in the lungfish to 27 in the house sparrow[5]", "The term SC is used when discussing mammals, and OT for other vertebrates[WP]"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3987648"; , , , "AAO:0010609", "BAMS:SC", "BIRNLEX:1040", "BM:MB-Tec-SC", "BTO:0000965", "DHBA:12292", "DMBA:16678", "EFO:0002474", "EMAPA:32869", "EV:0100245", "FMA:62403", "GAID:576", "HBA:9114", "MA:0001068", "MESH:A08.186.211.132.659.237.816", "TAO:0000445", "UMLS:C0228405", "XAO:0003226", "ZFA:0000445", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=473"; "anterior colliculus", "anterior corpus quadrigeminum", "cranial colliculus", "optic tectum"; "uberon"; "colliculus bigeminalis oralis", "colliculus cranialis", "colliculus rostralis", "colliculus superior", "corpora bigemina", "corpus quadrigeminum superius", "dorsal midbrain", "layers of the superior colliculus", "lobus opticus", "nates", "optic lobe", "optic tectum", "strata (grisea et alba) colliculi cranialis", "strata (grisea et alba) colliculi superioris", "tectal lobe", "tectum", "tectum opticum"; "UBERON:0001945"; , , , ; rdfs:comment "). In hagfish, lamprey, and shark it is a relatively small structure, but in teleost fish it is greatly expanded, in some cases becoming the largest structure in the brain. (See the adjoining drawing of a codfish brain.) In amphibians, reptiles, and especially birds it is also a very significant component, but in mammals it is dwarfed by the massive expansion of the cerebral cortex."; rdfs:label "superior colliculus"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Part of the midbrain tectum, consisting of paired predominantly gray matter elevations on the dorsal aspect of the midbrain, located caudal to the superior colliculus, dorsal to the periaqueductal gray of the cerebral aqueduct and rostral to the cerebellum. According to Neuronames, the inferior colliculus comprises the central, pericentral and external nucleus and two predominantly white matter structures, the brachium of the inferior colliculus and the commissure of the inferior colliculus (MM)."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3987648"; , , , "BAMS:IC", "BIRNLEX:806", "DHBA:12305", "DMBA:16692", "EFO:0002465", "EMAPA:32870", "EV:0100246", "FMA:62404", "GAID:575", "HBA:9102", "MA:0001067", "MBA:4", "MESH:A08.186.211.132.659.237.364", "UMLS:C0228411", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=476"; "caudal colliculus", "inferior colliculi", "posterior colliculus", "posterior corpus quadrigeminum"; "uberon"; "colliculus caudalis", "colliculus inferior", "corpus bigeminalis caudalis", "corpus bigeminum posterioris", "corpus quadrigeminum inferius"; "UBERON:0001946"; , , ; rdfs:label "inferior colliculus"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A nervous system structure composed primarily of nerve cell bodies (somas). May also include dendrites and the initial unmyelinated portion of axons."; ; "Multi-tissue comprised of neurons, dendrites, axon terminals, glial cells, and capillaries.[TAO]"; , , , "AEO:0001012", "EHDAA2:0003136", "EHDAA2_RETIRED:0004658", "EMAPA:37596", "FMA:67242", "HBA:4006", "MA:0001112", "NCIT:C32695", "OpenCyc:Mx4rwDdKMpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "TAO:0002197", "UMLS:C0018220", "VHOG:0001768", "ZFA:0001681"; "gray matter", "gray matter of neuraxis", "grey matter", "grey matter of neuraxis", "grey substance", "neuronal grey matter", "substantia grisea"; "uberon"; "gray mater", "grisea"; "UBERON:0002020"; , , ; rdfs:label "gray matter"; . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere (MSH)"; ; , , , , "BAMS:OL", "BAMS:Occipital_lobe", "BIRNLEX:1136", "BTO:0000293", "CALOHA:TS-0693", "DHBA:12148", "EFO:0000915", "EV:0100170", "FMA:67325", "GAID:678", "HBA:4180", "MAT:0000507", "MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.213.571", "NCIT:C12355", "OpenCyc:Mx4rv9OFy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "UMLS:C0028785", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=140"; "regio occipitalis"; "uberon"; "lobus occipitalis"; "UBERON:0002021"; , , ; rdfs:label "occipital lobe"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain. In mammals and birds the hindbrain is divided into a rostral metencephalon and a caudal myelencephalon. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata (From: Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain)[ZFA]. Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata[FMA]."; ; ; "Posterior part of the brain consisting of the cerebellum and medulla oblongata.[AAO]", "The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain, forming the rhombencephalon and all or most of the metencephalon. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]"; "relationship loss: develops_from hindbrain neural tube (TAO:0007043)[TAO]"; "Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG]"; "rhombencephalic"; "in MA, brainstem and hindbrain and part-of siblings under brain, consistent with FMA and NIF. See also notes for cerebellum. We weaken the relation in ABA to overlaps"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23810707"; , , , , , "AAO:0010150", "BAMS:HB", "BIRNLEX:942", "BTO:0000672", "CALOHA:TS-0457", "DHBA:10653", "DMBA:16808", "EFO:0000923", "EHDAA2:0000746", "EHDAA:3514", "EHDAA:6487", "EMAPA:16916", "FMA:67687", "MA:0000195", "MAT:0000107", "MBA:1065", "MESH:D012249", "MIAA:0000107", "NCIT:C40336", "TAO:0000029", "UMLS:C0035507", "UMLS:C1522180", "VHOG:0000070", "XAO:0000015", "ZFA:0000029", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=540"; "uberon"; "rhombencephalon"; "UBERON:0002028"; , , , ; rdfs:label "hindbrain"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement[MESH]. A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum , and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe[BTO]. Brain structure derived from the anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain. The cerebellum plays a role in somatic motor function, the control of muscle tone, and balance[ZFA]."; ; ; ; "Dorsal part of the hindbrain that coordinates muscle movement, posture, and balance.[AAO]", "Specialized brain region derived from the dorsal metencephalon (anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain) and becoming distinctive late in the segmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]"; "However, although the lamprey possesses a region comparable to the cerebellum and display expression of LjFgf8/17 at the MHB (midbrain hindbrain boundary), it does not have Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei, as well as components of the rhombic lip-derived cerebellar and pre-cerebellar systems. It is noteworthy that the latter structures require specific expression of Pax6 in the rhombic lip of the gnathostome hindbrain. Interestingly, the lamprey rhombic lip does not express Pax6. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that in vertebrate evolution the rostral hindbrain is incapable of differentiating into the cerebellum before the co-option of Pax6 in that region. In other words, cerebellum has been brought about as an evolutionary innovation in gnathostomes, based on exaptation of MHB, rhombic lip, and some regulatory gene expression already present in the vertebrate common ancestor.[well established][VHOG]"; "cerebellar"; "The absence of a cerebellum in hagfishes and lampreys appears to be the only exception [to the rule that vertebrates possess the same number of brain divisions]. Both hagfishes and lampreys do possess a thin band of cells located medial to the lateral line centers of the medulla (Ronan and Northcutt, 1998), which has been interpreted as a primitive cerebellum (Larsell, 1967), but more recent experimental studies (Kishida et al., 1987; Weigle and Northcutt, 1998) fail to support Larsell's claim[http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/4/743.full]"; "almost all AOs agree that the cerebellum is part of the hindbrain (sometimes specifically part of the metencephalon, which, when present, is part of the hindbrain). However, ABA has cerebellum and brain stem as partof siblings, with the hindbrain part of the brainstem"; "infratentorial region"; , , , , , "AAO:0010485", "BAMS:CB", "BAMS:Cb", "BIRNLEX:1489", "BM:CB", "BTO:0000232", "CALOHA:TS-0125", "DHBA:10656", "EFO:0000327", "EHDAA2:0000232", "EMAPA:17787", "EV:0100293", "FMA:67944", "GAID:595", "HBA:4696", "MA:0000198", "MAT:0000110", "MBA:512", "MESH:D002531", "MIAA:0000110", "NCIT:C12445", "OpenCyc:Mx4rvl1eipwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "TAO:0000100", "UMLS:C0007765", "UMLS:C1268981", "VHOG:0000024", "XAO:0003098", "ZFA:0000100", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=643"; "epencephalon-1"; "uberon"; "corpus cerebelli", "parencephalon"; "UBERON:0002037"; , , , ; rdfs:label "cerebellum"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A bulbous anterior projection of the olfactory lobe that is the place of termination of the olfactory nerves and is especially well developed in lower vertebrates (as fishes)[BTO]."; ; "Part of the rostral part of the cerebrum where axons of olfactory cells from the nasal mucosa terminate. Projects onto olfactory parts of pallium via olfactory tracts", "Part of the telencephalon comprised of anterior outgrowths of either of the cerebral hemispheres in which the olfactory nerve exits.[AAO]", "Segment of neural tree organ which is continuous with a set of olfactory nerves and an olfactory tract[FMA:77624].", "The part of the forebrain in which the olfactory nerves end and the olfactory tracts originate. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG]"; "The presence of paired evaginated hemispheres and olfactory bulbs in both agnathan and gnathostome radiations suggests that such hemispheres were also present in the common ancestor.[well established][VHOG]"; "In most vertebrates, the olfactory bulb is the most rostral (forward) part of the brain. In humans, however, the olfactory bulb is on the inferior (bottom) side of the brain. The olfactory bulb is supported and protected by the cribriform plate which in mammals, separates it from the olfactory epithelium, and which is perforated by olfactory nerve axons. The bulb is divided into two distinct structures, the main olfactory bulb, and the accessory olfactory bulb", "Note that in uberon 'main olfactory bulb' is a separate class, but some ontologies may treat this as partially synonymous. The distinction may only make sense in tetrapods with a vomeronasal organ (olfactory nerves terminate in OB in fishes and in main OB in tetrapods - Butler and Hodos)"; "the olfactory bulbs develop as bilateral evaginations from a region of the prosencephalic neural plate intercalated between the septal and the cortical anlagen (Cobos et al. 2001b, Rubenstein et al. 1998). Comparing the structure of the olfactory bulb among vertebrate species, such as the leopard frog and the lab mouse, reveals that they all share the same fundamental layout(WP)."; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26368332"; , , , , "AAO:0010165", "BAMS:DLB", "BAMS:OB", "BAMS:Olf", "BIRNLEX:1137", "BM:Tel-OB", "BTO:0000961", "CALOHA:TS-0702", "DHBA:10307", "EHDAA2:0004705", "EMAPA:32809", "EV:0100173", "FMA:77624", "GAID:633", "HBA:9303", "MA:0000194", "MESH:A08.186.211.577.699.573", "NCIT:C28401", "TAO:0000402", "UMLS:C0028936", "VHOG:0000033", "XAO:0004180", "ZFA:0000402", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=279"; "bulbus olfactorius"; "uberon"; "bulbus olfactorius", "bulbus olfactorius (Morgagni)", "olfactory lobe", "olfactory lobe (Barr & Kiernan)"; "UBERON:0002264"; , , ; rdfs:label "olfactory bulb"; , ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Part of the ventricular system of the brain, forming a single large cavity in the midline of the diencephalon; it is continuous with the lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramen and the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct. (Maryann Martone)"; "consider adding class for secondary vesicle precursor"; ; "Fluid-filled brain cavity. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]"; "relationship loss: develops_from forebrain ventricle (TAO:0001259)[TAO]"; "The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22091816"; , , , , "BAMS:3V", "BAMS:V3", "BIRNLEX:714", "BM:Die-3V", "CALOHA:TS-2058", "DHBA:10602", "EHDAA2:0000084", "EMAPA:16900", "EV:0100308", "FMA:78454", "GAID:614", "HBA:9420", "MA:0000182", "MBA:129", "MESH:D020542", "NCIT:C12827", "OpenCyc:Mx4rvakhcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "TAO:0000161", "UMLS:C0149555", "VHOG:0000007", "ZFA:0000161"; "3rd ventricle", "ventriculus diencephali"; "diencephalic vesicle"; "uberon"; "diencephalic ventricle", "ventriculus tertius cerebri"; "UBERON:0002286"; , , ; rdfs:label "third ventricle"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Stalk-like part of the brain that includes amongst its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,MP,generalized]."; ; "Multi-tissue structure that has as its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain.[TAO]", "Multi-tissue structure that has as its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,adopted][ZFA:0001707].", "the stalk-like part of the brain that comprises the midbrain (aka mesencephalon), the pons (aka pons Varolii), and the medulla oblongata, and connects the cerebral hemispheres with the cervical spinal cord[MP]"; , , , , "BAMS:BS", "BIRNLEX:1565", "BTO:0000146", "CALOHA:TS-0093", "EFO:0001962", "EMAPA:32678", "EV:0100241", "FMA:79876", "MA:0000169", "MBA:343", "MESH:D001933", "NCIT:C12441", "TAO:0002156", "UMLS:C0006121", "VHOG:0001457", "ZFA:0001707", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=236"; "brain stem", "truncus encephali"; "uberon"; "accessory medullary lamina of pallidum", "lamella pallidi incompleta", "lamina medullaris accessoria", "lamina medullaris incompleta pallidi", "lamina pallidi incompleta", "truncus encephalicus"; "UBERON:0002298"; , , , ; rdfs:comment "'brainstem' is a loose term that sometimes refers to the ventral parts o the brain except for any part of the telencephalon - sometimes it includes the diencephalon or subpallial telencephalon structures (ISBN:0471888893). Here we use it in a more restriced sense, to include only the medulla oblongata, pons (when present) and the midbrain tegmentum (following the ZFA definitions)."; rdfs:label "brainstem"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A neural nucleus that is part of the brain."; ; , , "EMAPA:35185", "FMA:83840", "MA:0000811", "NCIT:C49346", "UMLS:C1706993", "ZFA:0005575"; "brain nucleus"; "uberon"; "brain nuclei"; "UBERON:0002308"; rdfs:label "nucleus of brain" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Dorsal part of the midbrain, consisting of the superior and inferior colliculi and the pretectal nuclei (MM)."; ; "The tectum - a multisensory, topologically mapped structure in the roof of the midbrain presents a remarkable degree of conservation in all vertebrate radiations; although it varies in the extent of its development in different vertebrate classes, there is considerable evidence now to deem its layered structure, its cell types, and its hodological pattern as homologous in all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG]"; "In adult humans it is present only in the mesencephalon as the inferior and the superior colliculi"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3987648"; , , , , "BAMS:MTec", "BAMS:Tec", "BIRNLEX:1032", "BM:MB-Tec", "BTO:0001793", "DHBA:12291", "EFO:0000920", "EHDAA2:0004474", "EMAPA:19051", "FMA:83902", "HBA:9101", "MA:0000211", "MAT:0000451", "NCIT:C12460", "TAO:0001353", "UMLS:C0039433", "VHOG:0001388", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=465"; "mesencephalic tectum", "neuraxis tectum", "tectum", "tectum mesencephali"; "uberon"; "t. mesencephali", "tectum mesencephalicum", "tectum of midbrain"; "UBERON:0002314"; , , ; rdfs:label "midbrain tectum"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Neural tissue consisting of myelinated axons connecting grey matter areas of the central nervous system."; ; "Cell part cluster consisting predominantly of neurites in the brain and the spinal cord[FMA:83929].", "Multi-tissue structure comprised largely of myelinated axons.[TAO]"; "The myelination of axons by glial cells was the last major step in the evolution of cells in the vertebrate nervous system, and white-matter tracts are key to the architecture of the mammalian brain.[well established][VHOG]"; "nlx_anat_101177 seems to have been lost in the transition from NIFGA to Neurolex"; , , , "AEO:0000139", "AEO:0001011", "EMAPA:35927", "FMA:83929", "HBA:9218", "MA:0001135", "NCIT:C33892", "NLX:412", "NLXANAT:101177", "OpenCyc:Mx4rwOAsDZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "PBA:294022044", "TAO:0000145", "TAO:0002142", "TAO:0002143", "UMLS:C0682708", "VHOG:0001764", "ZFA:0001682"; "CNS tract/commissure", "neuronal white matter", "white matter of neuraxis", "white substance"; "uberon"; "CNS tracts and commissures", "CNS white matter", "substantia alba", "white mater"; "UBERON:0002316"; , ; rdfs:label "white matter"; , . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "White matter structure containing massive numbers of commissural fibers connecting cortical areas in the two cerebral hemispheres.it is subdivided into a genu, a rostrum, a body, and a splenium. (MM)"; ; "The largest commissure of the brain connecting the cerebral hemispheres. [TFD][VHOG]"; "In addition to the anterior commissure, placental mammals have a phylogenetically new forebrain commissure, the corpus callosum, which primarily interconnects the neocortex of the cerebral hemispheres.[well established][VHOG]"; "The corpus callosum is found only in placental mammals. other groups do have other brain structures that allow for communication between the two hemispheres, such as the anterior commissure, which serves as the primary mode of interhemispheric communication in marsupials."; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28912749"; , , , , "BAMS:CC", "BAMS:cc", "BIRNLEX:1087", "BM:Tel-CC", "BTO:0000615", "CALOHA:TS-0180", "DHBA:10561", "EFO:0001390", "EMAPA:35253", "EV:0100305", "FMA:86464", "GAID:683", "HBA:9222", "MA:0000188", "MAT:0000286", "MBA:776", "MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.362", "MIAA:0000286", "NCIT:C12446", "OpenCyc:Mx4rvbNzdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "UMLS:C0010090", "VHOG:0001608"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0002336"; , , ; rdfs:label "corpus callosum"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/diagnosis-treatment/surgery/corpus-callosotomy", "https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/guide/corpus-callosotomy#1"; ; true; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "An individual member of a collection of basal ganglia. Basal ganglia are subcortical masses of gray matter in the forebrain and midbrain that are richly interconnected and so viewed as a functional system. The nuclei usually included are the caudate nucleus (caudoputamen in rodents), putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata) and the subthalamic nucleus. Some also include the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum[NIF,modified]."; "it is necessary to introduce two classes, one representing an individual basal ganglion, another representing the aggregate structure, in order to have consistent classification amongst AOs (e.g. in MA the aygdala is part of the BG, in FMA and BTO it is a subclass). Apart from achieving this consistency, the value of having two distinct classes is questionable, since the BG-plural is trivially the set of all BGs-singular. it would be better for all AOs to decide on one single way of doing this. Do not merge until this is done."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23671345"; , "BTO:0000235", "CALOHA:TS-1149", "DHBA:10332", "EFO:0000904", "FMA:62514"; "basal ganglion of telencephalon"; "uberon"; "basal ganglia", "basal nucleus", "nuclei basales"; "UBERON:0002420"; , , ; rdfs:label "basal ganglion"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#TelencephalonBasalGanglion"; ; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Part of the ventricular system of the brain, forming a single large irregularly shaped cavity located on the midline of the rhombencephalon, between the medulla, pons and the isthmus ventrally and the cerebellum dorsally. It is continuous with the cerebral aqueduct anteriorally and the central canal of the spinal cord posteriorly. It communicates with the subarachnoid space through its lateral and median apertures."; ; "Fluid-filled brain cavity. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO]", "Irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space.[AAO]", "The fourth ventricle is an irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space[GO][GO:0021592]."; "The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG]"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22091816"; , , , , "AAO:0011043", "BAMS:4V", "BAMS:V4", "BIRNLEX:1256", "BM:Pons-4V", "BTO:0003426", "CALOHA:TS-2015", "DHBA:10669", "DHBA:12805", "DMBA:126651782", "EHDAA2:0000100", "EHDAA:896", "EMAPA:16917", "EV:0100310", "FMA:78469", "GAID:610", "HBA:9421", "MA:0000196", "MBA:145", "MESH:D020546", "NCIT:C12828", "OpenCyc:Mx4rv-7Q6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "TAO:0000110", "UMLS:C0149556", "VHOG:0000006", "XAO:0003099", "ZFA:0000110"; "ventricle IV"; "rhombencephalic vesicle"; "uberon"; "4th ventricle", "IVth ventricle", "fourth ventricle proper", "hindbrain ventricle", "rhombencephalic ventricle", "ventricle of hindbrain", "ventricle of rhombencephalon", "ventriculus quartus"; "UBERON:0002422"; , , ; rdfs:label "fourth ventricle"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "A subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined occipital region of cerebral cortex in the human. Defined by the band of Gennari, which gives it the name striate (furrowed) area, it occupies the banks of the calcarine sulcus which are located in the cuneus and the lingual gyrus of the occipital lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded by the area 18 of Brodmann (human) which surrounds it ( Brodmann-1909 ). In the mouse ( Paxinos-2001 ) and the rat ( Swanson-1998 ) it is located on the dorsolateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere[BrainInfo]."; ; "We explicitly merge two FMA classes here, as BA17 is equivalent to V1. In future these may be separated into functional and cytoarchitecturally defined regions with an overlaps relationship between them"; "B09-17"; , , , , "BAMS:17", "BAMS:V1", "BAMS:VISp", "BIRNLEX:1748", "BM:Tel-Cx-V1", "BTO:0004703", "EMAPA:35708", "FMA:236871", "FMA:68614", "MA:0000914", "MBA:385", "NCIT:C97340", "NLX:143552", "PBA:10026", "UMLS:C0038446", "UMLS:C1272535", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=702"; "BA17", "Brodmann (1909) area 17", "Brodmann area 17", "Brodmann area 17, striate", "area 17 of Brodmann-1909", "b09-17", "striate cortex"; "uberon"; "BA17", "Brodmann area 17", "V1", "area 17 of Brodmann", "area striata", "calcarine cortex", "nerve X", "occipital visual neocortex", "primary visual area", "striate area", "visual area V1", "visual area one", "visual association area", "visual association cortex"; "UBERON:0002436"; , ; rdfs:label "primary visual cortex"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A commissure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres. Examples: anterior commissure, corpus callosum."; ; , , "EMAPA:35435", "FMA:67930", "MA:0002721"; "uberon"; "commissure of cerebrum", "inter-hemispheric commissure", "interhemispheric commissure"; "UBERON:0002473"; rdfs:label "intercerebral commissure" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The superior frontal sulcus is a sulcus between the superior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus. [WP,unvetted]."; ; "SFRS"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31920906"; , , , , "BAMS:sfrs", "BAMS:sfs", "BIRNLEX:1030", "DHBA:10639", "FMA:83755", "HBA:9356", "NCIT:C33676", "UMLS:C0228198", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=61"; "sulcus f1", "sulcus frontalis primus", "sulcus frontalis superior", "superior frontal fissure"; "uberon"; "sulcus frontalis superior"; "UBERON:0002562"; ; rdfs:label "superior frontal sulcus"; ; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Component of the parietal lobe. The appearance and disappearance of the central sulcus were the rostral and caudal boundaries of the postcentral gyrus respectively. The medial and lateral boundaries were the lateral bank of the precentral gyrus and the lateral fissure and/or the medial bank of the superior parietal gyrus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine)."; ; , , , , "BAMS:PoG", "BIRNLEX:1070", "BTO:0004354", "DHBA:12132", "EFO:0001383", "FMA:61896", "HBA:4085", "NCIT:C33346", "UMLS:C0152302", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=105"; "gyrus postcentralis", "postcentral convolution", "posterior central gyrus", "postrolandic gyrus"; "uberon"; "gyrus centralis posterior", "post central gyrus", "somatosensory cortex"; "UBERON:0002581"; , , ; rdfs:label "postcentral gyrus"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The calcarine fissure is an anatomical landmark located at the caudal end of the medial surface of the brain. [WP,unvetted]."; ; "CCS"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26063964"; , , , , "BIRNLEX:1086", "BM:Tel-Cx-CAS", "DHBA:10612", "FMA:83749", "HBA:9391", "NCIT:C32252", "UMLS:C0228224", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=44"; "calcarine fissure", "sulcus calcarinus"; "uberon"; "fissura calcarina"; "UBERON:0002586"; ; rdfs:label "calcarine sulcus"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Anatomical divisons of the brain according to one or more criteria, e.g. cytoarchitectural, gross anatomy. Parts may be contiguous in 3D or not, e.g., basal ganglia."; ; , , "BIRNLEX:1167", "FMA:55676", "NCIT:C13031", "UMLS:C0445620"; "anatomical structure of brain", "biological structure of brain", "brain anatomical structure", "brain biological structure", "brain part", "neuraxis segment", "neuroanatomical region", "segment of brain"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0002616"; ; rdfs:label "regional part of brain" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Component of the frontal lobe, lateral aspect. The rostral boundary is the first appearance of the superior frontal sulcus whereas the caudal boundary is the midpoint of the paracentral sulcus on the \"inflated\" surface. The medial and lateral boundaries are the medial aspect of the frontal lobe and the superior frontal sulcus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine)."; ; , , , , "BAMS:SFG", "BIRNLEX:1303", "BTO:0004836", "DHBA:12115", "EFO:0001991", "FMA:61857", "HBA:4021", "NCIT:C33674", "UMLS:C0152296", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=83"; "marginal gyrus", "superior frontal convolution"; "uberon"; "gyrus F1", "gyrus frontalis primus", "gyrus frontalis superior"; "UBERON:0002661"; , ; rdfs:label "superior frontal gyrus"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Part of inferior parietal lobule formed by the cortex surrounding the upturned end of the superior temporal sulcus (Nolte, The Human Brain, 6th ed, 2009, pg 659)"; ; , , , , "BAMS:AnG", "BIRNLEX:1376", "DHBA:12136", "FMA:61898", "HBA:4111", "NCIT:C32077", "UMLS:C0152305", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=109"; "middle part of inferior parietal lobule", "preoccipital gyrus"; "uberon"; "gyrus angularis", "gyrus parietalis inferior", "prelunate gyrus"; "UBERON:0002686"; ; rdfs:label "angular gyrus"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Component of the parietal lobe. The first coronal slice between the superior temporal gyrus and the postcentral gyrus where the supramarginal gyrus appears was the rostral boundary whereas the slice where the supramarginal gyrus becomes continuous with the superior parietal gyrus was the caudal boundary. The medial and lateral boundaries were the lateral banks of the intraparietal sulcus and the medial banks of the lateral fissure and/or the superior temporal gyrus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine)."; ; , , , "BAMS:SMG", "BIRNLEX:1381", "DHBA:12135", "FMA:61897", "HBA:4104", "NCIT:C33706", "UMLS:C0228214", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=108"; "anterior part of inferior parietal lobule", "inferior parietal lobule (krieg)"; "uberon"; "BA40", "Brodmann area 40", "gyrus supramarginalis"; "UBERON:0002688"; , ; rdfs:label "supramarginal gyrus"; , ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Only a small part of the Parietooccipital Fissure (or parieto-occipital sulcus) is seen on the lateral surface of the hemisphere, its chief part being on the medial surface. The lateral part of the parietooccipital fissure (Fig. 726) is situated about 5 cm. in front of the occipital pole of the hemisphere, and measures about 1.25 cm. in length. The medial part of the parietooccipital fissure (Fig. 727) runs downward and forward as a deep cleft on the medial surface of the hemisphere, and joins the calcarine fissure below and behind the posterior end of the corpus callosum. In most cases it contains a submerged gyrus. [WP,unvetted]."; ; "two classes in ncit (in general ncit distinguishes between fissue and sulcus, whereas FMA treats these as exact synonyms)"; "POS"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26063964"; , , , , , "BAMS:pocs", "BAMS:pos", "BIRNLEX:1428", "BM:Tel-Cx-POS", "DHBA:10626", "FMA:83754", "HBA:9392", "NCIT:C33275", "OpenCyc:Mx4rv7l_DJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "UMLS:C0228191", "UMLS:C1744592", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=52", "ncithesaurus:Parieto-occipital_Sulcus"; "fissura parieto-occipitalis", "parieto-occipital fissure", "parieto-occipital incisure", "parietooccipital sulcus", "sulcus parieto-occipitalis", "sulcus parieto-occipitalis medialis", "sulcus parietoccipitalis", "sulcus parietooccipitalis"; "uberon"; "fissura parietooccipitalis", "posterior orbital sulcus", "sulcus parietooccipitalis"; "UBERON:0002695"; ; rdfs:label "parieto-occipital sulcus"; ; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Component of the frontal lobe, lateral aspect (Christine Fennema-Notestine)."; ; , , , , "BAMS:MFG", "BIRNLEX:1451", "BTO:0004834", "DHBA:12116", "FMA:61859", "HBA:4028", "NCIT:C33118", "UMLS:C0152297", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=84", "ncithesaurus:Middle_Frontal_Gyrus"; "gyrus frontalis medialis", "intermediate frontal gyrus", "medial frontal gyrus"; "uberon"; "gyrus F2", "gyrus frontalis medialis (Winters)", "gyrus frontalis medius", "gyrus frontalis secundus", "medial frontal gyrus (Mai)", "middle (medial) frontal gyrus"; "UBERON:0002702"; ; rdfs:label "middle frontal gyrus"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The cingulate sulcus is a sulcus (brain fold) on the medial wall of the cerebral cortex. The frontal and parietal lobes are separated by the cingulate sulcus from the cingulate gyrus. [WP,unvetted]."; ; "CGS"; , , , , "BAMS:cgs", "BAMS:cms", "BIRNLEX:1468", "BM:Tel-Cx-CGS", "DHBA:10615", "FMA:83748", "HBA:9364", "UMLS:C0228189", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=43"; "calloso-marginal sulcus", "callosomarginal fissure", "callosomarginal sulcus", "cingulate fissure", "sulcus callosomarginalis", "sulcus cingulatus", "sulcus cinguli"; "uberon"; "sulcus cinguli"; "UBERON:0002710"; ; rdfs:label "cingulate sulcus"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A sulcus that divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe below. It is in both hemispheres of the brain but is longer in the left hemisphere. The lateral sulcus is one of the earliest-developing sulci of the human brain. It first appears around the fourteenth gestational week[WP,modified]."; ; "LS"; , , , , "BAMS:lf", "BAMS:ls", "BIRNLEX:1487", "BM:Tel-Cx-LS", "DHBA:10621", "DHBA:12110", "FMA:77801", "HBA:9402", "NCIT:C32615", "UMLS:C0228187", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=49"; "Sylvian fissure", "Sylvian sulcus", "fissura lateralis", "fissura lateralis cerebri", "fissura lateralis cerebri (sylvii)", "fissura transversa cerebri", "fissure of Sylvius", "lateral cerebral fissure", "lateral cerebral sulcus", "lateral fissure", "lateral fissure of Sylvius", "sulcus lateralis", "sulcus lateralis cerebri", "transverse cerebral fissure"; "uberon"; "sulcus cerebri lateralis (Sylvii)"; "UBERON:0002721"; ; rdfs:label "lateral sulcus"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Component of the temporal lobe on the mesial surface. The rostral and caudal boundaries of the entorhinal cortex are the rostral end of the collateral sulcus and the caudal end of the amygdala respectively. The medial boundary is the medial aspect of the temporal lobe and the lateral boundary is the collateral sulcus. (DK)."; "TODO - check area vs complex. MBA:909 this is part of the hippocampal formation via retrohippocampal region"; ; "In primates it is found on the medial surface of the temporal lobe, partially bounded ventrolaterally by the collateral sulcus in the human and by the rhinal sulcus in the macaque. It is subdivided on the basis of internal structure into eight parts in the human ( Insausti-2004 ),and seven parts in the macaque ( Paxinos-2009a ). In the rat and mouse it is divided into a lateral part of the entorhinal area and a medial part of the entorhinal area; the latter is further divided into dorsal and ventral zones to produce three subdivisions in the rodent ( Swanson-2004 )"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15857433"; , , , , "BAMS:ENT", "BAMS:Ent", "BIRNLEX:1508", "BM:Tel-Cx-ENT", "BTO:0002650", "DHBA:10317", "DMBA:16102", "EFO:0001920", "EMAPA:35313", "FMA:72356", "GAID:636", "MA:0003117", "MBA:909", "MESH:A08.186.211.577.710.225", "NCIT:C97338", "PBA:294022158", "UMLS:C0175196", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=168"; "entorhinal area"; "uberon"; "Brodmann's area 28", "area entorhinalis (28,34)", "area entorhinalis ventralis et dorsalis", "cortex entorhinalis", "entorhinal cortex"; "UBERON:0002728"; , , ; rdfs:label "entorhinal cortex"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Component of the temporal lobe, lateral aspect. The rostral boundary is the rostral extent of the inferior temporal sulcus whereas the caudal boundary is designated as the temporo-occipital incisure on the cortical surface. The occipitotemporal sulcus is the medial boundary and the inferior temporal sulcus is the lateral boundary (Christine Fennema-Notestine)."; ; , , , "BAMS:ITG", "BIRNLEX:1577", "BM:Tel-ITG", "DHBA:12142", "FMA:61907", "HBA:4147", "NCIT:C32791", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=138", "ncithesaurus:Inferior_Temporal_Gyrus"; "gyrus temporalis inferior", "lateral occipitotemporal gyrus (heimer-83)"; "uberon"; "IT cortex", "gyrus temporalis inferior", "inferotemporal cortex"; "UBERON:0002751"; ; rdfs:label "inferior temporal gyrus"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Component of the temporal lobe, lateral aspect. The rostral boundary is the rostral extent of the ssuperior temporal sulcus. The caudal boundary is the cauday portion of the superior temporal gyrus (posterior to becoming continuous with the supramarginal gyrus). The medial boundary is the lateral fissure (and when present the supramarginal gyrus), and the lateral boundary is the superior temporal suclus (Christine Fennema-Notestine)."; ; , , , , "BAMS:STG", "BIRNLEX:1648", "BM:Tel-STG", "DHBA:12140", "EFO:0001944", "FMA:61905", "HBA:4133", "NCIT:C33698", "UMLS:C0152309", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=136", "ncithesaurus:Superior_Temporal_Gyrus"; "gyrus temporalis superior"; "uberon"; "gyrus temporalis superior"; "UBERON:0002769"; , , ; rdfs:label "superior temporal gyrus"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Component of the temporal lobe, lateral aspect. The rostral boundary is the rostral extent of the superior temporal sulcus whereas the caudal boundary is the temporo-occipital incisure on the cortical surface. The superior temporal sulcus is the medial boundary and the inferior temporal sulcus is the lateral boundary (Christine Fennema-Notestine)."; ; , , , , "BAMS:MTG", "BIRNLEX:1653", "DHBA:12141", "EFO:0002466", "FMA:61906", "HBA:4140", "NCIT:C33125", "UMLS:C0152310", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=137", "ncithesaurus:Middle_Temporal_Gyrus"; "gyrus temporalis medius", "intermediate temporal gyrus"; "uberon"; "inferior temporal gyrus (Seltzer)", "medial temporal gyrus", "middle (medial) temporal gyrus"; "UBERON:0002771"; , ; rdfs:label "middle temporal gyrus"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The parietal operculum, forming the superior bank of the sylvian fissure, as studied in the cat, contains the secondary somatosensory representation, 'S-II', and a second somatotopic representation (parietal ventral, or PV). Anatomically, primate S-II receives inputs from area 3 and area 1, and projects to PV and area 7. PV has projections to area 5 and premotor areas. [WP,unvetted]."; ; "PAO"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30269938"; , , , , , "BAMS:PaOp", "BAMS:pao", "BIRNLEX:4029", "DHBA:13230", "FMA:74889", "UMLS:C0228265", "UMLS:C1284612", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=96"; "operculum parietale"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0002911"; ; rdfs:label "parietal operculum"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The marginal sulcus is the portion of the cingulate sulcus adjacent to the paracentral lobule and the precuneus. It is sometimes known as the 'marginal part of the cingulate sulcus'. [WP,unvetted]."; ; "MS"; , , , , "BIRNLEX:4030", "FMA:83773", "UMLS:C0259792", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=98"; "marginal branch of cingulate sulcus", "marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus", "ramus marginalis sulci cingulati", "ramus marginalis sulci cinguli", "sulcus marginalis"; "uberon"; "pars marginalis sulci cinguli", "ramus marginalis; sulcus marginalis"; "UBERON:0002912"; ; rdfs:label "marginal sulcus"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The intraparietal sulcus (IPS) is located on the lateral surface of the parietal lobe, and consists of an oblique and a horizontal portion. The IPS contains a series of functionally distinct subregions that have been intensively investigated using both single cell neurophysiology in primates and human functional neuroimaging. Its principal functions are related to perceptual-motor coordination (for directing eye movements and reaching) and visual attention. The IPS is also thought to play a role in other functions, including processing symbolic numerical information, visuospatial working memory and interpreting the intent of others. [WP,unvetted]."; ; "ITPS"; , , , , , "BAMS:ips", "BAMS:itps", "BIRNLEX:4031", "BM:Tel-Cx-IPS", "BTO:0003787", "DHBA:10620", "FMA:83772", "HBA:9372", "NCIT:C32879", "UMLS:C0228213", "UMLS:C1281069", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=97"; "interparietal fissure", "intraparietal fissure", "sulcus interparietalis"; "uberon"; "Turner sulcus", "intraparietal sulcus of Turner", "sulcus intraparietalis"; "UBERON:0002913"; ; rdfs:label "intraparietal sulcus"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s42494-019-0005-7"; ; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The postcentral sulcus of the parietal lobe lies parallel to, and behind, the central sulcus in the human brain. (A sulcus is one of the prominent grooves on the surface of the brain. ) The postcentral sulcus divides the postcentral gyrus from the remainder of the parietal lobe. [WP,unvetted]."; ; "POCS"; , , , , , "BAMS:pocs", "BIRNLEX:4033", "BM:Tel-Cx-PoCS", "DHBA:10627", "FMA:83774", "HBA:9371", "NCIT:C33347", "UMLS:C0228212", "UMLS:C1281070", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=99"; "postcentral fissure of cerebral hemisphere", "postcentral fissure-1", "postcentral sulcus", "structure of postcentral sulcus", "sulcus postcentralis"; "uberon"; "sulcus postcentralis"; "UBERON:0002915"; ; rdfs:label "postcentral sulcus of parietal lobe"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Portion of frontal lobe that overlaps the insular cortex (adapted from Wikipedia)"; ; , , , "BAMS:FOp", "BAMS:fro", "BIRNLEX:751", "DHBA:12127", "FMA:74886", "HBA:4078", "UMLS:C0149547", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2205"; "uberon"; "nucleus ventralis oralis, pars medialis (Dewulf)", "opercular region", "operculum frontale"; "UBERON:0002947"; rdfs:label "frontal operculum"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#FrontalOperculum"; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The cingulate cortex is a part of the brain situated in the medial aspect of the cortex. It is extended from the corpus callosum below to the cingulate sulcus above, at least anteriorly. [WP,unvetted]."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21403025", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30100562"; , , "BIRNLEX:934", "BM:Tel-Cx-Cg", "BTO:0003975", "DHBA:10277", "DMBA:16072", "EFO:0000343", "EMAPA:35242", "MA:0000904", "NCIT:C52713", "UMLS:C0598179"; "cingulate neocortex"; "uberon"; "gyrus cingulatus", "gyrus cinguli"; "UBERON:0003027"; , ; rdfs:label "cingulate cortex"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#CingulateSegment"; ; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A gray matter that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]."; ; , "EMAPA:35184", "MA:0000810", "NCIT:C49333", "UMLS:C1707348"; "brain grey matter", "brain grey substance", "gray matter of brain", "grey matter of brain", "grey substance of brain"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0003528"; rdfs:label "brain gray matter" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "a part or parts of the hippocampus that have a particular function"; ; "do not include ABA:HIP"; "BAMS:HIP", "BAMS:Hi/CA", "EMAPA:32772", "FMA:74041", "MA:0002428"; "hippocampus subdivision", "subdivision of hippocampus"; "uberon"; "hippocampal region", "hippocampus region"; "UBERON:0003876"; , ; rdfs:label "hippocampal field" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The brain ventricles or their associated choroid plexuses"; "TODO - check relationship between CP and BV. If this is part of then this class should be obsoleted", "TODO merge into BV"; ; "uberon"; "UBERON:0003947"; ; rdfs:label "brain ventricle/choroid plexus" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The paired channels that connect the lateral and third ventricles and allows cerebrospinal fluid produced in the lateral ventricles to flow into the third ventricles"; ; "it is not clear if the FMA class refers to CNS or heart ventricles"; , , , , "BAMS:IVF", "BAMS:ivf", "DHBA:10608", "EMAPA:36067", "FMA:75351", "MBA:124", "NCIT:C32627", "UMLS:C0016520"; "foramen Monroi", "foramen interventriculare", "interventricular foramen", "interventricular foramina"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0003993"; ; rdfs:label "interventricular foramen of CNS"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "one of the system of communicating cavities in the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord, that like it are derived from the medullary canal of the embryo, that are lined with an epithelial ependyma, and that contain a serous fluid"; ; "Organ cavity of the brain which consists of the lateral ventricles, the third and fourth ventricles and the cerebral aqueduct[BIRNLEX:1356]."; "FMA draws the distinction between e.g. 'fourth ventricle' and 'cavity of fourth ventricle'. The latter is a cavity, and part of the former, which is a region. The superclass of 'fourth ventricle' is_a 'region of ventricular system of the brain'. We place this class here, although it is not equivalent to ventricles, as it includes ventricle bodies."; ; , , , "BIRNLEX:1356", "BTO:0001442", "EFO:0001914", "EMAPA:32674", "FMA:78447", "HBA:9418", "MA:0000818", "MESH:D002552", "NCIT:C12356", "OpenCyc:Mx4rvmTY65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "UMLS:C0007799"; "brain ventricles", "cerebral ventricle", "region of ventricular system of brain"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0004086"; , ; rdfs:label "brain ventricle" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Any tube, opening or passage that connects two distinct anatomical spaces."; ; "FMA has both conduit and conduit space. In EHDAA2 this is a surface feature"; , , "AEO:0000080", "EHDAA2:0003080", "FMA:242873"; "foramen", "foramina"; "uberon"; "opening", "ostia", "ostium"; "UBERON:0004111"; rdfs:label "anatomical conduit" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The region of the cerebral cortex covering the basal surface of the frontal lobes; this region normally controls emotion and decision making"; ; "this is a gyrus in FMA"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28928072"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1049", "DHBA:10194", "EFO:0001990", "FMA:242003", "UMLS:C0152301"; "fronto-orbital cortex", "orbital frontal cortex", "orbito-frontal cortex"; "uberon"; "Orbitofrontal Region", "segment of cortex of frontal lobe"; "UBERON:0004167"; , ; rdfs:label "orbitofrontal cortex"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A triangular double membrane, consisting of glial cells and fibers (Heimer, 1996) separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix."; ; , , , , "BAMS:SptP", "BAMS:spt", "BIRNLEX:1315", "BTO:0003448", "DHBA:12098", "FMA:61844", "MA:0002979", "MESH:D012688", "NCIT:C33536", "UMLS:C0036700", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=256"; "septal pellucidum", "septum pellucidum of telencephalic ventricle", "supracommissural septum"; "uberon"; "lateral septum", "pellucidum", "septum gliosum", "septum lucidum"; "UBERON:0004714"; ; rdfs:label "septum pellucidum"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 29, also known as granular retrolimbic area 29 or granular retrosplenial cortex, is a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is a narrow band located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ectosplenial area 26 and externally by the agranular retrolimbic area 30 (Brodmann-1909)."; ; "A cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is a narrow band located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ectosplenial area 26 and externally by the agranular retrolimbic area 30[BTO:0003978]."; "B09-29"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1763", "BTO:0003978", "FMA:68626", "UMLS:C1272490"; "B09-29", "Brodmann (1909) area 29", "Brodmann area 29", "Brodmann area 29, granular retrolimbic", "Brodmann's area 29", "area 29 of Brodmann", "area 29 of Brodmann-1909", "area retrolimbica granularis"; "uberon"; "BA29", "granular retrolimbic area 29"; "UBERON:0004717"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 29"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "."; ; "In the human this area is called ectosplenial area 26. It is a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. It is a narrow band located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus adjacent to the fasciolar gyrus internally. It is bounded externally by the granular retrolimbic area 29[BTO:0003979]."; "B09-26"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1757", "BTO:0003979", "FMA:68623", "UMLS:C1272489", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1031"; "B09-26", "Brodmann (1909) area 26", "Brodmann area 26", "Brodmann area 26, ectosplenial", "area 26 of Brodmann", "area 26 of Brodmann-1909", "area ectosplenialis", "ectosplenial area"; "uberon"; "BA26", "area 26 of Brodmann (guenon)", "brodmann's area 26", "ectosplenial area 26"; "UBERON:0004718"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 26"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A part of a wall of an organ that forms a layer."; ; "FMA:82485"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0004923"; ; rdfs:label "organ component layer" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A structure consisting of multiple cell components but which is not itself a cell and does not have (complete) cells as a part."; ; "we go with the FMA classification rather than the CARO one. FMA def: 'Anatomical cluster which has as direct parts cell parts from two or more cells.'"; "AAO:0011000", "CARO:0001000", "FBbt:00007060", "FMA:83115"; "multi-cell-component structure", "multi-cell-part structure"; "uberon"; "cell part cluster"; "UBERON:0005162"; ; rdfs:label "multi cell part structure" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A fiber tracts that connect the dorsal region of the two cerebral hemispheres and span the longitudinal fissure, including the corpus callosum and hippocampal commissure[MP]."; ; "EMAPA:37844", "NLX:147892"; "dorsal commissure"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0005340"; ; rdfs:label "dorsal telencephalic commissure" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A layer in the central nervous system that lines system of communicating cavities in the brain and spinal cord."; ; ; "EMAPA:35209", "FMA:242770"; "ventricular layer"; "uberon"; "region of wall of ventricular system of neuraxis"; "UBERON:0005358"; rdfs:label "ventricle of nervous system" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A gray matter that is part of a cerebral hemisphere."; ; "BTO may actually be a more generic structure; FMA may represent a more specific structure. Consider merging with gray matter of telencephalon"; "BTO:0000823", "CALOHA:TS-2361", "EMAPA:37477", "FMA:61821", "MA:0000944"; "cerebral gray matter", "cerebral grey matter", "cerebral hemisphere grey matter"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0005401"; rdfs:label "cerebral hemisphere gray matter" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "FMA:10483"; "bone organ zone"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0005913"; rdfs:label "zone of bone organ" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "any of the nerve fiber tracts that span the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral and/or cerebellar hemispheres of the brain"; ; "any of the nerve fiber tracts that span the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral and/or cerebellar hemispheres of the brain[MP]"; "EMAPA:37446"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0005970"; ; rdfs:label "brain commissure" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Component of the parietal lobe. The inferior parietal cortex label includes the inferior parietal gyrus and the angular gyrus and lies inferior to the superior parietal gyrus. The rostral and caudal boundaries were the supramarginal gyrus and the parieto-occipital incisure respectively. The medial and lateral boundaries were the superior parietal gyrus and the middle temporal gyrus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine)."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21925841"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1194", "DHBA:12134", "EFO:0001951", "FMA:77536", "HBA:4103", "UMLS:C0152304", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=107"; "inferior parietal cortex", "inferior parietal lobule"; "uberon"; "inferior parietal gyrus", "inferior portion of parietal gyrus", "lobulus parietalis inferior", "subparietal district", "subparietal lobule"; "UBERON:0006088"; ; rdfs:label "inferior parietal cortex"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Component of the occipital lobe. The rostral boundary was the first coronal slice above the calcarine sulcus where the cuneus cortex becomes visible whereas the caudal boundary was the last slice where the calcarine sulcus was visualized. The medial boundary was the most medial portion of the occipital and parietal cortices. The superio-lateral boundary was the parieto-occipital fissure whereas the inferolateral boundary was the pericalcarine cortex (Christine Fennema-Notestine)."; ; , , , , "BAMS:Cun", "BIRNLEX:1396", "DHBA:12150", "FMA:61903", "HBA:4184", "UMLS:C0152307", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=157"; "cuneate lobule", "cuneus", "cuneus cortex", "cuneus gyrus", "cuneus of hemisphere"; "uberon"; "gyrus cuneus"; "UBERON:0006092"; rdfs:label "cuneus cortex"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Component of the pareital lobe. The rostral boundary was the posterior extent of the paracentral lobule whereas the caudal boundary was the lingual gyrus. The medial and lateral boundaries were the parieto-occipital fissure and the superior parietal gyrus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine)."; ; , , , , "BAMS:PCu", "BAMS:PCun", "BIRNLEX:1446", "DHBA:12137", "FMA:61900", "HBA:4118", "NCIT:C112399", "UMLS:C0152306", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=110"; "precuneate lobule", "precuneus", "precuneus cortex", "quadrate lobule"; "uberon"; "medial area of the superior parietal cortex", "praecuneus"; "UBERON:0006093"; rdfs:label "precuneus cortex"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. It occupies the anterior transverse temporal gyrus (H) in the bank of the lateral sulcus on the dorsal surface of the temporal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded medially by the parainsular area 52 (H) and laterally by the posterior transverse temporal area 42 (H) (Brodmann-1909). Adapted from Brain Info"; ; "UBERON:0013574"; "B09-41"; , , "BIRNLEX:1582", "BIRNLEX:1774", "FMA:68638", "UMLS:C1272502", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=95"; "B09-41", "BA41", "Brodmann (1909) area 41", "Brodmann area 41", "Brodmann area 41, anterior transverse temporal", "Brodmann's area 41", "anterior transverse temporal area 41", "anterior transverse termporal area 41", "area 41 of Brodmann", "area 41 of Brodmann-1909", "area temporalis transversa anterior", "principle auditory receptive areas"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0006095"; rdfs:label "anterior transverse temporal area 41"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. It is located in the bank of the lateral sulcus on the dorsal surface of the temporal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded medially by the anterior transverse temporal area 41(H) and laterally by the superior temporal area 22 (Brodmann-1909). Adapted from Brain Info"; ; "UBERON:0013575"; "B09-42"; , , "BIRNLEX:1589", "BIRNLEX:1775", "FMA:236867", "FMA:68639", "UMLS:C1272506", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=96"; "B09-42", "BA42", "Brodmann (1909) area 42", "Brodmann area 42", "Brodmann area 42, posterior transverse temporal", "Brodmann's area 42", "area 42 of Brodmann", "area 42 of Brodmann-1909", "area temporalis transversa posterior", "auditory association area", "posterior transverse temporal area 42", "posterior transverse termporal area 42"; "uberon"; "auditory association cortex"; "UBERON:0006096"; rdfs:label "posterior transverse temporal area 42"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "."; ; "B09-1"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1732", "FMA:68597", "UMLS:C1272523", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1022"; "The term area 1 of Brodmann (human) refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined postcentral region of cerebral cortex. In the human it is located in the postcentral gyrus where it is bounded cytoarchitecturally by the area 3 of Brodmann (human) and the area 2 of Brodmann (human) and, at its ventral tip, by the area 43 of Brodmann (human) ( Brodmann-1909 )."; "B09-1", "BA1", "Brodmann (1909) area 1", "Brodmann area 1", "Brodmann's area 1", "area 1 of Brodmann", "area 1 of Brodmann-1909", "area postcentralis intermedia", "intermediate postcentral", "intermediate postcentral area"; "uberon"; "area 1 of Brodmann (guenon)"; "UBERON:0006099"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 1"; true . _:3eb0f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The term area 1 of Brodmann (human) refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined postcentral region of cerebral cortex. In the human it is located in the postcentral gyrus where it is bounded cytoarchitecturally by the area 3 of Brodmann (human) and the area 2 of Brodmann (human) and, at its ventral tip, by the area 43 of Brodmann (human) ( Brodmann-1909 )."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2391" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "."; ; "B09-3"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1734", "FMA:68599", "UMLS:C1272525", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1006"; "The term area 3 of Brodmann (human) refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined postcentral region of cerebral cortex. In the human it is located primarily in the rostral portion of the postcentral gyrus including the caudal bank of the central sulcus. At either end of the sulcus it can extend beyond the depth of the sulcus into the precentral gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded rostrally by the area 4 of Brodmann (human) and caudally by the area 1 of Brodmann (human) ( Brodmann-1909 )."; "B09-3", "BA3", "Brodmann (1909) area 3", "Brodmann area 3", "Brodmann's area 3", "area 3 of Brodmann", "area 3 of Brodmann-1909", "area postcentralis oralis", "rostral postcentral", "rostral postcentral area"; "uberon"; "area 3 of Brodmann (guenon)"; "UBERON:0006100"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 3"; true . _:3eb103 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The term area 3 of Brodmann (human) refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined postcentral region of cerebral cortex. In the human it is located primarily in the rostral portion of the postcentral gyrus including the caudal bank of the central sulcus. At either end of the sulcus it can extend beyond the depth of the sulcus into the precentral gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded rostrally by the area 4 of Brodmann (human) and caudally by the area 1 of Brodmann (human) ( Brodmann-1909 )."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2393" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "."; ; "B09-24"; , , , "BAMS:ACA", "BIRNLEX:1755", "FMA:68621", "MBA:31", "UMLS:C1272542", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1007"; "The term area 24 of Brodmann (human) refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex. In the human it occupies most of the anterior cingulate gyrus in an arc around the genu of the corpus callosum. Its outer border corresponds approximately to the cingulate sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by area 33 of Brodmann externally by area 32 of Brodmann (human), and caudally by area 23 of Brodmann (human) and the area 31 of Brodmann (human) ( Brodmann-1909 )."; "B09-24", "BA24", "Brodmann (1909) area 24", "Brodmann area 24", "area 24 of Brodmann", "area 24 of Brodmann-1909", "area cingularis anterior ventralis", "ventral anterior cingulate"; "uberon"; "agranular cingulate area", "anterior cingulate area", "area 24 of Brodmann-1905 (guenon)", "brodmann's area 24", "gyrus limbicus anterior"; "UBERON:0006101"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 24"; true . _:3eb113 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The term area 24 of Brodmann (human) refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex. In the human it occupies most of the anterior cingulate gyrus in an arc around the genu of the corpus callosum. Its outer border corresponds approximately to the cingulate sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by area 33 of Brodmann externally by area 32 of Brodmann (human), and caudally by area 23 of Brodmann (human) and the area 31 of Brodmann (human) ( Brodmann-1909 )."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2113" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 35, together with Brodmann area 36, is most frequently referred to as perirhinal cortex."; ; "Brodmann found a cytoarchitecturally homologous area in the monkey (Cercopithecus), but it was so weakly developed that he omitted it from the cortical map of that species (Brodmann-1909)."; "B09-35"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1768", "BTO:0004356", "FMA:68632", "UMLS:C1272496"; "B09-35", "BA35", "Brodmann (1909) area 35", "Brodmann area 35", "Brodmann area 35, perirhinal", "Brodmann's area 35", "area 35 of Brodmann", "area 35 of Brodmann-1909", "area perirhinalis", "perirhinal area 35"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0006102"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 35"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Ectorhinal area 36 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. With its medial boundary corresponding approximately to the rhinal sulcus it is located primarily in the fusiform gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded laterally and caudally by the inferior temporal area 20, medially by the perirhinal area 35 and rostrally by the temporopolar area 38 (H) (Brodmann-1909). Together with Brodmann area 35, it comprises the perirhinal cortex."; ; "B09-36"; , , "BIRNLEX:1769", "BTO:0004357", "DMBA:16086", "FMA:68633", "UMLS:C1272497"; "B09-36", "BA36", "Brodmann (1909) area 36", "Brodmann area 36", "area 36 of Brodmann", "area 36 of Brodmann-1909", "area ectorhinalis", "ectorhinal", "ectorhinal area 36"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0006104"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 36"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 5 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in somatosensory processing and association."; ; "B09-5"; , , , , "BIRNLEX:1736", "FMA:68601", "UMLS:C1272527", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1015"; "B09-5", "BA5", "Brodmann (1909) area 5", "Brodmann area 5", "Brodmann area 5, preparietal", "area 5 of Brodmann-1909", "area praeparietalis", "preparietal area 5"; "uberon"; "area 5 of Brodmann", "area 5 of Brodmann (guenon)", "brodmann's area 5", "preparietal area", "preparietal area 5", "secondary somatosensory cortex"; "UBERON:0006471"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 5"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 6, or BA6, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated just anterior to the primary motor cortex, it is composed of the premotor cortex and, medially, the supplementary motor area, or SMA. This large area of the frontal cortex is believed to play a role in the planning of complex, coordinated movements. Brodmann area 6 is also called agranular frontal area 6 in humans because it lacks an internal granular cortical layer (layer IV). It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined precentral region of cerebral cortex. In the human brain, it is located on the portions of the precentral gyrus that are not occupied by the gigantopyramidal area 4; furthermore, BA6 extends onto the caudal portions of the superior frontal and middle frontal gyri. It extends from the cingulate sulcus on the medial aspect of the hemisphere to the lateral sulcus on the lateral aspect. It is bounded rostrally by the granular frontal region and caudally by the gigantopyramidal area 4 (Brodmann, 1909)."; ; "B09-6"; , , , , "BIRNLEX:1737", "FMA:68602", "UMLS:C1272528", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1020"; "B09-6", "BA6", "Brodmann (1909) area 6", "Brodmann area 6", "Brodmann area 6, agranular frontal", "agranular frontal area 6", "area 6 of Brodmann", "area 6 of Brodmann-1909", "area frontalis agranularis", "frontal belt"; "uberon"; "agranular frontal area", "agranular frontal area 6", "area 6 of Brodmann (guenon)", "brodmann's area 6"; "UBERON:0006472"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 6"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "."; ; "B09-18"; , , , , "BIRNLEX:1749", "DHBA:10271", "FMA:68615", "PBA:10039", "UMLS:C1272536", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1027"; "The term area 18 of Brodmann (human) refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined occipital region of cerebral cortex. In the human it is located in parts of the cuneus, the lingual gyrus and the middle occipital gyrus of the occipital lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded on one side by the area 17 of Brodmann (human), from which it is distinguished by absence of a band of Gennari, and on the other by the area 19 of Brodmann (human) ( Brodmann-1909 )."; "B09-18", "BA18", "Brodmann (1909) area 18", "Brodmann area 18", "Brodmann area 18, parastriate", "Brodmann's area 18", "area 18 of Brodmann", "area 18 of Brodmann-1909", "area parastriata", "parastriate area 18", "secondary visual area", "visual area II"; "uberon"; "V2", "area 18 of Brodmann (guenon)", "area occipitalis", "occipital area", "visual area two"; "UBERON:0006473"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 18"; true . _:3eb123 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The term area 18 of Brodmann (human) refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined occipital region of cerebral cortex. In the human it is located in parts of the cuneus, the lingual gyrus and the middle occipital gyrus of the occipital lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded on one side by the area 17 of Brodmann (human), from which it is distinguished by absence of a band of Gennari, and on the other by the area 19 of Brodmann (human) ( Brodmann-1909 )."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2109" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 30, also known as agranular retrolimbic area 30, is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the granular retrolimbic area 29, dorsally by the ventral posterior cingulate area 23 and ventrolaterally by the ectorhinal area 36 (Brodmann-1909)."; ; "B09-30"; , , , , "BIRNLEX:1764", "FMA:68627", "UMLS:C1272491"; "B09-30", "BA30", "Brodmann (1909) area 30", "Brodmann area 30", "Brodmann area 30, agranular retrolimbic", "Brodmann's area 30", "agranular retrolimbic area 30", "area 30 of Brodmann", "area 30 of Brodmann-1909", "area retrolimbica agranularis", "area retrosplenialis agranularis"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0006474"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 30"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 31, also known as dorsal posterior cingulate area 31, is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it occupies portions of the posterior cingulate gyrus and medial aspect of the parietal lobe. Approximate boundaries are the cingulate sulcus dorsally and the parieto-occipital sulcus caudally. It partially surrounds the subparietal sulcus, the ventral continuation of the cingulate sulcus in the parietal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded rostrally by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24, ventrally by the ventral posterior cingulate area 23, dorsally by the gigantopyramidal area 4 and preparietal area 5 and caudally by the superior parietal area 7 (H) (Brodmann-1909)."; ; "B09-31"; , , , , "BIRNLEX:1765", "FMA:68628", "UMLS:C1272492"; "B09-31", "BA31", "Brodmann (1909) area 31", "Brodmann area 31", "Brodmann area 31, dorsal posterior cingulate", "Brodmann's area 31", "area 31 of Brodmann", "area 31 of Brodmann-1909", "area cingularis posterior dorsalis", "cinguloparietal transition area", "dorsal posterior cingulate area 31"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0006475"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 31"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 33, also known as pregenual area 33, is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex. It is a narrow band located in the anterior cingulate gyrus adjacent to the supracallosal gyrus in the depth of the callosal sulcus, near the genu of the corpus callosum. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24 and the supracallosal gyrus (Brodmann-1909)."; ; "B09-33"; , , , , "BIRNLEX:1766", "FMA:68630", "UMLS:C1272494"; "B09-33", "BA33", "Brodmann (1909) area 33", "Brodmann area 33", "Brodmann area 33, pregenual", "Brodmann's area 33", "area 33 of Brodmann", "area 33 of Brodmann-1909", "area praegenualis", "pregenual area 33"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0006476"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 33"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 34 is a part of the brain. It has been described as part of the entorhinal area. It has been described as part of the superior temporal gyrus."; ; "B09-34"; , , , , "BIRNLEX:1767", "FMA:68631", "UMLS:C1272495"; "B09-34", "BA34", "Brodmann (1909) area 34", "Brodmann area 34", "Brodmann area 34, dorsal entorhinal", "area 34 of Brodmann", "area 34 of Brodmann-1909", "area entorhinalis dorsalis", "dorsal entorhinal area 34"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0006477"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 34"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 37, or BA37, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. This area is known as occipitotemporal area 37 (H). It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. It is located primarily in the caudal portions of the fusiform gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus on the mediobasal and lateral surfaces at the caudal extreme of the temporal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded caudally by the peristriate Brodmann area 19, rostrally by the inferior temporal area 20 and middle temporal area 21 and dorsally on the lateral aspect of the hemisphere by the angular area 39 (H) (Brodmann-1909)."; ; "B09-37"; , , , , "BIRNLEX:1770", "FMA:68634", "UMLS:C1272498"; "B09-37", "BA37", "Brodmann (1909) area 37", "Brodmann area 37", "Brodmann area 37, occipitotemporal", "area 37 0f brodmann", "area 37 of Brodmann-1909", "area occipitotemporalis", "occipitotemporal area 37"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0006478"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 37"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 38, also BA38 or temporopolar area 38 (H), is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. BA 38 is at the anterior end of the temporal lobe, known as the temporal pole. BA38 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. It is located primarily in the most rostral portions of the superior temporal gyrus and the middle temporal gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded caudally by the inferior temporal area 20, the middle temporal area 21, the superior temporal area 22 and the ectorhinal area 36 (Brodmann-1909). Cytoarchitectonic and chemoarchitectonic studies find that it contains at least seven subareas, one of which, TG, is unique to humans. 'The functional significance of this area TG is not known, but it may bind complex, highly processed perceptual inputs to visceral emotional responses.' This area is among the earliest affected by Alzheimer's disease and the earliest involved at the start of temporal lobe seizures. ["; ; "B09-38"; , , , , "BIRNLEX:1771", "FMA:68635", "UMLS:C1272499"; "B09-38", "BA38", "Brodmann (1909) area 38", "Brodmann area 38", "Brodmann area 38, temporopolar", "area 38 of Brodmann", "area 38 of Brodmann-1909", "area temporopolaris", "temporopolar area 38"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0006479"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 38"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "."; ; "B09-39"; , , , , "BIRNLEX:1772", "FMA:68636", "UMLS:C1272500"; "The term area 39 of Brodmann refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined parietal region of cerebral cortex in the human. It corresponds to the angular gyrus surrounding the caudal tip of the superior temporal sulcus. Dorsally it is bounded approximately by the intraparietal sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded rostrally by the area 40 of Brodmann (human), dorsally and caudally by the area 19 of Brodmann (human), and ventrally by the area 37 of Brodmann (human) ( Brodmann-1909 )."; "B09-39", "BA39", "Brodmann (1909) area 39", "Brodmann area 39", "Brodmann area 39, angular", "angular area 39", "area 39 of Brodmann", "area 39 of Brodmann-1909", "area angularis"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0006480"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 39"; true . _:3eb133 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The term area 39 of Brodmann refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined parietal region of cerebral cortex in the human. It corresponds to the angular gyrus surrounding the caudal tip of the superior temporal sulcus. Dorsally it is bounded approximately by the intraparietal sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded rostrally by the area 40 of Brodmann (human), dorsally and caudally by the area 19 of Brodmann (human), and ventrally by the area 37 of Brodmann (human) ( Brodmann-1909 )."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2409" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 44, or BA44, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated just anterior to premotor cortex and on the lateral surface, inferior to BA9. This area is also known as pars opercularis (of the inferior frontal gyrus), and it refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined frontal region of cerebral cortex. In the human it corresponds approximately to the opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus (H). Thus, it is bounded caudally by the inferior precentral sulcus (H) and rostrally by the anterior ascending limb of lateral sulcus (H). It surrounds the diagonal sulcus (H). In the depth of the lateral sulcus it borders on the insula. Cytoarchitectonically it is bounded caudally and dorsally by the agranular frontal area 6, dorsally by the granular frontal area 9 and rostrally by the triangular area 45 (Brodmann-1909)."; ; "B09-44"; , , , , "BIRNLEX:1776", "FMA:68641", "UMLS:C1272509"; "B09-44", "BA44", "Brodmann (1909) area 44", "Brodmann area 44", "Brodmann area 44, opercular", "area 44 of Brodmann", "area 44 of Brodmann-1909", "area opercularis", "opercular area 44"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0006481"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 44"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Part of the cytoarchitecturally defined frontal region of cerebral cortex. In the human, it occupies the triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus (human) and, surrounding the anterior horizontal limb of the lateral sulcus (human), a portion of the orbital part of the inferior frontal gyrus (human). Bounded caudally by the anterior ascending limb of the lateral sulcus (human), it borders on the insula in the depth of the lateral sulcus. Cytoarchitectonically it is bounded caudally by the opercular area 44, rostrodorsally by the area 46 of Brodmann (human) and ventrally by the area 47 of Brodmann (human) (Brodmann-1909) (Adapted from Brain Info)"; ; "Brodmann area 45 (BA45), is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated on the lateral surface, inferior to BA9 and adjacent to BA46. This area is also known as pars triangular (of the inferior frontal gyrus). In the human, it occupies the triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus (H) and, surrounding the anterior horizontal limb of lateral sulcus (H), a portion of the orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus (H). Bounded caudally by the anterior ascending limb of lateral sulcus (H), it borders on the insula in the depth of the lateral sulcus. In terms of cytoarchitecture, it is bounded caudally by the opercular area 44 (BA44), rostrodorsally by the middle frontal area 46 (BA46), and ventrally by the orbital area 47 (BA47) (Brodmann-1909)[Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_45]."; "B09-45", "BA45"; , , , , "BIRNLEX:1777", "FMA:68642", "UMLS:C1272511"; "B09-45", "BA45", "Brodmann (1909) area 45", "Brodmann area 45", "Brodmann area 45, triangular", "area 45 of Brodmann", "area 45 of Brodmann-1909", "area triangularis", "triangular area 45"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0006482"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 45"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 46, or BA46, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It is between BA10 and BA45. BA46 is known as middle frontal area 46. In the human it occupies approximately the middle third of the middle frontal gyrus and the most rostral portion of the inferior frontal gyrus. Brodmann area 46 roughly corresponds with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), although the borders of area 46 are based on cytoarchitecture rather than function. The DLPFC also encompasses part of granular frontal area 9, directly adjacent on the dorsal surface of the cortex. Cytoarchitecturally, BA46 is bounded dorsally by the granular frontal area 9, rostroventrally by the frontopolar area 10 and caudally by the triangular area 45 (Brodmann-1909). There is some discrepancy between the extent of BA8 (Brodmann-1905) and the same area as described by Walker (1940)"; ; "B09-46"; , , , , "BIRNLEX:1778", "FMA:68643", "UMLS:C1272512"; "B09-46", "BA46", "Brodmann (1909) area 46", "Brodmann area 46", "Brodmann area 46, middle frontal", "area 46 of Brodmann", "area 46 of Brodmann-1909", "area frontalis media", "middle frontal area 46"; "uberon"; "area 46", "middle frontal area 46"; "UBERON:0006483"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 46"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 47, or BA47, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Curving from the lateral surface of the frontal lobe into the ventral (orbital) frontal cortex. It is below areas BA10 and BA45, and beside BA11. This area is also known as orbital area 47. In the human, on the orbital surface it surrounds the caudal portion of the orbital sulcus (H) from which it extends laterally into the orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus (H). Cytoarchitectonically it is bounded caudally by the triangular area 45, medially by the prefrontal area 11 of Brodmann-1909, and rostrally by the frontopolar area 10 (Brodmann-1909). It incorporates the region that Brodmann identified as 'Area 12' in the monkey, and therefore, following the suggestion of Michael Petrides, some contemporary neuroscientists refer to the region as 'BA47/12. ' BA47 has been implicated in the processing of syntax in spoken and signed languages, and more recently in musical syntax."; ; "B09-47"; , , , , "BIRNLEX:1779", "FMA:68644", "UMLS:C1272513"; "B09-47", "BA47", "Brodmann (1909) area 47", "Brodmann area 47", "Brodmann area 47, orbital", "area 47 of Brodmann", "area 47 of Brodmann-1909", "area orbitalis", "orbital area 47"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0006484"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 47"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "GAID:1233"; "uberon"; "optic lobe"; "UBERON:0006794"; ; rdfs:comment "This grouping class is primarily to accommodate GO"; rdfs:label "visual processing part of nervous system" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The inferior or orbital surface of the frontal lobe is concave, and rests on the orbital plate of the frontal bone. It is divided into four orbital gyri by a well-marked H-shaped orbital sulcus. These are named, from their position, the medial, anterior, lateral, and posterior orbital gyri. The medial orbital gyrus presents a well-marked antero-posterior sulcus, the olfactory sulcus, for the olfactory tract; the portion medial to this is named the straight gyrus, and is continuous with the superior frontal gyrus on the medial surface."; ; , , , "BAMS:OrG", "FMA:256194"; "orbital gyri"; "uberon"; "gyrus orbitales"; "UBERON:0007193"; rdfs:label "orbital gyrus"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Gray matter of the central nervous system which is a collection of clustered nuclei."; ; "FMA:256381", "FMA:84059"; "uberon"; "cluster of neural nuclei", "neural nuclei", "nuclear complex"; "UBERON:0007245"; rdfs:label "nuclear complex of neuraxis" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An axon tract that is part of a brain."; "the NIFSTD class 'nerve tract' is classified under 'regional part of brain', so it may seem like it belongs here, but actually includes spinal cord tracts"; ; "FMA:83848"; "brain tract"; "uberon"; "landmark tracts"; "UBERON:0007702"; rdfs:label "tract of brain" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "FMA:75759"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0008334"; rdfs:label "subarachnoid sulcus" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving general sensations. It lies posterior to the central sulcus."; "TODO - add layers", "TODO - add relationship to system (not part of, as sensory systems are peripheral)"; ; , , "BAMS:SS", "BTO:0004353", "EFO:0001391", "FMA:242642", "GAID:681", "MBA:453", "MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.213.670.675"; "somatic sensory cortex"; "uberon"; "primary somatic sensory cortex", "somatic sensory cortex", "somatosensory area", "somatosensory areas", "somesthetic area"; "UBERON:0008930"; , ; rdfs:label "somatosensory cortex" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "(Chapin & Lin, 1984, rat): the region considered as the SI cortex is not a cytoarchitecturally homogeneous structure but consists instead of a patchwork array of areas containing dense aggregations of layer IV granule cells, surrounded by granule-cell-sparse regions. As was shown by Welker (b71,b76), and in our own mapping studies (see Fig. 3), this discontinuous pattern of granular, or koniocortical, zones contains within itself a map of the ratbs cutaneous periphery. There are clear subtypes within this cytoarchitectural subregion, notably including the bgranular aggregateb type of cytoarchitecture characteristic of the paw, limb, and mystacial vibrissae areas, and the bbarrel-fieldb type (originally described by Woolsey and Van der Loos, b70) seen in the nose and perioral regions. In the mouse, but not the rat, such barrels also cover the whole whisker representation (Welker and Woolsey, b74)."; ; "ABA disjointness - Removed relationship: part_of UBERON:0001870 frontal cortex"; "S1"; , "BAMS:S1", "BAMS:SSp", "DHBA:10209", "EMAPA:35706", "MA:0000908", "MBA:322", "NLX:143551"; "primary somatosensory cortex (area S1, areas 3,1,2)", "somatosensory area 1"; "uberon"; "S1C", "postcentral gyrus", "primary somatosensory area"; "UBERON:0008933"; ; rdfs:label "primary somatosensory cortex"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "the area of the upper bank of the lateral sulcus that is involved in somatic sensation"; "TODO - check brodmann"; ; "S2"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26295917"; , "BAMS:S2", "BAMS:SSs", "EMAPA:35756", "MA:0000918", "MBA:378"; "somatosensory area 2"; "uberon"; "supplemental somatosensory area"; "UBERON:0008934"; ; rdfs:label "secondary somatosensory cortex"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DL-PFC or DLPFC), according to a more restricted definition, is roughly equivalent to Brodmann areas 9 and 46.[1] According to a broader definition DL-PFC consists of the lateral portions of Brodmann areas 9 - 12, of areas 45, 46, and the superior part of area 47.[2] These regions mainly receive their blood supply from the middle cerebral artery. With respect to neurotransmitter systems, there is evidence that dopamine plays a particularly important role in DL-PFC.[2]DL-PFC is connected to the orbitofrontal cortex, and to a variety of brain areas, which include the thalamus, parts of the basal ganglia (the dorsal caudate nucleus), the hippocampus, and primary and secondary association areas of neocortex, including posterior temporal, parietal, and occipital areas"; "check dorsolateral prefrontal neocortex"; ; , "DHBA:10173", "FMA:276189"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0009834"; rdfs:label "dorsolateral prefrontal cortex"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An anatomical structure that has more than one cell as a part."; ; "CARO:0010000", "FBbt:00100313"; "multicellular structure"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0010000"; ; rdfs:label "multicellular anatomical structure" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A multi cell part structure that is part of a central nervous system."; ; "FMA:83143"; "cell part cluster of neuraxis", "neuraxis layer"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0011215"; ; rdfs:label "central nervous system cell part cluster" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A subdivision of an anatomical system."; ; , "FBbt:00007330", "FMA:67509"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0011216"; ; rdfs:label "organ system subdivision" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A portion of gray matter that is part of a telencephalon."; ; "UBERON:0024186"; "BIRNLEX:1067", "FMA:83911"; "predominantly gray regional part of telencephalon"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0011300"; rdfs:label "gray matter of telencephalon" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A depression or fissure in the surface of the brain. It surrounds the gyri, creating the characteristic appearance of the brain in humans and other large mammals."; "sulci are considered absent from lissencephalic mammals such as mice, but they may possess fissures. For example, the Allen mouse brain Atlas includes hippocampal, rhinal and choroid fissure. For this reason we do not place a taxon constraint on this class"; ; "Indentation on the surface of the brain or spinal cord that forms a recognizable landmark, e.g., central sulcus, sulcus limitans (CUMBO)"; "sulci & spaces", "sulcus"; , , , "DHBA:10610", "HBA:9352", "NCIT:C32292"; "cerebral sulci"; "fissure of brain"; "uberon"; "cerebral sulci", "cerebral sulcus"; "UBERON:0013118"; ; rdfs:label "sulcus of brain" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 11 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in planning, reasoning, and decision making."; ; "B09-11", "area praefrontalis"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1742", "FMA:68608", "UMLS:C1272533", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1036"; "B09-11", "Brodmann (1909) area 11", "Brodmann area 11, prefrontal", "area 11 of Brodmann", "area 11 of Brodmann-1909", "medial orbital area"; "uberon"; "BA11", "area 11 of Brodmann", "area 11 of Brodmann (guenon)", "area orbitalis interna", "brodmann's area 11", "prefrontal area 11"; "UBERON:0013528"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 11"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A segmentation of the cerebral cortex on the basis of cytoarchitecture as described in Brodmann-1905, Brodmann-1909 and Brodmann-10. Maps for several species were presented. NeuroNames includes only areas in the human and in Old World monkeys. Of the latter, Brodmann studied representatives of several species including guenons (one Cercopithecus mona, one Cercocebus torquatus, and one Cercopithecus otherwise unspecified), which are all closely related African species, and one macaque (Macaca mulatta) an Asian species (Brodmann-1905). The legend to the summary map in Brodmann-1909 ascribes the areas simply to Cercopithecus. Brodmann referenced the areas by name and number. The same area number in humans and monkeys did not necessarily refer to topologically or cytoarchitecturally homologous structures. In NeuroNames the standard term for human areas consists of the English translation of Brodmann's Latin name followed by the number he assigned, e.g., agranular frontal area 6; the standard terms for monkey areas are in the format: area 6 of Brodmann-1909. He mapped a portion of areas limited to the banks of sulci, e.g., area 3 of Brodmann-1909 (Brodmann-1909) onto the adjacent, visible surface. This accounts for the fact that some areas appear larger on his surface map than on maps of other authors, e.g., area 3 of Vogts-1919. (Adapted from NeuroNames)"; ; , , , "BAMS:VTM", "BIRNLEX:1731", "FMA:68596", "NCIT:C94868", "WikipediaCategory:Brodmann_areas", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1032"; "uberon"; "Brodmann parcellation scheme region", "Brodmann partition scheme region", "Brodmann's areas"; "UBERON:0013529"; rdfs:label "Brodmann area" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "B09-2"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1733", "FMA:68598", "UMLS:C1272524", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1033"; "B09-2", "Brodmann (1909) area 2", "Brodmann area 2", "Brodmann area 2, caudal postcentral", "Brodmann's area 2", "area 2 of Brodmann", "area 2 of Brodmann-1909", "area postcentralis caudalis", "caudal postcentral area"; "uberon"; "BA2", "area 2 of Brodmann (guenon)", "postcentral gyrus"; "UBERON:0013533"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 2"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The term area 4 of Brodmann-1909 refers to a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the frontal lobe of the guenon. It is located predominantly in the precentral gyrus. Brodmann-1909 regarded it as topographically and cytoarchitecturally homologous to the human gigantopyramidal area 4 and noted that it occupies a much greater fraction of the frontal lobe in the monkey than in the human. Distinctive features (Brodmann-1905): the cortex is unusually thick; the layers are not distinct; the cells are relatively sparsely distributed; giant pyramidal (Betz) cells are present in the internal pyramidal layer (V); lack of an internal granular layer (IV) such that the boundary between the external pyramidal layer (III) and the internal pyramidal layer (V) is indistinct; lack of a distinct external granular layer (II); a gradual transition from the multiform layer (VI) to the subcortical white matter."; ; "B09-4"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1735", "FMA:68600", "UMLS:C1272526", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1014"; "B09-4", "Brodmann (1909) area 4", "Brodmann area 4", "Brodmann area 4, gigantopyramidal", "Brodmann's area 4", "area 4 of Brodmann", "area 4 of Brodmann-1909", "area gigantopyramidalis", "giant pyramidal area"; "uberon"; "BA4", "area 4 of Brodmann (guenon)"; "UBERON:0013535"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 4"; rdfs:seeAlso ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 7 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in locating objects in space. It serves as a point of convergence between vision and proprioception to determine where objects are in relation to parts of the body."; ; "B09-7"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1738", "FMA:68604", "UMLS:C1272529", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=85"; "B09-7", "Brodmann (1909) area 7", "Brodmann area 7", "Brodmann area 7, superior parietal", "area 7 of Brodmann", "area 7 of Brodmann-1909", "area parietalis superior"; "uberon"; "BA7", "gyrus F3", "gyrus frontalis tertius", "regio subfrontalis"; "UBERON:0013538"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 7"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 8 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in planning complex movements."; ; "B09-8"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1739", "FMA:68605", "UMLS:C1272530", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1034"; "B09-8", "Brodmann (1909) area 8", "Brodmann area 8", "Brodmann area 8, intermediate frontal", "area 8 of Brodmann", "area 8 of Brodmann-1909", "area frontalis intermedia", "intermediate frontal area"; "uberon"; "BA8", "area 8 of Brodmann (guenon)", "brodmann's area 8"; "UBERON:0013539"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 8"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "."; ; "B09-9"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1740", "FMA:68606", "UMLS:C1272531", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1024"; "The term area 9 of Brodmann (human) refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined frontal region of cerebral cortex in the human. It occupies portions of the superior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus. Its approximate boundary on the medial aspect of the hemisphere is the cingulate sulcus and, on the lateral aspect, the inferior frontal sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded dorsocaudally by area 8 of Brodmann (human), caudally by area 6 of Brodmann (human), and ventrally by area 10 of Brodmann (human), area 46 of Brodmann and area 44 of Brodmann ( Brodmann-1909 )."; "B09-9", "Brodmann (1909) area 9", "Brodmann area 9", "Brodmann area 9, granular frontal", "area 9 of Brodmann", "area 9 of Brodmann-1909", "area frontalis granularis", "granular frontal area"; "uberon"; "BA9", "area 9 of Brodmann (guenon)", "brodmann's area 9"; "UBERON:0013540"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 9"; true . _:3eb143 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The term area 9 of Brodmann (human) refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined frontal region of cerebral cortex in the human. It occupies portions of the superior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus. Its approximate boundary on the medial aspect of the hemisphere is the cingulate sulcus and, on the lateral aspect, the inferior frontal sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded dorsocaudally by area 8 of Brodmann (human), caudally by area 6 of Brodmann (human), and ventrally by area 10 of Brodmann (human), area 46 of Brodmann and area 44 of Brodmann ( Brodmann-1909 )."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2398" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 10, or BA10, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. BA10 encompasses the most anterior part of the frontal cortex, known as the frontopolar region. This area is believed to play a part in strategic processes involved in memory retrieval and executive function. This area is also called frontopolar area 10, and it refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined frontal region of cerebral cortex. It occupies the most rostral portions of the superior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus. In humans, on the medial aspect of the hemisphere it is bounded ventrally by the superior rostral sulcus (H). It does not extend as far as the cingulate sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded dorsally by the granular frontal area 9, caudally by the middle frontal area 46, and ventrally by the orbital area 47 and by the rostral area 12 or, in an early version of Brodmann's cortical map (Brodmann-1909), the prefrontal Brodmann area 11-1909."; ; "B09-10"; , , , "BAMS:ros", "BIRNLEX:1741", "DHBA:146034836", "FMA:68607", "UMLS:C1272532", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=76"; "B09-10", "Brodmann (1909) area 10", "Brodmann area 10", "Brodmann area 10, frontoplar", "area 10 of Brodmann", "area 10 of Brodmann-1909", "area frontopolaris", "lateral orbital area"; "uberon"; "BA10", "rostral sulcus", "sulcus rectus", "sulcus rectus (Krieg)"; "UBERON:0013541"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 10"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 12 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. It occupies the most rostral portion of the frontal lobe. Brodmann-1909 did not regard it as homologous, either topographically or cytoarchitecturally, to rostral area 12 of the human. Distinctive features (Brodmann-1905): a quite distinct internal granular layer (IV) separates slender pyramidal cells of the external pyramidal layer (III) and the internal pyramidal layer (V); the multiform layer (VI) is expanded, contains widely dispersed spindle cells and merges gradually with the underlying cortical white matter; all cells, including the pyramidal cells of the external and internal pyramidal layers are inordinately small; the internal pyramidal layer (V) also contains spindle cells in groups of two to five located close to its border with the internal granular layer (IV)."; ; "UBERON:0013530"; "B09-12", "area praefrontalis"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1743", "FMA:68609", "UMLS:C1272534", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=77"; "B09-12", "Brodmann (1909) area 12", "Brodmann area 12", "Brodmann area 12, prefrontal", "area 12 of Brodmann", "area 12 of Brodmann-1909", "area praefrontalis", "frontopolar area"; "uberon"; "BA12", "sulcus fronto-orbitalis"; "UBERON:0013543"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 12"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 19, or BA19, is part of the occipital lobe cortex in the human brain. Along with area 18, it comprises the extrastriate (or peristriate) cortex. In normally-sighted humans, extrastriate cortex is a visual association area, with feature-extracting, shape recognition, attentional, and multimodal integrating functions. This area is also known as peristriate area 19, and it refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined occipital region of cerebral cortex. In the human it is located in parts of the lingual gyrus, the cuneus, the lateral occipital gyrus (H) and the superior occipital gyrus (H) of the occipital lobe where it is bounded approximately by the parieto-occipital sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded on one side by the parastriate area 18 which it surrounds. Rostrally it is bounded by the angular area 39 (H) and the occipitotemporal area 37 (H) (Brodmann-1909)."; ; "B09-19"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1750", "FMA:68616", "UMLS:C1272537", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1028"; "B09-19", "Brodmann (1909) area 19", "Brodmann area 19", "Brodmann area 19, peristriate", "Brodmann's area 19", "area 19 of Brodmann", "area 19 of Brodmann-1909", "area peristriata", "preoccipital area"; "uberon"; "BA19", "area 19 of Brodmann (guenon)", "area praeoccipitalis"; "UBERON:0013550"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 19"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 21, or BA21, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. The region encompasses most of the lateral temporal cortex, a region believed to play a part in auditory processing and language. Language function is left lateralized in most individuals. BA21 is superior to BA20 and inferior to BA40 and BA41. This area is also known as middle temporal area 21. It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. In the human it corresponds approximately to the middle temporal gyrus. It is bounded rostrally by the temporopolar area 38 (H), ventrally by the inferior temporal area 20, caudally by the occipitotemporal area 37 (H), and dorsally by the superior temporal area 22 (Brodmann-1909). [WP,unvetted]."; ; "B09-21"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1752", "FMA:68618", "UMLS:C1272539", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1016"; "B09-21", "BA21", "Brodmann (1909) area 21", "Brodmann area 21", "Brodmann area 21, middle temporal", "area 21 of Brodmann", "area 21 of Brodmann-1909"; "uberon"; "area 21 of Brodmann (guenon)", "area temporalis media", "brodmann's area 21"; "UBERON:0013552"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 21"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 22 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in auditory processing."; ; "B09-22"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1753", "FMA:68619", "UMLS:C1272540", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1017"; "B09-22", "Brodmann (1909) area 22", "Brodmann area 22", "Brodmann area 22, superior temporal", "Superior temporal area", "area 22 of Brodmann", "area 22 of Brodmann-1909", "area temporalis superior"; "uberon"; "BA22", "area 22 of Brodmann (guenon)", "brodmann's area 22"; "UBERON:0013553"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 22"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The term area 23 of Brodmann-1909 refers to a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. Brodmann regarded it as topographically and cytoarchitecturally homologous to the combined ventral posterior cingulate area 23 and dorsal posterior cingulate area 31 of the human (Brodmann-1909). Distinctive Features (Brodmann-1905): the cortex is relatively thin; smaller cells predominate; the cell density of the multiform layer (VI) is great, producing a distinct boundary with the subcortical white matter; the internal granular layer (IV) is rather well developed; the internal pyramidal layer (V) contains a dense population of round, medium-sized ganglion cells concentrated at the border with layer IV; layers V and VI are narrow with a distinct mutual boundary.nn* Definition Source NeuroNames"; ; "B09-23"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1754", "FMA:68620", "UMLS:C1272541", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1018"; "B09-23", "Brodmann (1909) area 23", "Brodmann area 23", "Brodmann area 23, ventral posterior cingulate", "area 23 of Brodmann", "area 23 of Brodmann-1909", "area cingularis posterior ventralis", "granular cingulate area", "posterior cingulate area"; "uberon"; "BA23", "area 23 of Brodmann (guenon)", "area cingularis posterior", "brodmann's area 23", "ventral posterior cingulate area"; "UBERON:0013554"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 23"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 25 (BA25) is an area in the cerebral cortex of the brain and delineated based on its cytoarchitectonic characteristics. It is also called the subgenual area or area subgenualis. It is the 25th 'Brodmann area' defined by Korbinian Brodmann (thus its name). BA25 is located in the cingulate region as a narrow band in the caudal portion of the subcallosal area adjacent to the paraterminal gyrus. The posterior parolfactory sulcus separates the paraterminal gyrus from BA25. Rostrally it is bound by the prefrontal area 11 of Brodmann."; ; "B09-25"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1756", "FMA:68622", "UMLS:C1272543", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1029"; "B09-25", "Brodmann (1909) area 25", "Brodmann area 25", "Brodmann area 25, subgenual", "Brodmann's area 25", "area 25 of Brodmann", "area 25 of Brodmann-1909", "area subgenualis"; "uberon"; "BA25", "area 25 of Brodmann (guenon)"; "UBERON:0013556"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 25"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Area 27 of Brodmann-1909 is a cytoarchitecturally defined cortical area that is a rostral part of the parahippocampal gyrus of the guenon (Brodmann-1909). It is commonly regarded as a synonym of presubiculum (Crosby-62). [WP,unvetted]."; ; "B09-27"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1758", "FMA:68624", "UMLS:C0175194", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1039"; "B09-27", "BA27", "Brodmann (1909) area 27", "Brodmann area 26, presubicular", "Brodmann area 27", "area 27", "area 27 of Brodmann", "area 27 of Brodmann-1909", "area praesubicularis", "presubicular area"; "uberon"; "area 27 of Brodmann (guenon)", "brodmann's area 27"; "UBERON:0013558"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 27"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "."; ; "B09-28"; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10775518"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1759", "FMA:68625", "UMLS:C0598377", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1030"; "B09-28", "BA28", "Brodmann (1909) area 28", "Brodmann area 28", "Brodmann area 28, entorhinal", "area 28 of Brodmann", "area 28 of Brodmann (Crosby)", "area 28 of Brodmann-1909", "area entorhinalis", "area entorhinalis ventralis"; "uberon"; "area 28 of Brodmann (guenon)"; "UBERON:0013559"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 28"; ; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The Brodmann area 32, also known in the human brain as the dorsal anterior cingulate area 32, refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex. In the human it forms an outer arc around the anterior cingulate gyrus. The cingulate sulcus defines approximately its inner boundary and the superior rostral sulcus (H) its ventral boundary; rostrally it extends almost to the margin of the frontal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24, externally by medial margins of the agranular frontal area 6, intermediate frontal area 8, granular frontal area 9, frontopolar area 10, and prefrontal area 11-1909. (Brodmann19-09). Dorsal region of anterior cingulate gyrus is associated with rational thought processes, most notably active during the Stroop task."; ; "B09-32"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1760", "EMAPA:36447", "FMA:68629", "MBA:972", "UMLS:C1272493", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1021"; "B09-32", "Brodmann (1909) area 32", "Brodmann area 32", "Brodmann area 32, dorsal anterior cingulate", "Prelimbic area", "area 32 of Brodmann", "area 32 of Brodmann-1909", "area cingularis anterior dorsalis"; "uberon"; "BA32", "area 25 of Brodmann-1905", "area 32 of Brodmann (guenon)", "area praelimbica", "brodmann's area 32"; "UBERON:0013560"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 32"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Brodmann area 40, or BA40, is part of the parietal cortex in the human brain. The inferior part of BA40 is in the area of the supramarginal gyrus, which lies at the posterior end of the lateral fissure, in the inferior lateral part of the parietal lobe. It is bounded approximately by the intraparietal sulcus, the inferior postcentral sulcus, the posterior subcentral sulcus and the lateral sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded caudally by the angular area 39 (H), rostrally and dorsally by the caudal postcentral area 2, and ventrally by the subcentral area 43 and the superior temporal area 22 (Brodmann-1909). Cytoarchitectonically defined subregions of rostral BA40/the supramarginal gyrus are PF, PFcm, PFm, PFop, and PFt. Area PF is the homologue to macaque area PF, part of the mirror neuron system, and active in humans during imitation. The supramarginal gyrus part of Brodmann area 40 is the region in the inferior parietal lobe that is involved in reading both in regards to meaning and phonology. [WP,unvetted]."; ; "B09-40"; , , , "BIRNLEX:1773", "FMA:68637", "UMLS:C1272501"; "B09-40", "Brodmann (1909) area 40", "Brodmann area 40", "Brodmann area 40, supramarginal", "Supramarginal area 40", "area 40 of Brodmann", "area 40 of Brodmann-1909", "area supramarginalis"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0013573"; rdfs:label "Brodmann (1909) area 40"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A gyrus that is part of a occipital lobe."; ; , , "BAMS:OG", "BIRNLEX:747", "UMLS:C1110642", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=152"; "uberon"; "gyrus occipitalis"; "UBERON:0014640"; rdfs:label "occipital gyrus" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A gyrus that is part of a frontal cortex."; ; , "NCIT:C32636"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0015593"; rdfs:label "frontal gyrus" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Frontal lobe is the anterior-most of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere. It is bounded by the central sulcus on its posterior border and by the longitudinal cerebral fissure on its medial border."; "Many species don't have lobes but they do have frontal cortex. Lobe isn't a really well defined term though"; ; "frontal region", "regio frontalis"; , , , , "BAMS:Frontal_lobe", "BIRNLEX:928", "BM:Tel-Cx-FR", "CALOHA:TS-0389", "DHBA:12113", "EFO:0000913", "EV:0100167", "FMA:61824", "HBA:4009", "MAT:0000505", "MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.213.270", "NCIT:C12352", "OpenCyc:Mx4rv3OJ8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA", "UMLS:C0016733", "UMLS:C1268977", "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=56"; "lobi frontales", "lobus frontalis"; "frontal cortex"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0016525"; ; rdfs:label "frontal lobe"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#FrontalLobe"; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Subdivision of telencephalon which is one of a number of subdivisions of each hemisphere separated by both real landmarks (sulci and fissures) and arbitrary boundaries[FMA,modified]."; ; ; "UBERON:0000322"; , , "BIRNLEX:922", "BTO:0000445", "FMA:61823"; "cerebral hemisphere lobe", "cerebral lobe", "lobe of cerebral cortex", "lobe parts of cerebral cortex", "lobi cerebri"; "uberon"; "cerebral cortical segment", "lobes of the brain", "regional organ part of cerebral cortex", "segment of cerebral cortex"; "UBERON:0016526"; rdfs:comment "We use the term lobe broadly as a rough regional area, encompassing homologous regions in smooth-brained mammals. We subdivide the lobes into white matter and neocortical parts."; rdfs:label "lobe of cerebral hemisphere" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "Grey matter neocortex region of a lobe of the cerebral hemisphere."; ; "FMA:242197"; "cortex of cerebral hemisphere lobe", "cortex of lobe of cerebral hemisphere"; "uberon"; "gray matter of lobe of cerebral hemisphere", "neocortical part of cerebral hemisphere"; "UBERON:0016529"; rdfs:label "cortex of cerebral lobe" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Gray matter of the parietal region of the neocortex, located in the parietal lobe of gyrencephalic animals. It is continuous anteriorly with the frontal cortex, posteriorly with the occipital cortex and medially with the insular cortex and with the temporal cortex on the posterior/inferior border."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29519472"; , , "DHBA:10208", "DMBA:16016", "EMAPA:35667", "FMA:242203", "MA:0000916", "NLX:79282"; "cortex of parietal lobe", "parietal lobe cortex", "parietal neocortex"; "uberon"; "gray matter of parietal lobe"; "UBERON:0016530"; ; rdfs:label "parietal cortex"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A layer of of the central nervous system that is part of gray matter."; ; "grey matter layer"; "FMA:83142"; "CNS gray matter layer", "CNS grey matter layer", "gray matter layer of neuraxis", "grey matter layer of neuraxis"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0016548"; rdfs:label "central nervous system gray matter layer" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The premotor cortex is an area of motor cortex lying within the frontal lobe of the brain. It extends 3 mm anterior to the primary motor cortex, near the Sylvian fissure, before narrowing to approximately 1 mm near the medial longitudinal fissure, which serves as the posterior border for the prefrontal cortex. The premotor cortex is largely equivalent to Brodmann area 6. Activity within this region is critical to the sensory guidance of movement and control of proximal and trunk muscles of the body."; ; , , , "DHBA:10168", "FMA:224852", "MBA:993"; "premotor cortex (area 6)"; "uberon"; "intermediate precentral cortex", "nonprimary motor cortex", "premotor", "premotor area", "premotor cortex", "premotor region", "promotor cortex", "secondary motor areas", "secondary motor cortex", "secondary somatomotor areas"; "UBERON:0016634"; rdfs:label "premotor cortex"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "DHBA:10157", "FMA:268608"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0019264"; rdfs:label "gray matter of forebrain" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "HBA:9220"; "telencephalic commissures"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0019294"; rdfs:label "commissure of telencephalon" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; , , "HBA:9386", "NCIT:C33196"; "occipital lobe sulcus"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0019303"; rdfs:label "occipital sulcus" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Single layer of a laminar structure, identified by different density, arrangement or size of cells and processes arranged in flattened layers or lamina[CUMBO]."; "this is currently used to group some cellular layers that may not strictly conform to the CARO definition of cell-part layer. Consider genericisizing and introducing subtypes for cellular layer, fibrous layer and cell soma layer"; ; "lamina", "layer"; "NLX:149357"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0022303"; ; rdfs:label "nervous system cell part layer" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "BIRNLEX:1304"; "composite part spanning multiple base regional parts of brain"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0022776"; rdfs:label "composite part spanning multiple base regional parts of brain" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The ventral topographic division of the midbrain; the dorsal topographic division is the tectum. Meckel (1817; see English translation, 1832, vol. 2, p. 467) apparently introduced the term and roughly its definition here for macrodissected adult humans, except he excluded the cerebral peduncle (Tarin, 1753), a white matter tract at the base of the midbrain, which is still common today but is included here. As defined here, tegmentum refers to the whole of the midbrain (Baer, 1837) excluding the tectum but including the pretectal region (Scalia, 1972); see Swanson (2000, pp. 522, 526). Usage of this term is very complex, inconsistent, and illogical; see for example Crosby et al. (1962, pp. 221, 260, 262), Carpenter (1976, p. 367 ff.)."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3987648"; , "BIRNLEX:1031"; "tegmentum"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0024151"; rdfs:label "tegmentum"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26063964"; , , "BIRNLEX:4014"; "The term superior calcarine sulcus refers to one of two extensions of the calcarine sulcus where it splits into two short vertically oriented branches near the occipital pole. This is the dorsally curved superior branch; the other is a symmetrical, ventrally curved inferior calcarine sulcus."; "superior calcarine sulcus"; "uberon"; "sulcus calcarinus superior", "superior ramus of calcarine fissure", "upper calcarine sulcus"; "UBERON:0025096"; rdfs:label "superior calcarine sulcus"; true . _:3eb153 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The term superior calcarine sulcus refers to one of two extensions of the calcarine sulcus where it splits into two short vertically oriented branches near the occipital pole. This is the dorsally curved superior branch; the other is a symmetrical, ventrally curved inferior calcarine sulcus."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=147" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The part of the auditory cortex that is located on the superior temporal gyrus in the temporal lobe and receives point-to-point input from the ventral division of the medial geniculate complex."; ; , , "DHBA:10236", "FMA:272953"; "primary auditory cortex (core)"; "uberon"; "A1C", "auditory complex area A1", "auditory core region", "primary auditory area", "primary auditory cortex"; "UBERON:0034751"; rdfs:label "primary auditory cortex"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The part of the auditory cortex that receive more diffuse input from the belt areas of the medial geniculate complex."; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11377839"; , "DHBA:10239", "FMA:272944"; "belt auditory area", "peripheral auditory cortex", "second auditory area", "secondary auditory cortex (belt, area 42)"; "uberon"; "A42", "belt area of auditory complex", "second auditory area", "second auditory cortex"; "UBERON:0034752"; rdfs:label "secondary auditory cortex"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A part of an organism or organ that is continuous with its surroundings and distinguished from its surroundings based on morphology."; ; "uberon"; "UBERON:0034768"; rdfs:label "morphological feature" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A collection of anatomical structures that are alike in terms of their morphology or developmental origin."; "resolve if this should be a subclass of disconnected anatomical group. Some collections (e.g. the skeleton or skull) are arguably connected"; ; "uberon"; "UBERON:0034925"; rdfs:label "anatomical collection" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; "FMA:55268"; "organ sector", "organ zonal region", "organ zone"; "uberon"; "organ region with floating fiat boundary"; "UBERON:0034944"; rdfs:label "zone of organ" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A brain region defined by functional criteria, e.g. auditory cortex, rather than by structural or histological criteria."; ; "NLX:155513"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0035014"; rdfs:label "functional part of brain" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; ; , "HBA:9370"; "parietal lobe sulci", "parietal lobe sulcus"; "uberon"; "PLs"; "UBERON:0035927"; rdfs:label "sulcus of parietal lobe" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The junction of the precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus on the medial surface of the cerebral cortex. It lies across the boundary between the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe."; ; , , , "BTO:0005601", "FMA:77534", "RadLex:RID6449", "Talairach:1047"; "lobulus paracentralis"; "uberon"; "UBERON:0035933"; rdfs:label "paracentral lobule"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eb163; "Non-invasive methods of visualizing and measuring the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the brain, by various imaging modalities e.g. CT scan"; "Dani Welter"; ; "true"; "brain imaging"; rdfs:comment "is about MSH:D059906"; rdfs:label "neuroimaging measurement" . _:3eb163 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "quantification of the pattern of links between distinct units within a nervous system through neuroimaging techniques such a MRI"; "Dani Welter"; ; "true"; rdfs:label "brain connectivity measurement" . owl:Thing a owl:Class . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18209276"; "The Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) is a method of measuring levels of anxiety in patients who have anxiety-related symptoms. The scale focuses on the most common general anxiety disorders; coping with stress typically causes anxiety. The SAS test is self-administered, with each response using a 4-point scale, from ‘none of the time” to “most of the time.” There are 20 questions with 15 increasing anxiety level questions and 5 decreasing anxiety questions. There are two formats, self-evaluations and clinical evaluations."; "self-rating anxiety scale"; rdfs:label "Zung self-rating anxiety scale"; true . _:3eb173 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) is a method of measuring levels of anxiety in patients who have anxiety-related symptoms. The scale focuses on the most common general anxiety disorders; coping with stress typically causes anxiety. The SAS test is self-administered, with each response using a 4-point scale, from ‘none of the time” to “most of the time.” There are 20 questions with 15 increasing anxiety level questions and 5 decreasing anxiety questions. There are two formats, self-evaluations and clinical evaluations."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.statisticssolutions.com/zung-self-rating-anxiety-scale-sas/" . a owl:Class; owl:equivalentClass _:3eb183; "The 'risk factor TM_BIN' concept enables a compilation of diverse concepts that are related to risk factors in Epilepsy via the Axiome 'isRiskFactorFor some epilepsy'. Thus enables the adaptation of the ontology for text mining purposes for Epilepsy related information retrieval and information extraction."; rdfs:label "risk factor TM_BIN" . _:3eb183 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; owl:equivalentClass _:3eb193; "The 'diagnosis TM_BIN' concept enables a compilation of diverse concepts that are related to diagnosis in Epilepsy via the Axiome 'isDiagnosisFor some epilepsy'. Thus enables the adaptation of the ontology for text mining purposes for Epilepsy related information retrieval and information extraction."; rdfs:label "diagnosis TM_BIN" . _:3eb193 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; owl:equivalentClass _:3eb1a3; "The 'sign and symptom TM_BIN' concept enables a compilation of diverse concepts that are related to signs and symptoms in Epilepsy via the Axiome 'isSignAndSymptomsFor some epilepsy'. Thus enables the adaptation of the ontology for text mining purposes for Epilepsy related information retrieval and information extraction."; rdfs:label "sign and symptom TM_BIN" . _:3eb1a3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; owl:equivalentClass _:3eb1b3; "The 'epilepsy syndrome TM_BIN' concept enables a compilation of diverse concepts that are related to syndromes in Epilepsy via the Axiome 'isSyndromeFor some epilepsy'. Thus enables the adaptation of the ontology for text mining purposes for Epilepsy related information retrieval and information extraction."; rdfs:label "epilepsy syndrome TM_BIN" . _:3eb1b3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; owl:equivalentClass _:3eb1c3; "The 'epilepsy imitator TM_BIN' concept enables a compilation of diverse concepts that are related to imitators of Epilepsy via the Axiome 'isImitatorFor some epilepsy'. Thus enables the adaptation of the ontology for text mining purposes for Epilepsy related information retrieval and information extraction."; rdfs:label "epilepsy imitator TM_BIN" . _:3eb1c3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; owl:equivalentClass _:3eb1d3; "The 'etiology TM_BIN' concept enables a compilation of diverse concepts that are related to the etiology of Epilepsy via the Axiome 'isEtiologyFor some epilepsy'. Thus enables the adaptation of the ontology for text mining purposes for Epilepsy related information retrieval and information extraction."; rdfs:label "etiology TM_BIN" . _:3eb1d3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; owl:equivalentClass _:3eb1e3; "The 'seizure classification TM_BIN' concept enables a compilation of diverse concepts that are related to seizure classification in Epilepsy via the Axiome 'isSeizureClassificationFor some epilepsy'. Thus enables the adaptation of the ontology for text mining purposes for Epilepsy related information retrieval and information extraction."; rdfs:label "seizure classification TM_BIN" . _:3eb1e3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; owl:equivalentClass _:3eb1f3; "The 'treatment TM_BIN' concept enables a compilation of diverse concepts that are related to treatment of Epilepsy via the Axiome 'isTreatmentFor some epilepsy'. Thus enables the adaptation of the ontology for text mining purposes for Epilepsy related information retrieval and information extraction."; rdfs:label "treatment TM_BIN" . _:3eb1f3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; owl:equivalentClass _:3eb203; "The 'anatomical entity TM_BIN' concept enables a compilation of diverse concepts that are related to anatomical entities in Epilepsy via the Axiome 'isAnatomicalEntityFor some epilepsy'. Thus enables the adaptation of the ontology for text mining purposes for Epilepsy related information retrieval and information extraction."; rdfs:label "anatomical entity TM_BIN" . _:3eb203 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; owl:equivalentClass _:3eb213; "The 'cellular process TM_BIN' concept enables a compilation of diverse concepts that are related to cellular processes in Epilepsy via the Axiome 'isAnatomicalEntityFor some epilepsy'. Thus enables the adaptation of the ontology for text mining purposes for Epilepsy related information retrieval and information extraction."; rdfs:label "cellular process TM_BIN" . _:3eb213 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "connectivity" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eb223; rdfs:label "functional connectivity" . _:3eb223 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Functional connectivity is defined as the temporal dependency of neuronal activation patterns of anatomically separated brain regions."; rdfs:label "brain functional connectivity" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eb233; rdfs:label "brain connectivity" . _:3eb233 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "seizure event" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "seizure network" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "epileptic seizure network" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "brain functional connectivity network" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eb243; rdfs:label "functional connectivity measure" . _:3eb243 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eb253; rdfs:label "global connectivity measure" . _:3eb253 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "brain functional connectivity measure" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eb263; "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21447894/"; "preictal"; "Preictal psychiatric symptoms usually consist of cluster of symptoms preceding seizures of variable duration, ranging from a few minutes up to three days."; rdfs:label "pre-ictal" . _:3eb263 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32174810/"; "stereotactic EEG"; "Stereotactic electroencephalogaphy (sEEG) utilizes localized, penetrating depth electrodes to measure electrophysiological brain activity."; rdfs:label "stereotactic electroencephalogaphy" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eb273; "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21447894/"; "interictal"; "Patients with epilepsy may experience psychiatric symptoms preceding the seizure (preictal), following the seizure (postictal), independently of seizure occurrence (interictal), or as an expression of the seizure (ictal)."; rdfs:label "inter-ictal" . _:3eb273 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22460695/"; "The intracranial electrode is used for interacranial monitoring: depth electrodes, subdural strip electrodes, and subdural grid electrodes."; rdfs:label "intracranial electrode" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Automotor seizures are complex motor seizures characterized primarily by automatisms of the distal segments of body, including in particular the fingers, hands, tongue and lips."; rdfs:label "automotor seizure"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "multi-contact electrode" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "AMPA receptor antibodies may present with limbic encephalitis and are most commonly found in older patients in association with cancers of the thymus, breast or lung. Diagnosis is supported by identification of AMPA receptor antibody in serum. Given the risk of cancer, this should be excluded."; rdfs:label "AMPA receptor antibody"; true . _:3eb283 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "AMPA receptor antibodies may present with limbic encephalitis and are most commonly found in older patients in association with cancers of the thymus, breast or lung. Diagnosis is supported by identification of AMPA receptor antibody in serum. Given the risk of cancer, this should be excluded."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/antibody-mediated-overview.html#ampa" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29960852"; "The Atkins diet is a low-carb diet, usually recommended for weight loss."; rdfs:label "Atkins diet"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/407667003"; true . _:3eb293 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The Atkins diet is a low-carb diet, usually recommended for weight loss."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/atkins-diet-101" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11684349"; "El mouse is a model of hereditary sensory precipitated temporal lobe epilepsy. All adult El mice given rhythmic vestibular stimulation (e.g. tossing, rocking) during development will experience tonic-clonic convulsions when given similar stimulation as adults."; "El mice"; rdfs:label "El mouse"; true . _:3eb2a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "El mouse is a model of hereditary sensory precipitated temporal lobe epilepsy. All adult El mice given rhythmic vestibular stimulation (e.g. tossing, rocking) during development will experience tonic-clonic convulsions when given similar stimulation as adults."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2498069" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "GABA-B receptor antibodies may present with limbic encephalitis and are most commonly found in adults with small cell lung cancer. Diagnosis is supported by identification of GABA-B receptor antibody in serum."; rdfs:label "GABA-B receptor antibody"; true . _:3eb2b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "GABA-B receptor antibodies may present with limbic encephalitis and are most commonly found in adults with small cell lung cancer. Diagnosis is supported by identification of GABA-B receptor antibody in serum."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/antibody-mediated-overview.html#gabab" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Low titers of GAD65 are commonly seen as a marker of thyrogastric autoimmunity and are not concerning for neurological disease. Very high titers (>20 nmol/l in serum) can be associated with variable neurological symptoms including limbic encephalitis. Diagnosis is supported by identification of GAD65 antibody in serum."; rdfs:label "GAD65 antibody"; true . _:3eb2c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Low titers of GAD65 are commonly seen as a marker of thyrogastric autoimmunity and are not concerning for neurological disease. Very high titers (>20 nmol/l in serum) can be associated with variable neurological symptoms including limbic encephalitis. Diagnosis is supported by identification of GAD65 antibody in serum."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/antibody-mediated-overview.html#gad65" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) presents a revised operational classification of seizure types. The purpose of such a revision is to recognize that some seizure types can have either a focal or generalized onset, to allow classification when the onset is unobserved, to include some missing seizure types, and to adopt more transparent names."; "ILAE classification"; rdfs:label "International League Against Epilepsy classification" . _:3eb2d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) presents a revised operational classification of seizure types. The purpose of such a revision is to recognize that some seizure types can have either a focal or generalized onset, to allow classification when the onset is unobserved, to include some missing seizure types, and to adopt more transparent names."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ilae.org/guidelines/definition-and-classification/operational-classification-2017" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A burst of somewhat variable appearance, consisting most commonly of a high voltage negative slow wave followed by a smaller positive slow wave frequently associated with a sleep spindle. Amplitude is generally maximal in the frontal vertex. K complexes occur during non- REM sleep, apparently spontaneously, or in response to sudden sensory stimuli, and are not specific for any individual sensory modality."; rdfs:label "K complex"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1139332-overview#a1"; true . _:3eb2e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A burst of somewhat variable appearance, consisting most commonly of a high voltage negative slow wave followed by a smaller positive slow wave frequently associated with a sleep spindle. Amplitude is generally maximal in the frontal vertex. K complexes occur during non- REM sleep, apparently spontaneously, or in response to sudden sensory stimuli, and are not specific for any individual sensory modality."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/ESSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticweb.org%2Frjyy%2Fontologies%2F2015%2F5%2FESSO%23K_Complex&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1834893"; "A seizure model involving slow intravenous infusion of the excitatory amino acid N-methyl-DL-aspartate (NMDLA) in the mouse, eliciting tonic-clonic seizure in dose-depended manner."; rdfs:label "N-methyl-DL-aspartate model"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Panayiotopoulos syndrome is characterized by the onset in early childhood of focal autonomic seizures that are often prolonged. The EEG commonly shows high amplitude focal spikes and may be activated by sleep. Seizures are infrequent in most patients, with 25% only having a single seizure (which may be autonomic status epilepticus) and 50% having six seizures or less. Seizures are self-limiting with remission typically within a few years from onset."; rdfs:label "Panayiotopoulos syndrome"; true . _:3eb2f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Panayiotopoulos syndrome is characterized by the onset in early childhood of focal autonomic seizures that are often prolonged. The EEG commonly shows high amplitude focal spikes and may be activated by sleep. Seizures are infrequent in most patients, with 25% only having a single seizure (which may be autonomic status epilepticus) and 50% having six seizures or less. Seizures are self-limiting with remission typically within a few years from onset."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/panayiotopoulos-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25568300"; "SCN8A-related epilepsy with encephalopathy is a condition characterized by recurrent seizures (epilepsy), abnormal brain function (encephalopathy), and intellectual disability. The signs and symptoms of this condition typically begin in infancy.The seizures in SCN8A-related epilepsy with encephalopathy include involuntary muscle contractions that occur before age 1 (infantile spasms), partial or complete loss of consciousness (absence seizures), involuntary muscle twitches (myoclonic seizures), or loss of consciousness with muscle rigidity and convulsions (tonic-clonic seizures). Most people with SCN8A-related epilepsy with encephalopathy have more than one type of seizure."; "SCN8A-Related Epilepsy syndromes Class"; rdfs:label "SCN8A-related epilepsy with encephalopathy"; true . _:3eb303 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "SCN8A-related epilepsy with encephalopathy is a condition characterized by recurrent seizures (epilepsy), abnormal brain function (encephalopathy), and intellectual disability. The signs and symptoms of this condition typically begin in infancy.The seizures in SCN8A-related epilepsy with encephalopathy include involuntary muscle contractions that occur before age 1 (infantile spasms), partial or complete loss of consciousness (absence seizures), involuntary muscle twitches (myoclonic seizures), or loss of consciousness with muscle rigidity and convulsions (tonic-clonic seizures). Most people with SCN8A-related epilepsy with encephalopathy have more than one type of seizure."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/scn8a-related-epilepsy-with-encephalopathy" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Subclinical rhythmic non-epileptiform electrographic discharges in adults (SREDA) consists of mixed-frequency components in the delta and theta frequency ranges that evolve into a rhythmic pattern consisting of sharp-contoured components of 5-7 Hz."; "SREDA"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK390352/"; rdfs:label "subclinical rhythmical discharge of adults"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SubclinicalRhythmicElectrographicDischargesinAdult"; "" . _:3eb313 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Subclinical rhythmic non-epileptiform electrographic discharges in adults (SREDA) consists of mixed-frequency components in the delta and theta frequency ranges that evolve into a rhythmic pattern consisting of sharp-contoured components of 5-7 Hz."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23SubclinicalRhythmicElectrographicDischargesinAdult&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Vertex sharp transient."; rdfs:label "V wave"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1139332-overview#a1"; true . _:3eb323 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Vertex sharp transient."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/ESSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticweb.org%2Frjyy%2Fontologies%2F2015%2F5%2FESSO%23V_Wave&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eb333; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31044310"; "The Wada test, also known as the Intracarotid Amobarbital Procedure (IAP), was named after Dr. Juhn Wada. He developed the combination of neuro-imaging and neuropsychological testing methods to examine independent functions of the brain such as memory and language. It is useful in determining which hemisphere is “dominant” for speech and if memory is functional on one or both sides of the brain."; "Intracarotid Amobarbital Procedure"; rdfs:label "Wada test"; true . _:3eb333 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . _:3eb343 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The Wada test, also known as the Intracarotid Amobarbital Procedure (IAP), was named after Dr. Juhn Wada. He developed the combination of neuro-imaging and neuropsychological testing methods to examine independent functions of the brain such as memory and language. It is useful in determining which hemisphere is “dominant” for speech and if memory is functional on one or both sides of the brain."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://epilepsyontario.org/wada-test/" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25228809"; "Absence seizures are characterized by usually brief (5–10 seconds), nonconvulsive episodes of behavioral arrest and apparent unconsciousness. The WAG/Rij strain can be used as an audiogenic seizure model, it is better known as a genetic model of absence seizures."; rdfs:label "absence seizure model"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A rotation of the eyes, head, or trunk about the long axis of the body"; rdfs:label "adversive movement"; true . _:3eb353 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A rotation of the eyes, head, or trunk about the long axis of the body"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/adversive+movement" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The single-evoked epileptic afterdischarges model (AD) is another important approach to electrical stimulation. It is induced in specific brain regions, resembling complex partial seizures if applied into limbic structures and myoclonic seizures if applied into the sensorimotor cortex. AD is useful for investigating electrophysiological and behavioral correlates of focally generated seizure-like patterns that often spread to nonstimulated networks"; rdfs:label "afterdischarges model"; true . _:3eb363 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The single-evoked epileptic afterdischarges model (AD) is another important approach to electrical stimulation. It is induced in specific brain regions, resembling complex partial seizures if applied into limbic structures and myoclonic seizures if applied into the sensorimotor cortex. AD is useful for investigating electrophysiological and behavioral correlates of focally generated seizure-like patterns that often spread to nonstimulated networks"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25228809" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25845493"; "In allylglycine model , DL-allylglycine inhibits glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) - the key enzyme in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) biosynthesis - leading to GABA depletion, seizures, and neuronal damage."; rdfs:label "allylglycine model"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Alpha coma / Alpha stupor (AS) refers to EEG of a comatose/stuporous patient in which alpha activity predominates."; "alpha stupor"; rdfs:label "alpha coma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#AlphaComa"; "" . _:3eb373 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Alpha coma / Alpha stupor (AS) refers to EEG of a comatose/stuporous patient in which alpha activity predominates."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23AlphaComa&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5603104/"; "Alpha rhythm is the initial starting point for visual analysis of EEG, originates from occipital region of brain and has a frequency of 8 to 13 Hertz in adults"; rdfs:label "alpha rhythm"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#AlphaRhythm", "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1139332-overview#a1"; ""; true . _:3eb383 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Alpha rhythm is the initial starting point for visual analysis of EEG, originates from occipital region of brain and has a frequency of 8 to 13 Hertz in adults"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23AlphaRhythm&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Alpha variant consists of activity over the posterior head regions that have a harmonic relationship to the alpha rhythm and show similar activity and distribution."; rdfs:label "alpha variant"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#AlphaVariant", "https://neurology.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1042§ionid=59078723#1101635347"; "" . _:3eb393 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Alpha variant consists of activity over the posterior head regions that have a harmonic relationship to the alpha rhythm and show similar activity and distribution."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23AlphaVariant&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Aluminum encephalopathy syndrome is a progressive encephalopathy of infants and children with chronic renal insufficiency who have taken aluminum-containing products such as phosphate binders for several years."; "encephalopathy aluminum"; rdfs:label "aluminum encephalopathy syndrome"; true . _:3eb3a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Aluminum encephalopathy syndrome is a progressive encephalopathy of infants and children with chronic renal insufficiency who have taken aluminum-containing products such as phosphate binders for several years."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/renal-disorders/aluminum-encephalopathy-syndrome" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An ambulatory EEG is where brain activity is recorded throughout the day and night over a period of one or more days. The electrodes will be attached to a small portable EEG recorder that can be clipped onto clothing."; "Portable EEG", "ambulatory EEG"; rdfs:label "ambulatory electroencephalography"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/eeg-electroencephalogram#.XFE6tFwzbIU"; true . _:3eb3b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "An ambulatory EEG is where brain activity is recorded throughout the day and night over a period of one or more days. The electrodes will be attached to a small portable EEG recorder that can be clipped onto clothing."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/electroencephalogram/" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Temporal lobe epilepsy with amygdala enlargement (TLE-AE) is increasingly recognized as a distinct adult electroclinical syndrome of heterogeneous aetiology. It is often associated with autoantibody (aab)-positive limbic encephalitis (LE) but also occurs as a (yet) aab-negative condition sometimes associated with focal cortical dysplasias or tumors of the amygdala."; rdfs:label "amgdalar epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#AmgdalarEpilepsy"; "" . _:3eb3c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Temporal lobe epilepsy with amygdala enlargement (TLE-AE) is increasingly recognized as a distinct adult electroclinical syndrome of heterogeneous aetiology. It is often associated with autoantibody (aab)-positive limbic encephalitis (LE) but also occurs as a (yet) aab-negative condition sometimes associated with focal cortical dysplasias or tumors of the amygdala."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29934574" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Pure amnestic seizures are defined as seizures during which the only clinical manifestation is the patients' inability to retain in memory what occurs during the seizure coupled with the preservation of other cognitive functions and the ability to interact normally with their physical and social environment. It is postulated that PAS result from selective ictal inactivation of mesial temporal (MT) structures without isocortical involvement."; rdfs:label "amnestic seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#AmnesticSeizure"; "" . _:3eb3d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Pure amnestic seizures are defined as seizures during which the only clinical manifestation is the patients' inability to retain in memory what occurs during the seizure coupled with the preservation of other cognitive functions and the ability to interact normally with their physical and social environment. It is postulated that PAS result from selective ictal inactivation of mesial temporal (MT) structures without isocortical involvement."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1628200" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Amygdala kindling is a model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with convulsion. The rapid amygdala kindling has an advantage on quick development of motor seizures and for antiepileptic drugs screening."; rdfs:label "amygdala kindling"; true . _:3eb3e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Amygdala kindling is a model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with convulsion. The rapid amygdala kindling has an advantage on quick development of motor seizures and for antiepileptic drugs screening."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27445726" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Use of neuroimaging technology to measure the aspect of brain anatomy, including the integrity of brain structures and their interconnections."; rdfs:label "anatomic neuroimaging"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.apa.org/action/resources/research-in-action/scan"; "modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Anterior cingulate epilepsy is a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, with a broad range of nonspecific symptoms. Seizures can arise from any region of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and manifest distinctive features based on the area of onset and pattern of spread."; rdfs:label "anterior cingulate epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#AnteriorCingulateEpilepsy"; "" . _:3eb3f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Anterior cingulate epilepsy is a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, with a broad range of nonspecific symptoms. Seizures can arise from any region of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and manifest distinctive features based on the area of onset and pattern of spread."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17514157" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21532379"; "Frontopolar cortex (FPC) is a large region occupying the anterior portion of the brain’s frontal lobe, and has been suggested to play a role in complex, higher order behavior."; rdfs:label "anterior frontopolar cortex"; true; true . _:3eb403 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Frontopolar cortex (FPC) is a large region occupying the anterior portion of the brain’s frontal lobe, and has been suggested to play a role in complex, higher order behavior."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.pnas.org/content/112/9/E1020" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9932952"; "Epilepsy characterized by seizures arising from abnormalities in anterior temporal lobe of brain"; rdfs:label "anterior temporal epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#AnteriorTemporalEpilepsy"; "modified definition"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Anteromesial temporal lobectomy (AMTL) is the most commonly performed surgical procedure for the treatment of patients with medically refractory epilepsy"; rdfs:label "anteromesial temporal lobectomy" . _:3eb413 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Anteromesial temporal lobectomy (AMTL) is the most commonly performed surgical procedure for the treatment of patients with medically refractory epilepsy"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://www.thieme.com/media/samples/pubid1193255185.pdf" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Artifact-obscured EEG refers to an ictal record that is obscured by artifacts, thereby making its interpretation difficult or impossible."; rdfs:label "artifact obscured EEG"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#ArtifactObscuredEEG"; "" . _:3eb423 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Artifact-obscured EEG refers to an ictal record that is obscured by artifacts, thereby making its interpretation difficult or impossible."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23ArtifactObscuredEEG&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Asymmetry refers exclusively to amplitude differences of physiological EEG activity between the two hemispheres."; rdfs:label "asymmetry pattern"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#AsymmetryPattern"; "" . _:3eb433 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Asymmetry refers exclusively to amplitude differences of physiological EEG activity between the two hemispheres."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23AsymmetryPattern&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Audiogenic models of epilepsy have been used not only for reflex epilepsy and TLE studies but also to characterize comorbidities associated with the epilepsies."; rdfs:label "audiogenic model"; true . _:3eb443 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Audiogenic models of epilepsy have been used not only for reflex epilepsy and TLE studies but also to characterize comorbidities associated with the epilepsies."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25228809" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Auditory illusions are false perceptions of a real external stimulus, for example a change in intensity or a duplication of the stimulus"; rdfs:label "auditory illusion"; true . _:3eb453 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Auditory illusions are false perceptions of a real external stimulus, for example a change in intensity or a duplication of the stimulus"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/auditory-illusion" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The autoimmune epilepsies are immunologically mediated disorders in which recurrent seizures are a primary and persistent clinical feature. Autoimmune epilepsy are characterized by seizures which are a common manifestation of autoimmune limbic encephalitis and multifocal paraneoplastic disorders"; rdfs:label "autoimmune epilepsy"; true . _:3eb463 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The autoimmune epilepsies are immunologically mediated disorders in which recurrent seizures are a primary and persistent clinical feature. Autoimmune epilepsy are characterized by seizures which are a common manifestation of autoimmune limbic encephalitis and multifocal paraneoplastic disorders"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27112680" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30714986"; "Autoimmune disorders have long been recognized as potential causes of seizures. In the extreme, autoimmune mechanisms can lead to limbic encephalitis, an acute disorder. Patients with such disorders may respond to immunosuppressant therapies."; rdfs:label "autoimmune seizure"; true . _:3eb473 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Autoimmune disorders have long been recognized as potential causes of seizures. In the extreme, autoimmune mechanisms can lead to limbic encephalitis, an acute disorder. Patients with such disorders may respond to immunosuppressant therapies."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.mayoclinic.org/medical-professionals/neurology-neurosurgery/news/new-approach-to-autoimmune-epilepsy/mac-20430556" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30139784"; "Autonomic dysfunction was manifested by: the observation that autonomic cardiac nerves did not always respond in a predictable manner to changes in blood pressure; the development of a marked increase in variability in mean autonomic cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic neural discharge."; rdfs:label "autonomic imbalance"; true . _:3eb483 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Autonomic dysfunction was manifested by: the observation that autonomic cardiac nerves did not always respond in a predictable manner to changes in blood pressure; the development of a marked increase in variability in mean autonomic cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic neural discharge."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7173131" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Autonomic status epilepticus is a condition lasting at least 30 minutes and characterized by epileptic activity causing altered autonomic function of any type at seizure onset or in which manifestations consistent with altered autonomic function are prominent even if not present at seizure onset."; rdfs:label "autonomic status epilepsy"; true . _:3eb493 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Autonomic status epilepticus is a condition lasting at least 30 minutes and characterized by epileptic activity causing altered autonomic function of any type at seizure onset or in which manifestations consistent with altered autonomic function are prominent even if not present at seizure onset."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17442005" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28324947"; "AR model represents a class of linear predictive models in which the future outcome of the observed variable is predicted based on a linear combination of past outcomes and an independent identically distributed random variable."; rdfs:label "autoregressive model"; true . _:3eb4a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "AR model represents a class of linear predictive models in which the future outcome of the observed variable is predicted based on a linear combination of past outcomes and an independent identically distributed random variable."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22995680" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Mutations of the leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) gene cause an autosomal dominant partial epilepsy with auditory features also known as autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy (ADLTE)."; "ADLTE"; rdfs:label "autosomal-dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy model"; true . _:3eb4b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Mutations of the leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) gene cause an autosomal dominant partial epilepsy with auditory features also known as autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy (ADLTE)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25312505" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The frequency of the background rhythm is below the normal value."; rdfs:label "background slow activity"; true . _:3eb4c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The frequency of the background rhythm is below the normal value."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/ESSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticweb.org%2Frjyy%2Fontologies%2F2015%2F5%2FESSO%23Background_Slow_Activity&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Background suppression refers to activity which is less than 10µV."; rdfs:label "background suppression"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#BackgroundSuppression"; "" . _:3eb4d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Background suppression refers to activity which is less than 10µV."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23BackgroundSuppression&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2345619"; rdfs:label "basal temporal epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#BasalTemporalEpilepsy"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK390347/", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK390352/"; "benign electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns which are morphologically epileptiform but are non-epileptic."; rdfs:label "benign EEG pattern"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#BenignEEGPattern"; ""; true . _:3eb4e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "benign electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns which are morphologically epileptiform but are non-epileptic."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20231918" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK390347/", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK390352/", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20231918"; "EEG patterns which are morphologically epileptiform but are non-epileptic."; "benign EEG pattern"; rdfs:label "benign electroencephalographic pattern"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#BenignEEGPattern"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Benign focal epileptiform discharges of childhood refer to regional or multiregional sharp waves that are normally followed by a negative slow wave with lower amplitude than the negative peak of the sharp wave and ocassionally show a dipolar distribution."; "BFEDC"; rdfs:label "benign focal epileptiform discharge of childhood"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#BenignFocalEpileptiformDischargeofChildhood"; "" . _:3eb4f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Benign focal epileptiform discharges of childhood refer to regional or multiregional sharp waves that are normally followed by a negative slow wave with lower amplitude than the negative peak of the sharp wave and ocassionally show a dipolar distribution."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23BenignFocalEpileptiformDischargeofChildhood&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11292215"; "Benign myoclonus of infancy and shuddering attacks are both benign (self limiting) variants of normal behaviour in infants and may be related conditions with differing durations of attacks. These attacks typically have onset from 4 months of age and can persist up to the age of 6-7 years, with a remitting and relapsing course."; rdfs:label "benign myoclonus of infancy and shuddering attack"; true . _:3eb503 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Benign myoclonus of infancy and shuddering attacks are both benign (self limiting) variants of normal behaviour in infants and may be related conditions with differing durations of attacks. These attacks typically have onset from 4 months of age and can persist up to the age of 6-7 years, with a remitting and relapsing course."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#shud-attacks" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15032388", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16302879"; "Benign neonatal sleep myoclonus is a normal sleep phenomenon which can be very frequent in some infants leading to misdiagnosis as myoclonic seizures or generalized tonic-clonic seizures."; "BNSM", "Benign neonatal sleep myoclonus"; rdfs:label "benign neonatal sleep myoclonus"; true . _:3eb513 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Benign neonatal sleep myoclonus is a normal sleep phenomenon which can be very frequent in some infants leading to misdiagnosis as myoclonic seizures or generalized tonic-clonic seizures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#bnsm" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Benign paroxysmal vertigo is considered a migraine variant of childhood and is characterized by a subjective experience described by the child of the world spinning (vertigo)."; rdfs:label "benign paroxysmal vertigo"; true . _:3eb523 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Benign paroxysmal vertigo is considered a migraine variant of childhood and is characterized by a subjective experience described by the child of the world spinning (vertigo)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#benign-vertigo" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1396544"; "In this model, beta-carbolines induce clonic and tonic-clonic seizures follwing intrapritoneal or subcutaneous administration."; rdfs:label "beta-carboline model"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5603104/"; "Beta activity refers to activity with frequency range 13 to 30 Hz."; rdfs:label "beta activity"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#BetaActivity", "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1139332-overview#a1"; ""; true . _:3eb533 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Beta activity refers to activity with frequency range 13 to 30 Hz."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23BetaActivity&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Beta coma (BC) / Beta stupor (BS) refers to predominance of beta activity with amplitudes higher than 30µV in a comatose/stuporous patient."; "beta stupor"; rdfs:label "beta coma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#BetaComa"; "" . _:3eb543 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Beta coma (BC) / Beta stupor (BS) refers to predominance of beta activity with amplitudes higher than 30µV in a comatose/stuporous patient."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23BetaComa&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "As a GABA antagonist of the action of this neurotransmitter , bicuculline produces acute focus epileptic convulsions when administered systematically or when applied topically to rats."; rdfs:label "bicuculline model" . _:3eb553 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "As a GABA antagonist of the action of this neurotransmitter , bicuculline produces acute focus epileptic convulsions when administered systematically or when applied topically to rats."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20868357" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "bifocal encephalomalacia"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#BifocalEncephalomalacia"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "In bi-PLEDs, periodic or semi-periodic sharp waves occur in both hemispheres but do so asynchronously between the two hemispheres"; "Bi-PLED"; rdfs:label "bilateral periodic lateralized epileptiform discharge"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Bi-PeriodicLateralizedEpileptiformDischarge"; "" . _:3eb563 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "In bi-PLEDs, periodic or semi-periodic sharp waves occur in both hemispheres but do so asynchronously between the two hemispheres"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23Bi-PeriodicLateralizedEpileptiformDischarge&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "In biotinidase deficiency, the endogenous recycling of biotin is impaired. Epilepsy is frequent, often starting after the first 3 or 4 months of life, and often as epileptic spasms; optic atrophy and hearing loss are also often seen. Clues to the diagnosis are alopecia and dermatitis. The refractory seizures respond promptly to small doses of biotin. In holocarboxylase synthase deficiency, symptoms start during the neonatal period. Seizures are less frequent, occurring in 25-50% of all children. Biotin also is effective in this disorder."; rdfs:label "biotinidase and holocarboxylase synthase deficiency"; true . _:3eb573 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "In biotinidase deficiency, the endogenous recycling of biotin is impaired. Epilepsy is frequent, often starting after the first 3 or 4 months of life, and often as epileptic spasms; optic atrophy and hearing loss are also often seen. Clues to the diagnosis are alopecia and dermatitis. The refractory seizures respond promptly to small doses of biotin. In holocarboxylase synthase deficiency, symptoms start during the neonatal period. Seizures are less frequent, occurring in 25-50% of all children. Biotin also is effective in this disorder."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/metabolic-groupoverview.html#biotinidase" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "a look that shows one does not understand what someone has said or does not know the answer to a question"; rdfs:label "blank stare"; true . _:3eb583 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "a look that shows one does not understand what someone has said or does not know the answer to a question"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blank%20stare" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Rumbling sounds caused by gas moving through the intestines"; rdfs:label "borborygmi"; true . _:3eb593 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Rumbling sounds caused by gas moving through the intestines"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=25872" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "brain junction"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK390352/"; "Breach rhythm refers to high-voltage activity that occurs in the region of a skull defect and have a spiky appearance and consist of sharply contoured arciform waveforms that usually have a frequency of 6-11 Hz."; rdfs:label "breach rhythm"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#BreachRhythm"; ""; true . _:3eb5a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Breach rhythm refers to high-voltage activity that occurs in the region of a skull defect and have a spiky appearance and consist of sharply contoured arciform waveforms that usually have a frequency of 6-11 Hz."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23BreachRhythm&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29623857"; "Potassium channels are activated by the increase of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, a consequence of neuronal excitation, and then terminate the action potential with the outward K+ flux and precludes excessive Ca2+ influx. Considering this negative feedback effect, BK channel seemly acts to decrease membrane excitability in order to prevent hyperexcitation which is a typical characteristic of epilepsy."; rdfs:label "calcium-activated potassium channel model"; "modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1283140"; "Seizures caused due to blockage of voltage dependent channels"; rdfs:label "channel blocker-induced seizure"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25228809", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25312505"; "Chemical mutagenesis is a powerful strategy to produce genetically modified mutations in many species, in which N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) induced the mutations."; rdfs:label "chemical mutagenesis derived model"; "modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15941650"; "Benign childhood epilepsy with occipital paroxysms is classified among childhood benign partial epilepsies. The absence of neurological and neuropsychological deficits has long been considered as a prerequisite for a diagnosis of benign childhood partial epilepsy."; rdfs:label "childhood epilepsy with occipital paroxysm"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#ChildhoodEpilepsyWithOccipitalParoxysms"; "modified definition"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9024190"; "In animal moels of chronic spontaneous limbic epilepsy, the electrographic seizures resemble the seizures recorded in humans with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy."; rdfs:label "chronic spontaneous limbic seizure model"; "modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizures are characterized by automatisms at onset with impaired awareness, emotion/mood and autonomic features. Focal emotional seizures with laughter (gelastic seizures) may occur."; rdfs:label "cingulate cortex seizure"; true . _:3eb5b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Seizures are characterized by automatisms at onset with impaired awareness, emotion/mood and autonomic features. Focal emotional seizures with laughter (gelastic seizures) may occur."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/frontal-lobe-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10802766"; "A subgroup of “frontal” focal cortical epilepsy involves the pericallosal gyrus. This type of epilepsy, termed “cingulate epilepsy,” demonstrates variable clinical seiniology and poorly localizing scalp EEG patterns."; rdfs:label "cingulate epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#CingulateEpilepsy"; "modified definition"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "This partial crisis model is induced with the application of cobalt powder or wire on the motor cortex, and the thalamus of rats and cats. Cobalt powder is reportedly applied in high doses, resulting in the chronic status epilepticus (SE) model."; rdfs:label "cobalt model"; true . _:3eb5c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "This partial crisis model is induced with the application of cobalt powder or wire on the motor cortex, and the thalamus of rats and cats. Cobalt powder is reportedly applied in high doses, resulting in the chronic status epilepticus (SE) model."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20868357" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Characterized by the feeling of strangeness to people, words, and well-known circumstances, incapacity to recall the name of a known person, or incapacity to understand the words seen"; rdfs:label "cognitive aura"; true . _:3eb5d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by the feeling of strangeness to people, words, and well-known circumstances, incapacity to recall the name of a known person, or incapacity to understand the words seen"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28139515" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eb5e3; "Patients may have both generalized and focal seizure types, with interictal and/or ictal EEG findings that accompany both seizure types. Patients with Dravet syndrome and Lennox Gastaut syndrome may have generalized and focal epilepsy."; rdfs:label "combined generalized and focal epilepsy"; true . _:3eb5e3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . _:3eb5f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Patients may have both generalized and focal seizure types, with interictal and/or ictal EEG findings that accompany both seizure types. Patients with Dravet syndrome and Lennox Gastaut syndrome may have generalized and focal epilepsy."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy/focal-generalized-epilepsy-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25228809"; "Models exhibiting seizures longer than 15 minutes with focal onset and possible recurrence within 24 hours."; rdfs:label "complex febrile model"; "modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Complex visual hallucinations may affect some normal individuals on going to sleep and are also seen in pathological states, often in association with a sleep disturbance. The content of these hallucinations is striking and relatively stereotyped, often involving animals and human figures in bright colours and dramatic settings. Conditions causing these hallucinations include narcolepsy-cataplexy syndrome, peduncular hallucinosis, treated idiopathic Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia without treatment, migraine coma, Charles Bonnet syndrome (visual hallucinations of the blind), schizophrenia, hallucinogen-induced states and epilepsy."; rdfs:label "complex visual hallucination"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#ComplexVisualHallucination"; "" . _:3eb603 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Complex visual hallucinations may affect some normal individuals on going to sleep and are also seen in pathological states, often in association with a sleep disturbance. The content of these hallucinations is striking and relatively stereotyped, often involving animals and human figures in bright colours and dramatic settings. Conditions causing these hallucinations include narcolepsy-cataplexy syndrome, peduncular hallucinosis, treated idiopathic Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia without treatment, migraine coma, Charles Bonnet syndrome (visual hallucinations of the blind), schizophrenia, hallucinogen-induced states and epilepsy."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9798740" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Compulsive valsalva can cause frequent syncope in people with learning disability, particularly those with autism. Individuals learn that through hyperventilation, followed by breath holding and a valsalva manoeuvre they can self-induce a syncope. It is presumed that this produces a pleasurable sensation. These children may also have epileptic seizures, a particular example being Rett syndrome. Video is invaluable in making the diagnosis"; rdfs:label "compulsive valsalva"; true . _:3eb613 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Compulsive valsalva can cause frequent syncope in people with learning disability, particularly those with autism. Individuals learn that through hyperventilation, followed by breath holding and a valsalva manoeuvre they can self-induce a syncope. It is presumed that this produces a pleasurable sensation. These children may also have epileptic seizures, a particular example being Rett syndrome. Video is invaluable in making the diagnosis"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#compvalsalva" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Stroke may occur prenatally or perinatally, with middle cerebral artery distribution stroke being common due to the nature of stroke etiologies in this age group. Infants may present with hemiplegia, which may only be diagnosed as development progresses and asymmetric motor function is recognized, such as early hand preference. Seizures may be the presenting symptom, and may have onset in the neonatal period or later. Because of the middle cerebral artery territory involvement, seizures with focal features that relate to sensori-motor cortex occur. Epileptic spasms occur in around one third of patients, generally responding to medication."; rdfs:label "congenital stroke"; true . _:3eb623 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Stroke may occur prenatally or perinatally, with middle cerebral artery distribution stroke being common due to the nature of stroke etiologies in this age group. Infants may present with hemiplegia, which may only be diagnosed as development progresses and asymmetric motor function is recognized, such as early hand preference. Seizures may be the presenting symptom, and may have onset in the neonatal period or later. Because of the middle cerebral artery territory involvement, seizures with focal features that relate to sensori-motor cortex occur. Epileptic spasms occur in around one third of patients, generally responding to medication."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/stroke-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30528098"; "The conventional EEG (cEEG) records the cerebral electrical activity of the brain. Conventional EEG provides a sensitive, direct measure of neonatal brain function and is valuable in early prediction of the neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants after brain injuries. Conventional EEG acquires the electrocortical signal through electrodes attached to the scalp"; "Routine EEG", "conventional EEG"; rdfs:label "conventional electroencephalography"; true . _:3eb633 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The conventional EEG (cEEG) records the cerebral electrical activity of the brain. Conventional EEG provides a sensitive, direct measure of neonatal brain function and is valuable in early prediction of the neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants after brain injuries. Conventional EEG acquires the electrocortical signal through electrodes attached to the scalp"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/749602_2" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25769270"; "Models based on the systemic administration of chemoconvulsants to induce an initial precipitating injury (status epilepticus) that is followed by the appearance of recurrent seizures originating from limbic structures."; rdfs:label "convulsant drug model"; "Modified definition" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26920416"; "Convulsive status epilepticus is defined as a convulsive seizure lasting more than 5 min or consecutive seizures without recovery of consciousness."; rdfs:label "convulsive status epilepticus"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10510977"; "Kindling of male mice via transcorneal electrical stimulation"; rdfs:label "corneal kindling"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Corpus callosotomy (CC) has been utilized as a palliative procedure for DRE for more than half a century. Transection is intended to disrupt rapid interhemispheric transcallosal propagation of seizures, particularly from regions of cortex associated with ictal motor manifestations. The target for resection is typically the anterior to mid callosum, with sparing of the posterior fibers in an attempt to mitigate the risks of a sensory disconnection syndrome."; "callosotomy"; rdfs:label "corpus callosotomy"; true . _:3eb643 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Corpus callosotomy (CC) has been utilized as a palliative procedure for DRE for more than half a century. Transection is intended to disrupt rapid interhemispheric transcallosal propagation of seizures, particularly from regions of cortex associated with ictal motor manifestations. The target for resection is typically the anterior to mid callosum, with sparing of the posterior fibers in an attempt to mitigate the risks of a sensory disconnection syndrome."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30806817" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Delta Coma (DC) / Delta stupor (DS) refers to irregular, high voltage delta background activity in a comatose/stuporous patient."; "delta stupor"; rdfs:label "delta coma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#DeltaComa"; "" . _:3eb653 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Delta Coma (DC) / Delta stupor (DS) refers to irregular, high voltage delta background activity in a comatose/stuporous patient."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23DeltaComa&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5603104/"; "Delta activity refers to activity with a frequency range of 1 to 3 Hz."; rdfs:label "delta rhythm"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#DeltaRhythm", "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1139332-overview#a1"; ""; true . _:3eb663 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Delta activity refers to activity with a frequency range of 1 to 3 Hz."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23DeltaRhythm&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22995680"; "Deterministic models are computational models of epilepsy aim to represent the dynamics of an epileptic brain by limiting their analysis to a given spatial scale of resolution using specified initial conditions and the system parameters."; rdfs:label "deterministic model"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Diaphragmatic breathing is a type of a breathing exercise that helps strengthen your diaphragm, an important muscle that helps you breathe. This breathing exercise is also sometimes called belly breathing or abdominal breathing"; "deep respiration"; rdfs:label "diaphragmatic breathing" . _:3eb673 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Diaphragmatic breathing is a type of a breathing exercise that helps strengthen your diaphragm, an important muscle that helps you breathe. This breathing exercise is also sometimes called belly breathing or abdominal breathing"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.healthline.com/health/diaphragmatic-breathing" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Focal cognitive seizures are seen characterized by language impairment with difficulties reading, calculating and writing."; rdfs:label "dominant parieto-temporal region seizure"; true . _:3eb683 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Focal cognitive seizures are seen characterized by language impairment with difficulties reading, calculating and writing."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/occipital-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23027094"; "Dorsolateral lateral frontal lobe is one of major areas in frontal lobe. Due to its diverse functions (e.g. motor, language, cognitive and higher brain functions), dorsolateral frontal lobe seizures can present with a range of semiology. Some of these are classic, stereotypic patterns, such as the Jacksonian march associated with seizure originating in motor cortex, others can appear bizarre and suggest psychogenic events."; rdfs:label "dorsolateral frontal cortex"; true . _:3eb693 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Dorsolateral lateral frontal lobe is one of major areas in frontal lobe. Due to its diverse functions (e.g. motor, language, cognitive and higher brain functions), dorsolateral frontal lobe seizures can present with a range of semiology. Some of these are classic, stereotypic patterns, such as the Jacksonian march associated with seizure originating in motor cortex, others can appear bizarre and suggest psychogenic events."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/frontal-lobe-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The ‘dreamy state’ refers to a sensation of déjà vécu and/or complex visual hallucinations (e.g. of scenes, faces or people) and sensation of ‘strangeness’. Jackson localized this in the mesial temporal lobe (MTL)."; rdfs:label "dreamy state"; true; true . _:3eb6a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The ‘dreamy state’ refers to a sensation of déjà vécu and/or complex visual hallucinations (e.g. of scenes, faces or people) and sensation of ‘strangeness’. Jackson localized this in the mesial temporal lobe (MTL)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/130/1/88/348244" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Mouse mutant ducky, a model for absence epilepsy, is characterized by spike-wave seizures and ataxia."; rdfs:label "ducky mouse"; true . _:3eb6b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Mouse mutant ducky, a model for absence epilepsy, is characterized by spike-wave seizures and ataxia."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11487633" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Dysmature EEG pattern.", "EEGs are considered dysmature if they contain patterns that are at least 2 weeks immature for the conceptional age."; rdfs:label "dysmature"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Dysmature"; "modified definition"; "" . _:3eb6c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Dysmature EEG pattern."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9105658" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizures consist of autonomic and behavioural disturbances with vomiting and deviation of the eyes lasting from minutes to hours. They are mainly nocturnal and often progress to convulsions. Consciousness is usually impaired from onset or during the ictus. By definition, seizures lasting for more than half an hour are status epilepticus. In one third of these children, the phase of deviation of the eyes with vomiting and impairment of consciousness is prolonged for more than 30 minutes (partial status epilepticus) and usually ends with generalised convulsions."; "Early onset benign childhood occipital epilepsy (Panayiotopoulos type)"; rdfs:label "early-onset benign childhood occipital seizure"; true . _:3eb6d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Seizures consist of autonomic and behavioural disturbances with vomiting and deviation of the eyes lasting from minutes to hours. They are mainly nocturnal and often progress to convulsions. Consciousness is usually impaired from onset or during the ictus. By definition, seizures lasting for more than half an hour are status epilepticus. In one third of these children, the phase of deviation of the eyes with vomiting and impairment of consciousness is prolonged for more than 30 minutes (partial status epilepticus) and usually ends with generalised convulsions."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://adc.bmj.com/content/78/1/3" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Electrical kindling is performed 1–2 weeks after surgery, using a protocol of one stimulation per day in adult cats, and multiple stimulations per day in kittens"; rdfs:label "electrically kindled cat"; true . _:3eb6e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Electrical kindling is performed 1–2 weeks after surgery, using a protocol of one stimulation per day in adult cats, and multiple stimulations per day in kittens"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22938964" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25687591"; "Electrocerebral inactivity (ECI) or electrocerebral silence (ECS) is defined as no cerebral activity greater than 2µV, having first ruled out the possible influence of sedative drugs, metabolic disorders or hypothermia."; rdfs:label "electrocerebral inactivity"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#ElectrocerebralInactivity"; "modified definition"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24405074"; "Implanted EEG electrodes are often necessary to pinpoint the origin of seizure activity. They are particularly helpful for more precisely localizing seizure activity that has been identified with scalp EEG recordings. For example, the scalp recordings may determine that seizures arise from the right hemisphere. Implanted EEG electrodes can then reveal whether the epileptogenic activity arises specifically from the frontal lobe, rather than the temporal, parietal, or occipital lobes. These invasive electrodes allow EEG recording directly from the surface of the brain or from deeper cortical structures."; rdfs:label "electrode implantation"; true . _:3eb6f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Implanted EEG electrodes are often necessary to pinpoint the origin of seizure activity. They are particularly helpful for more precisely localizing seizure activity that has been identified with scalp EEG recordings. For example, the scalp recordings may determine that seizures arise from the right hemisphere. Implanted EEG electrodes can then reveal whether the epileptogenic activity arises specifically from the frontal lobe, rather than the temporal, parietal, or occipital lobes. These invasive electrodes allow EEG recording directly from the surface of the brain or from deeper cortical structures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/diagnosis-treatment/surgery/implanted-eeg-electrodes" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A focal or generalized flattening of the EEG due to a sudden desynchronization of brain activity."; rdfs:label "electrodecrement"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Electrodecrement"; "" . _:3eb703 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A focal or generalized flattening of the EEG due to a sudden desynchronization of brain activity."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23Electrodecrement&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Electrographic seizures are seizures that are evident on EEG monitoring. They are common in critically ill children and neonates with acute encephalopathy. Most electrographic seizures have no associated clinical changes, and continuous EEG monitoring is necessary for identification."; rdfs:label "electrographic seizure"; true . _:3eb713 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Electrographic seizures are seizures that are evident on EEG monitoring. They are common in critically ill children and neonates with acute encephalopathy. Most electrographic seizures have no associated clinical changes, and continuous EEG monitoring is necessary for identification."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24229615" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20492865"; "Electrical stimulation of the brain by placing electrodes on the cornea or ears to induce motor convulsions that depend on the intensity of the stimulation"; rdfs:label "electroshock stimulation model"; true . _:3eb723 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Electrical stimulation of the brain by placing electrodes on the cornea or ears to induce motor convulsions that depend on the intensity of the stimulation"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20868357" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Partial seizures with elementary motor symptoms, formerly called focal motor seizures, typically consist of rhythmic jerking (clonic movement) of a body region that may be limited to one finger or extend to an entire side of the body"; rdfs:label "elementary partial seizure"; true . _:3eb733 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Partial seizures with elementary motor symptoms, formerly called focal motor seizures, typically consist of rhythmic jerking (clonic movement) of a body region that may be limited to one finger or extend to an entire side of the body"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/partial-seizures" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Ictal vomiting or emetic seizure is considered as a localizing sign in patients with partial seizures of temporal origin."; "EmeticSeizure"; rdfs:label "emetic seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#EmeticSeizure"; "" . _:3eb743 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Ictal vomiting or emetic seizure is considered as a localizing sign in patients with partial seizures of temporal origin."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18054131" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "epilepsy classification"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy/epilepsy-classification-groupoverview.html"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3eb753; "There are a range of conditions associated with recurrent paroxysmal events that may imitate and be misdiagnosed as epilepsies, these are presented in this section of EpilepsyDiagnosis.org with reference to the epilepsies that they may imitate and important discriminating features. It is important that these disorders are considered in the evaluation of paroxysmal events as misdiagnosis rates in epilepsy are high throughout the world. History remains the key to a correct diagnosis with video recordings very helpful. There are some conditions in which epileptic and non-epileptic events can co-exist."; rdfs:label "epilepsy imitator"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/brain-and-nerves/epilepsy/symptoms/imitators.html"; true . _:3eb753 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . _:3eb763 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "There are a range of conditions associated with recurrent paroxysmal events that may imitate and be misdiagnosed as epilepsies, these are presented in this section of EpilepsyDiagnosis.org with reference to the epilepsies that they may imitate and important discriminating features. It is important that these disorders are considered in the evaluation of paroxysmal events as misdiagnosis rates in epilepsy are high throughout the world. History remains the key to a correct diagnosis with video recordings very helpful. There are some conditions in which epileptic and non-epileptic events can co-exist."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#overview" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "epilepsy with general tonic clonic seizure on awakening"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#EpilepsyWithGeneralTonicClonicSeizureOnAwakening", "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-epilepsy-syndromes/epilepsy-generalized-tonic-clonic-seizures-alone"; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Epileptic encephalopathy with continuous spike-and-wave during sleep is a syndrome characterized by continuous spike-and-wave during sleep, seizures and progressive decline in cognitive, behavioral and psychiatric functioning."; rdfs:label "epileptic encephalopathy with continous spikes and wave during sleep"; true . _:3eb773 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Epileptic encephalopathy with continuous spike-and-wave during sleep is a syndrome characterized by continuous spike-and-wave during sleep, seizures and progressive decline in cognitive, behavioral and psychiatric functioning."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/ee-csws-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK390352/"; "Eileptiform benign variant have an epileptiform appearance but are not epileptogenic, that is, they are not associated with seizures."; rdfs:label "epileptiform benign variant"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#EpileptiformBenignVariant"; ""; true . _:3eb783 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Eileptiform benign variant have an epileptiform appearance but are not epileptogenic, that is, they are not associated with seizures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23EpileptiformBenignVariant&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4329510/"; "Mutation in Kcna1 gene, which encodes for the α subunit of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.1, cause episodic ataxia type 1 (EA1)."; rdfs:label "episodic ataxia type-1 model"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4329510/"; "Cacna1a missense mutation in a N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced mutant rat strain GRY, resulted in the discovery of episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2) model rats."; rdfs:label "episodic ataxia type-2 model"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Excessive fast (EF) refers to an EEG recording in which at least 50 % of the awake recording is dominated by generalized beta activity of amplitude exceeding 50µV (reference derivation)."; rdfs:label "excessive fast pattern"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#ExcessiveFastPattern"; "" . _:3eb793 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Excessive fast (EF) refers to an EEG recording in which at least 50 % of the awake recording is dominated by generalized beta activity of amplitude exceeding 50µV (reference derivation)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23ExcessiveFastPattern&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Experiential symptoms are illusions or hallucinations that result in erroneous interpretations of the present experience.Frequent types of experiential symptoms include deja-vu, jamais-vu, hyperfamiliarity, and out-of-body experiences termed autoscopy."; rdfs:label "experiential sensory seizure"; true . _:3eb7a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Experiential symptoms are illusions or hallucinations that result in erroneous interpretations of the present experience.Frequent types of experiential symptoms include deja-vu, jamais-vu, hyperfamiliarity, and out-of-body experiences termed autoscopy."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://www.medlink.com/article/focal_sensory_seizures_with_experiential_symptoms" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Extensor spasticity is an involuntary straightening of the legs. Extensor spasticity involves the quadriceps (muscles on the front of the upper leg) and the adductors (inner thigh muscles)."; "Extensor spasticity"; rdfs:label "extensor spasm"; true . _:3eb7b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Extensor spasticity is an involuntary straightening of the legs. Extensor spasticity involves the quadriceps (muscles on the front of the upper leg) and the adductors (inner thigh muscles)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.aans.org/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Spasticity" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27093945"; "Seizures in this area are associated with more complex formed visual hallucinations such as pictures of people, animals or scenes. These are considered as focal cognitive seizures"; rdfs:label "extra striate cortex seizure"; true; true . _:3eb7c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Seizures in this area are associated with more complex formed visual hallucinations such as pictures of people, animals or scenes. These are considered as focal cognitive seizures"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/occipital-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7925156"; "An extratemporal cortical resection is an operation to resect, or cut away, brain tissue that contains a seizure focus. Extratemporal means the tissue is located in an area of the brain other than the temporal lobe. The frontal lobe is the most common extratemporal site for seizures. In some cases, tissue may be removed from more than one area/lobe of the brain."; rdfs:label "extratemporal cortical resection"; true; true . _:3eb7d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "An extratemporal cortical resection is an operation to resect, or cut away, brain tissue that contains a seizure focus. Extratemporal means the tissue is located in an area of the brain other than the temporal lobe. The frontal lobe is the most common extratemporal site for seizures. In some cases, tissue may be removed from more than one area/lobe of the brain."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/guide/extratemporal-cortical-resection#1" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17162190"; rdfs:label "eye rotation"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Missense mutations of the Nav1.1 channel (Scn1a), which alter channel properties, have been reported in a familial syndrome of generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+)."; rdfs:label "febrile seizure model"; true . _:3eb7e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Missense mutations of the Nav1.1 channel (Scn1a), which alter channel properties, have been reported in a familial syndrome of generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25312505" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30057567"; rdfs:label "first line immunotherapy"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Streaks or specks of light in vision are described as flashes."; "Flashes of light"; rdfs:label "flash"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.aao.org/eye-health/symptoms/flashes-of-light", "https://www.healthline.com/health/seeing-stars-in-vision"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Flexor spasticity is an involuntary bending of the hips or knees (primarily involving the hamstring muscles on the back of the upper leg). The hips and knees bend up toward the chest."; "Flexor spasticity"; rdfs:label "flexor spasm"; true . _:3eb7f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Flexor spasticity is an involuntary bending of the hips or knees (primarily involving the hamstring muscles on the back of the upper leg). The hips and knees bend up toward the chest."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.aans.org/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Spasticity" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "flickering light"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/photosensitive-epilepsy#.Xmob-fkzbIU"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "In this model, a single episode of severe fluid percussion injury is sufficient to cause posttraumatic epilepsy and it may progress from frontal-parietal epilepsy to mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with dual pathology."; rdfs:label "fluid percussion injury model"; true . _:3eb803 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "In this model, a single episode of severe fluid percussion injury is sufficient to cause posttraumatic epilepsy and it may progress from frontal-parietal epilepsy to mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with dual pathology."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25228809" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20868357"; "In this model, brief exposures to flurothyl gas result in clonic seizures, followed by tonic-clonic convulsions."; rdfs:label "flurothyl model"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17525024"; """An automatism is a coordinated, repetitive motor activity, often resembling a voluntary movement, but undertaken without volition. They often occur in seizures with impaired awareness, but can occur in aware states. Focal automatism seizures can be further described using the following descriptors: Orofacial: lip smacking, lip pursing, chewing, swallowing, clicking, eye-blinking. Manual: unilateral or bilateral, fumbling, tapping, manipulating or exploratory movements with the hands. Pedal: bilateral or unilateral movements of the feet/legs, these may include pacing, walking or running. The movement is more reminiscent of normal movements in amplitude, and is less frenetic or rapid in comparison to the movements seen in focal hyperkinetic seizures involving the legs. Perseverative: the movement consists of an inappropriate continuation of pre-seizure movement. Vocal: single or repetitive sounds such as shrieks or grunts. Verbal: single or repetitive words, phrases or brief sentences. Sexual: sexual behaviours. Other: automatisms can include head nodding, undressing and a range of other automatic movements."""; rdfs:label "focal automatism seizure"; true; true . _:3eb813 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget """An automatism is a coordinated, repetitive motor activity, often resembling a voluntary movement, but undertaken without volition. They often occur in seizures with impaired awareness, but can occur in aware states. Focal automatism seizures can be further described using the following descriptors: Orofacial: lip smacking, lip pursing, chewing, swallowing, clicking, eye-blinking. Manual: unilateral or bilateral, fumbling, tapping, manipulating or exploratory movements with the hands. Pedal: bilateral or unilateral movements of the feet/legs, these may include pacing, walking or running. The movement is more reminiscent of normal movements in amplitude, and is less frenetic or rapid in comparison to the movements seen in focal hyperkinetic seizures involving the legs. Perseverative: the movement consists of an inappropriate continuation of pre-seizure movement. Vocal: single or repetitive sounds such as shrieks or grunts. Verbal: single or repetitive words, phrases or brief sentences. Sexual: sexual behaviours. Other: automatisms can include head nodding, undressing and a range of other automatic movements."""; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/motor-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizures accompanied by autonomic symptoms or signs such as sexual arousal, penile erection, and orgasm"; rdfs:label "focal autonomic seizure with erection"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://epilepsyontario.org/about-epilepsy/types-of-seizures/simple-partial-seizures/", "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/autonomic-overview.html"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Complex partial seizures characterized by lacrimation or running tears as the initial and most prominent ictal event, with no sign of crying"; rdfs:label "focal autonomic seizure with lacrimation"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1186872-overview", "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/autonomic-overview.html"; true; true; true . _:3eb823 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Complex partial seizures characterized by lacrimation or running tears as the initial and most prominent ictal event, with no sign of crying"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25160772" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Ictal piloerection (‘‘goose bumps’’) is an infrequent form ofautonomic seizures and is commonly overlooked as an ictalepileptic manifestation. Piloerection is principally considered to bean expression of ictal temporal lobe activity although otherseizure origins such as frontal or hypothalamic have beenreported. The described etiology has shown a wide variety ofstructural causes such as mesial temporal sclerosis, tumors,posttraumatic, cavernomas, and cryptogenic epilepsies"; rdfs:label "focal autonomic seizure with piloerection"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://epilepsyontario.org/about-epilepsy/types-of-seizures/simple-partial-seizures/", "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/autonomic-overview.html", "https://www.neurology-asia.org/articles/neuroasia-2018-23(2)-163.pdf"; true; true . _:3eb833 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Ictal piloerection (‘‘goose bumps’’) is an infrequent form ofautonomic seizures and is commonly overlooked as an ictalepileptic manifestation. Piloerection is principally considered to bean expression of ictal temporal lobe activity although otherseizure origins such as frontal or hypothalamic have beenreported. The described etiology has shown a wide variety ofstructural causes such as mesial temporal sclerosis, tumors,posttraumatic, cavernomas, and cryptogenic epilepsies"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24890932" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A focal behaviour arrest seizure is characterized by a decrease in amplitude and/or rate or arrest of ongoing motor activity during the seizure. Because brief behaviour arrest is common and difficult to identify at the start of many seizures, the arrest must be persistent and dominant through the entire seizure."; rdfs:label "focal behaviour arrest seizure"; true . _:3eb843 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A focal behaviour arrest seizure is characterized by a decrease in amplitude and/or rate or arrest of ongoing motor activity during the seizure. Because brief behaviour arrest is common and difficult to identify at the start of many seizures, the arrest must be persistent and dominant through the entire seizure."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/behaviour-arrest-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The seizure commences in one hemisphere but involves bilateral muscle groups rapidly at seizure onset. Certain frontal lobe seizure sub-types have bilateral motor features at onset, often with asymmetric posturing. Typically, there is extension of the upper limb (at the elbow) contralateral to the hemisphere of seizure onset (often with a clenched fist and flexion at the wrist) and flexion of the ipsilateral upper limb at the elbow. This type of seizure is also described as a 'fencer's posture' or a figure of 4. Awareness can be preserved during the bilateral movement, resulting in misdiagnosis of the seizure as a non-epileptic seizure. These seizures can progress to a focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure."; rdfs:label "focal bilateral motor seizure"; true . _:3eb853 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The seizure commences in one hemisphere but involves bilateral muscle groups rapidly at seizure onset. Certain frontal lobe seizure sub-types have bilateral motor features at onset, often with asymmetric posturing. Typically, there is extension of the upper limb (at the elbow) contralateral to the hemisphere of seizure onset (often with a clenched fist and flexion at the wrist) and flexion of the ipsilateral upper limb at the elbow. This type of seizure is also described as a 'fencer's posture' or a figure of 4. Awareness can be preserved during the bilateral movement, resulting in misdiagnosis of the seizure as a non-epileptic seizure. These seizures can progress to a focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/motor-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A focal cognitive seizure involves an alteration in a cognitive function (which can be a deficit or a positive phenomenon such as forced thought), which occurs at seizure onset. To be classified as a focal cognitive seizure, the change in cognitive function should be specific and out of proportion to other relatively unimpaired aspects of cognition, because all cognition is impaired in a focal impaired awareness seizure."; "cognitive"; rdfs:label "focal cognitive seizure"; true . _:3eb863 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A focal cognitive seizure involves an alteration in a cognitive function (which can be a deficit or a positive phenomenon such as forced thought), which occurs at seizure onset. To be classified as a focal cognitive seizure, the change in cognitive function should be specific and out of proportion to other relatively unimpaired aspects of cognition, because all cognition is impaired in a focal impaired awareness seizure."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/cognitive-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16563807"; "There is a specific difficulty naming everyday objects."; rdfs:label "focal cognitive seizure with anomia"; true; true . _:3eb873 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "There is a specific difficulty naming everyday objects."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/cognitive-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2605"; "Characterized by the inability to recognize or differentiate between sounds/words or relate them to their meaning. For example a person may hear a ringing sound, but may not connect this with the concept that the sound is from a telephone ringing."; rdfs:label "focal cognitive seizure with auditory agnosia"; true; true . _:3eb883 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by the inability to recognize or differentiate between sounds/words or relate them to their meaning. For example a person may hear a ringing sound, but may not connect this with the concept that the sound is from a telephone ringing."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/cognitive-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23667393"; "Characterized by an experience of being disconnected from, though aware of, self or environment."; rdfs:label "focal cognitive seizure with dissociation"; true; true . _:3eb893 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by an experience of being disconnected from, though aware of, self or environment."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/cognitive-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24649451"; "Characterized by the presence of intrusive thoughts, ideas or crowding of thoughts occurring at seizure onset. This is a rare seizure type, seen in mesial parietal, posterior parahippocampal and frontal lobe seizures."; rdfs:label "focal cognitive seizure with forced thinking"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/connect/forums/living-epilepsy-adults/forced-thinking"; true; true; true . _:3eb8a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by the presence of intrusive thoughts, ideas or crowding of thoughts occurring at seizure onset. This is a rare seizure type, seen in mesial parietal, posterior parahippocampal and frontal lobe seizures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/cognitive-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22832396"; "Characterized by the creation of composite perceptions without the presence of external sensory stimuli, these may be visual (e.g. formed images), auditory (e.g. hearing voices) or involve other sensory modalities, without change in awareness. The sensory phenomena may be accompanied by associated emotion or interpretation e.g. a formed visual image may be accompanied by fear, or may be experienced as persecutory or with paranoia (i.e. with unjustified suspicion / mistrust)."; rdfs:label "focal cognitive seizure with hallucination"; true; true . _:3eb8b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by the creation of composite perceptions without the presence of external sensory stimuli, these may be visual (e.g. formed images), auditory (e.g. hearing voices) or involve other sensory modalities, without change in awareness. The sensory phenomena may be accompanied by associated emotion or interpretation e.g. a formed visual image may be accompanied by fear, or may be experienced as persecutory or with paranoia (i.e. with unjustified suspicion / mistrust)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/cognitive-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2605/"; "Characterized by an alteration of actual perception involving visual, auditory, somatosensory, olfactory, and/or gustatory phenomena, often without obvious change in awareness."; rdfs:label "focal cognitive seizure with illusion"; true; true . _:3eb8c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by an alteration of actual perception involving visual, auditory, somatosensory, olfactory, and/or gustatory phenomena, often without obvious change in awareness."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/cognitive-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Characterized by inability to distinguish right from left, at the onset of the seizure. This seizure type is seen in seizures involving the dominant hemisphere parieto-temporal lobe region."; rdfs:label "focal cognitive seizure with left-right confusion"; true . _:3eb8d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by inability to distinguish right from left, at the onset of the seizure. This seizure type is seen in seizures involving the dominant hemisphere parieto-temporal lobe region."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/cognitive-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29376090"; "The onset of inability to retain memory for events occurring during the seizure, while other cognitive functions and awareness are preserved in the seizure."; rdfs:label "focal cognitive seizure with memory impairment"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/how-epilepsy-can-affect-memory#.XH926ogzbIU"; true; true; true . _:3eb8e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The onset of inability to retain memory for events occurring during the seizure, while other cognitive functions and awareness are preserved in the seizure."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/cognitive-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Characterized by unilateral failure to report or respond/orient to stimuli presented contralaterally."; rdfs:label "focal cognitive seizure with neglect"; true . _:3eb8f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by unilateral failure to report or respond/orient to stimuli presented contralaterally."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/cognitive-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19846832"; "Characterized by the presence of anger, which may be accompanied by aggressive behaviour. This is a rare seizure type, anger and aggression, if present, are mostly seen in the post-ictal period. This seizure type localizes to prefrontal or mesial temporal regions of the brain. Focal emotional seizures with anger are distinguished from tantrums and rage reactions by the absence of organized, purposeful goal-directed aggressive behaviour, by their stereotyped evolution during each event, and by the presence of other epileptic seizure features as the seizure evolves."; rdfs:label "focal emotional seizure with anger"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/challenges-epilepsy/moods-and-behavior/mood-and-behavior-101/aggression"; true; true; true . _:3eb903 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by the presence of anger, which may be accompanied by aggressive behaviour. This is a rare seizure type, anger and aggression, if present, are mostly seen in the post-ictal period. This seizure type localizes to prefrontal or mesial temporal regions of the brain. Focal emotional seizures with anger are distinguished from tantrums and rage reactions by the absence of organized, purposeful goal-directed aggressive behaviour, by their stereotyped evolution during each event, and by the presence of other epileptic seizure features as the seizure evolves."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/emotional-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26924970"; "Characterized by the presence of a positive emotional experience with pleasure, bliss, joy, enhanced personal well-being, heightened self-awareness or ecstasy. This is a rare seizure type, seen in seizures arising in the anterior insular cortex."; rdfs:label "focal emotional seizure with pleasure"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.medlink.com/article/focal_sensory_seizures_with_experiential_symptoms"; true; true; true . _:3eb913 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by the presence of a positive emotional experience with pleasure, bliss, joy, enhanced personal well-being, heightened self-awareness or ecstasy. This is a rare seizure type, seen in seizures arising in the anterior insular cortex."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/emotional-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30361137"; "A sustained contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles producing athetoid or twisting movements, which produces abnormal postures."; rdfs:label "focal motor seizure with dystonia"; true; true; true . _:3eb923 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A sustained contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles producing athetoid or twisting movements, which produces abnormal postures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/motor-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8848969"; "A sudden interruption in normal tonic muscle activity lasting 500 milliseconds or less, without evidence of preceding myoclonus. This is seen in the epilepsy syndrome atypical childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, where an upper limb or the head is affected by localized brief interruption in normal muscle tone. The interruption in muscle tone is briefer than seen in a focal atonic seizure. The patient may correct for the loss of tone with overshoot past the primary position."; rdfs:label "focal motor seizure with negative myoclonus"; true; true . _:3eb933 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A sudden interruption in normal tonic muscle activity lasting 500 milliseconds or less, without evidence of preceding myoclonus. This is seen in the epilepsy syndrome atypical childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, where an upper limb or the head is affected by localized brief interruption in normal muscle tone. The interruption in muscle tone is briefer than seen in a focal atonic seizure. The patient may correct for the loss of tone with overshoot past the primary position."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/motor-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Onset of sustained, forced conjugate ocular, cephalic,and/or truncal rotation or lateral deviation from the midline. The laterality is important to specify as this assists in hemispheric lateralization, for example the seizure might be a focal motor seizure with ocular and cephalic version to the right."; rdfs:label "focal motor seizure with version"; true . _:3eb943 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Onset of sustained, forced conjugate ocular, cephalic,and/or truncal rotation or lateral deviation from the midline. The laterality is important to specify as this assists in hemispheric lateralization, for example the seizure might be a focal motor seizure with ocular and cephalic version to the right."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/motor-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Non-motor seizures can cause changes in any one of the senses. Generally, a person experiencing a focal onset non-motor Seizure remains alert and able to interact, and these types of seizures generally last seconds to less than two minutes."; "non motor onset"; rdfs:label "focal non-motor onset seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/focal-seizure-overview.html", "https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/child-focal-seizure-symptoms#1"; true; true . _:3eb953 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Non-motor seizures can cause changes in any one of the senses. Generally, a person experiencing a focal onset non-motor Seizure remains alert and able to interact, and these types of seizures generally last seconds to less than two minutes."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://epilepsynewengland.org/knowledge-center/types-of-seizures/seizure-onset" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26336950"; rdfs:label "focal non convulsive status epilepticus"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26336950"; rdfs:label "focal non convulsive status epilepticus with impairment of consciousness"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Focal seizure classification should only occur if the seizure is a focal epileptic seizure and epilepsy imitators have been excluded. Focal seizure classification is undertaken at two levels. The seizure is first classified according to level of awareness, as this is of critical importance for safety and independence in day to day life. If awareness is impaired at any point in the seizure, the seizure is a focal impaired awareness seizure. Because the first symptom/sign of the seizure is the most useful feature for identification of the regional brain network in which the seizure arises, focal onset seizures are also classified by their initial onset feature, even if this is not the most prominent feature overall in the seizure."; rdfs:label "focal seizure classification by onset feature"; true . _:3eb963 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Focal seizure classification should only occur if the seizure is a focal epileptic seizure and epilepsy imitators have been excluded. Focal seizure classification is undertaken at two levels. The seizure is first classified according to level of awareness, as this is of critical importance for safety and independence in day to day life. If awareness is impaired at any point in the seizure, the seizure is a focal impaired awareness seizure. Because the first symptom/sign of the seizure is the most useful feature for identification of the regional brain network in which the seizure arises, focal onset seizures are also classified by their initial onset feature, even if this is not the most prominent feature overall in the seizure."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/focal-seizure-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15642493"; "Characterized by a sensation in the head such as light-headedness or headache."; rdfs:label "focal sensory seizure with cephalic sensation"; true; true . _:3eb973 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by a sensation in the head such as light-headedness or headache."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/sensory-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15642493", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27857611"; "Characterized by sensations of feeling hot and then cold."; rdfs:label "focal sensory seizure with hot-cold sensation"; true; true . _:3eb983 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by sensations of feeling hot and then cold."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/sensory-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Characterized by symptoms of dizziness, spinning, vertigo or sense of rotation. These seizures involve the parietal cortex, temporo-parieto-occipital junction or parieto-temporal cortex."; rdfs:label "focal sensory vestibular seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-3801-8_14"; true; true . _:3eb993 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by symptoms of dizziness, spinning, vertigo or sense of rotation. These seizures involve the parietal cortex, temporo-parieto-occipital junction or parieto-temporal cortex."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/sensory-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A focal seizure may spread to involve wider brain networks, resulting in a focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure. This was previously known as a secondary generalized seizure. Consciousness is impaired. Motor components in such a situation include tonic and clonic features. This type of seizure may follow after other focal seizures types, such as focal motor seizures, focal cognitive seizures, focal sensory seizures or focal impaired awareness seizures. Alternatively, the spread in brain networks may be so rapid that no preceding focal seizure type is identified."; rdfs:label "focal to bilateral tonic clonic seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://epilepsynewengland.org/knowledge-center/types-of-seizures/focal-bilateral-tonic-clonic-seizures", "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/focal-bilateral-tonic-clonic-seizures-aka-secondarily-generalized-seizures"; true; true . _:3eb9a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A focal seizure may spread to involve wider brain networks, resulting in a focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure. This was previously known as a secondary generalized seizure. Consciousness is impaired. Motor components in such a situation include tonic and clonic features. This type of seizure may follow after other focal seizures types, such as focal motor seizures, focal cognitive seizures, focal sensory seizures or focal impaired awareness seizures. Alternatively, the spread in brain networks may be so rapid that no preceding focal seizure type is identified."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/focal-bilateral-tonic-clonic-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2605/"; rdfs:label "fragmentary behavior"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK390352/"; "Frontal arousal rhythm (FAR) consists of trains of 7 to 20Hz waveforms that occur predominantly over the frontal regions in runs lasting up to 20 seconds."; "FAR"; rdfs:label "frontal arousal rhythm"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#FrontalArousalRhythm"; ""; true . _:3eb9b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Frontal arousal rhythm (FAR) consists of trains of 7 to 20Hz waveforms that occur predominantly over the frontal regions in runs lasting up to 20 seconds."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23FrontalArousalRhythm&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Fairly regular, approximately sinusoidal or saw-tooth waves, mostly occurring in bursts at 1.5-2.5 Hz over the frontal areas of one or both sides of the head."; rdfs:label "frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity"; true . _:3eb9c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Fairly regular, approximately sinusoidal or saw-tooth waves, mostly occurring in bursts at 1.5-2.5 Hz over the frontal areas of one or both sides of the head."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/ESSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticweb.org%2Frjyy%2Fontologies%2F2015%2F5%2FESSO%23Frontal_Intermittent_Rhythmic_Delta_Activity_FIRDA&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; """Frontal lobe seizures are usually brief events (< 2 minutes), with stereotyped features seen from seizure to seizure and preserved awareness. Parasomnias are usually longer in duration (> 10 minutes), have variable features from event to event and are characterized by a confusional state with the patient having no memory of the event afterwards. In parasomnias, clustering is rare and the common non-REM parasomnias typically occur 1-2 hours after falling asleep, in the first cycle of deep slow wave sleep. Nocturnal frontal lobe seizures typically occur throughout the night, and more frequently within half an hour of falling asleep or awakening."""; rdfs:label "frontal lobe seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frontal-lobe-seizures/symptoms-causes/syc-20353958"; true; true . _:3eb9d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget """Frontal lobe seizures are usually brief events (< 2 minutes), with stereotyped features seen from seizure to seizure and preserved awareness. Parasomnias are usually longer in duration (> 10 minutes), have variable features from event to event and are characterized by a confusional state with the patient having no memory of the event afterwards. In parasomnias, clustering is rare and the common non-REM parasomnias typically occur 1-2 hours after falling asleep, in the first cycle of deep slow wave sleep. Nocturnal frontal lobe seizures typically occur throughout the night, and more frequently within half an hour of falling asleep or awakening."""; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/frontal-lobe-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "Seizures are characterized by facial (mouth and tongue) clonic movements (which may be unilateral), laryngeal symptoms, articulation difficulty, swallowing or chewing movements and hyper-salivation. Autonomic (e.g. epigastric, urogenital, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular or respiratory) and emotional (e.g. fear) features are common. Gustatory hallucinations are particularly common."; rdfs:label "fronto-parietal operculum seizure"; true . _:3eb9e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Seizures are characterized by facial (mouth and tongue) clonic movements (which may be unilateral), laryngeal symptoms, articulation difficulty, swallowing or chewing movements and hyper-salivation. Autonomic (e.g. epigastric, urogenital, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular or respiratory) and emotional (e.g. fear) features are common. Gustatory hallucinations are particularly common."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/frontal-lobe-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizures may be characterized by forced thoughts, impaired awareness, ipsilateral head and eye version with possible progression to contralateral version, autonomic features and axial tonic-clonic movements resulting in falls."; rdfs:label "frontopolar cortex seizure"; true . _:3eb9f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Seizures may be characterized by forced thoughts, impaired awareness, ipsilateral head and eye version with possible progression to contralateral version, autonomic features and axial tonic-clonic movements resulting in falls."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/frontal-lobe-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679190"; rdfs:label "frontopolar epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#FrontopolarEpilepsy"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11554899"; "Seizures induced exclusively by gait disorder (characterized by abnormal posturing and movement of the left leg while walking)."; rdfs:label "gait induced seizure"; "Modified definition"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5603104/"; "An EEG rhythm between 30- 45 Hz."; rdfs:label "gamma rhythm"; "modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29722352"; "Gene panel analyses enable cost-efficient and high-quality parallel analysis of anywhere from a small number of disease-related genes to several hundred within a short period of time using next-generation sequencing."; rdfs:label "gene panel sequencing"; true . _:3eba03 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Gene panel analyses enable cost-efficient and high-quality parallel analysis of anywhere from a small number of disease-related genes to several hundred within a short period of time using next-generation sequencing."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.mgz-muenchen.com/genetic-testing/gene-panel-sequencing-114" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Generalized linear models (GLM) are extension of linear regression models and are used to evaluate the prevalence of cognitive co-morbidities in epilepsy"; rdfs:label "generalized linear model"; true . _:3eba13 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Generalized linear models (GLM) are extension of linear regression models and are used to evaluate the prevalence of cognitive co-morbidities in epilepsy"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22995680" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A Generalized Onset Motor Seizure and is what most people think of when they hear the word seizure. An older term for this type of seizure is grand mal. A person loses consciousness, muscles stiffen, and jerking movements are seen. As implied by the name, they combine the characteristics of tonic seizures and clonic seizures."; rdfs:label "generalized motor onset seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/generalized-seizure-groupoverview.html"; true . _:3eba23 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A Generalized Onset Motor Seizure and is what most people think of when they hear the word seizure. An older term for this type of seizure is grand mal. A person loses consciousness, muscles stiffen, and jerking movements are seen. As implied by the name, they combine the characteristics of tonic seizures and clonic seizures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://epilepsynewengland.org/knowledge-center/types-of-seizures/generalized-motor-seizures-tonic-clonic" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29327337"; "An absence seizure is a Generalized Onset Non-Motor Seizure. An absence seizure causes a short period of blanking out or staring into space, and are usually so brief that they frequently escape notice. Like other kinds of seizures, they are caused by abnormal activity in a person’s brain."; rdfs:label "generalized non-motor onset seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/generalized-seizure-groupoverview.html"; true; true . _:3eba33 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "An absence seizure is a Generalized Onset Non-Motor Seizure. An absence seizure causes a short period of blanking out or staring into space, and are usually so brief that they frequently escape notice. Like other kinds of seizures, they are caused by abnormal activity in a person’s brain."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://epilepsynewengland.org/knowledge-center/types-of-seizures/generalized-non-motor-absence-seizures" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26336950"; rdfs:label "generalized non convulsive status epilepticus without coma"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The concept of genetic epilepsy is that the epilepsy is, as best we understand, the direct result of a known or presumed genetic defect(s) in which seizures are the core symptom of the disorder. The genetic defect may arise at a chromosomal or molecular level. It is important to emphasize that \"genetic\" does not mean the same as \"inherited\" as de novo mutations are not uncommon. Having a genetic etiology does not preclude an environmental contribution to the epilepsy."; "Genetic Defect"; rdfs:label "genetic etiology"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#GeneticDefect"; ""; true . _:3eba43 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The concept of genetic epilepsy is that the epilepsy is, as best we understand, the direct result of a known or presumed genetic defect(s) in which seizures are the core symptom of the disorder. The genetic defect may arise at a chromosomal or molecular level. It is important to emphasize that \"genetic\" does not mean the same as \"inherited\" as de novo mutations are not uncommon. Having a genetic etiology does not preclude an environmental contribution to the epilepsy."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/genetic-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Genital automatisms (GAs) are uncommon clinical phenomena of focal seizures. They are defined as repeated fondling, grabbing, or scratching of the genitals."; rdfs:label "genital automatism"; true . _:3eba53 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Genital automatisms (GAs) are uncommon clinical phenomena of focal seizures. They are defined as repeated fondling, grabbing, or scratching of the genitals."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29414563" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19423297"; "Also known as taste illusion. The term gustatory illusion is indebted to the Latin noun gustus, which means taste. It is used to denote an aberrant taste sensation occurring in the presence of a tastant. The group of gustatory illusions comprises dysgeusia, hypergeusia, and parageusia. The gustatory illusion is commonly classified as a chemosensory disorder."; rdfs:label "gustatory illusion"; true . _:3eba63 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Also known as taste illusion. The term gustatory illusion is indebted to the Latin noun gustus, which means taste. It is used to denote an aberrant taste sensation occurring in the presence of a tastant. The group of gustatory illusions comprises dysgeusia, hypergeusia, and parageusia. The gustatory illusion is commonly classified as a chemosensory disorder."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://hallucinations.enacademic.com/744/gustatory_illusion" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8021672"; "A hallucination in which one sees one's own body from a distance"; rdfs:label "heautoscopy"; true; true . _:3eba73 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A hallucination in which one sees one's own body from a distance"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.yourdictionary.com/heautoscopy" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Elevated [K+] seizure models are particularly relevant to studies of astrocytes, which play a key role in buffering extracellular K+ affecting neuronal excitability."; rdfs:label "high potassium slice model"; true . _:3eba83 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Elevated [K+] seizure models are particularly relevant to studies of astrocytes, which play a key role in buffering extracellular K+ affecting neuronal excitability."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24013377" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24777136"; rdfs:label "hippocampal epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#HippocampalEpilepsy", "http://www.medlink.com/article/hippocampal_and_parahippocampal_seizures"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27070861"; "Hippocampal kindling models are animal models, where there is a progressive increase in electrographic and behavioral seizure activity in response to repeated stimulation of a limbic brain region such as hippocampus with an initially subconvulsive current. Kindling is associated with a progressive increase in seizure severity and duration, a decrease in focal seizure threshold, and neuronal degeneration in limbic brain regions that resemble human temporal lobe epilepsy"; rdfs:label "hippocampal kindling model"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Hippocampal sclerosis is characterized pathologically by loss of pyramidal neurons, granule cell dispersion and gliosis in the hippocampus. It can be associated with changes in nearby structures, known as mesial temporal sclerosis.It a common cause of temporal lobe seizures that do not respond to medication. It is an acquired structural abnormality, and is known to occur as a consequence of seizures, especially prolonged febrile seizures. It can co-occur with other structural brain abnormalities, including malformations of cortical development and vascular malformations (e.g. Sturge Weber syndrome), known as 'dual pathology'."; rdfs:label "hippocampal sclerosis"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#MesialTemporalSclerosis"; ""; true . _:3eba93 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Hippocampal sclerosis is characterized pathologically by loss of pyramidal neurons, granule cell dispersion and gliosis in the hippocampus. It can be associated with changes in nearby structures, known as mesial temporal sclerosis.It a common cause of temporal lobe seizures that do not respond to medication. It is an acquired structural abnormality, and is known to occur as a consequence of seizures, especially prolonged febrile seizures. It can co-occur with other structural brain abnormalities, including malformations of cortical development and vascular malformations (e.g. Sturge Weber syndrome), known as 'dual pathology'."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/hippocampal-sclerosis-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Oscillatory eye movements both in horizontal direction."; rdfs:label "horizontal occular oscillation"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2165843"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "hypehydrotic seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#HypehydroticSeizure"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16302879"; "Hyper-cyanotic spells are most frequently seen in infants with Tetralogy of Fallot (known as 'tet spells'), however can be seen in other congenital cardiac defects with pulmonary or subpulmonary stenosis and a ventriculoseptal defect and in pulmonary hypertension. Spells may be precipitated by tachypnea or tachycardia and by dehydration. Spells may be characterized by crying, panic, rapid deep breathing, deepening cyanosis, limpness and subsequently a tonic-clonic episode. It is important that hyper-cyanotic spells are recognized as failure to manage these events correctly can lead to prolonged hypoxia and death."; rdfs:label "hyper-cyanotic spell"; true; true . _:3ebaa3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Hyper-cyanotic spells are most frequently seen in infants with Tetralogy of Fallot (known as 'tet spells'), however can be seen in other congenital cardiac defects with pulmonary or subpulmonary stenosis and a ventriculoseptal defect and in pulmonary hypertension. Spells may be precipitated by tachypnea or tachycardia and by dehydration. Spells may be characterized by crying, panic, rapid deep breathing, deepening cyanosis, limpness and subsequently a tonic-clonic episode. It is important that hyper-cyanotic spells are recognized as failure to manage these events correctly can lead to prolonged hypoxia and death."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#hypercyanotic" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Rodent pups have their core temperature increased to 40°C-42°C by hot air stream for 30 minutes, stimulating prolonged convulsions."; rdfs:label "hyperthermic seizure model"; true . _:3ebab3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Rodent pups have their core temperature increased to 40°C-42°C by hot air stream for 30 minutes, stimulating prolonged convulsions."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25228809" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16302879", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23190285"; "Hyperventilation syncope is a transient loss of consciousness with or without an anoxic seizure triggered by hyperventilation."; rdfs:label "hyperventilation syncope"; true; true . _:3ebac3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Hyperventilation syncope is a transient loss of consciousness with or without an anoxic seizure triggered by hyperventilation."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#hyperventilation" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2609/"; "Sleep starts or hypnic or hypnogogic jerks are normal phenomena experienced by the majority of children and adults at sleep onset, to variable degrees. They are more common in children with motor and developmental disorders and are occasionally presented as potentially epileptic events if they are repetitive or if the child has epileptic seizures at other times. Repetitive sleep starts can cause recurrent wakening. They may be mistaken for myoclonic seizures or epileptic spasms."; "Hypnic jerk", "Sleep start jerks"; rdfs:label "hypnogogic jerk"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/SNOMEDCT/443438009"; true; true; true . _:3ebad3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Sleep starts or hypnic or hypnogogic jerks are normal phenomena experienced by the majority of children and adults at sleep onset, to variable degrees. They are more common in children with motor and developmental disorders and are occasionally presented as potentially epileptic events if they are repetitive or if the child has epileptic seizures at other times. Repetitive sleep starts can cause recurrent wakening. They may be mistaken for myoclonic seizures or epileptic spasms."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#hypnogogic" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizures due to Hypnogogic hallucination. Hypnogogic (or hypnopompic) hallucinations also occur while falling asleep (or waking up). Cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis can occur in the absence of narcolepsy, and in these cases are more likely to be mistaken for epilepsy."; rdfs:label "hypnogogic seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#HypnogogicSeizure", "http://www.columbianeurology.org/sites/default/files/nocturnal_seizures_SemNeurol_2004.pdf"; "Modified definition"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21030341"; "Ictal awakening is probably a common and well-described relationship between epilepsy and sleep. Arousal from sleep as the only, or at least main, manifestation of some epileptic seizures. And this phenomenon is described as hypnopompic (arousing) seizures."; rdfs:label "hypnopompic seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#HypnopompicSeizure"; "Modified definition"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Hypothalamic hamartomas may be associated with gelastic seizures, focal seizures, and a generalized epileptic encephalopathy, with severe seizures and cognitive and behavior decline."; "Hypothalamic hamartoma"; rdfs:label "hypothalamic epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#HypothalamicEpilepsy"; "" . _:3ebae3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Hypothalamic hamartomas may be associated with gelastic seizures, focal seizures, and a generalized epileptic encephalopathy, with severe seizures and cognitive and behavior decline."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12823582" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "In this model of global hypoxia, rat pups are exposed to graded global hypoxia (7%–4% oxygen) for 15 minutes in a gas chamber."; rdfs:label "hypoxia model"; true . _:3ebaf3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "In this model of global hypoxia, rat pups are exposed to graded global hypoxia (7%–4% oxygen) for 15 minutes in a gas chamber."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25228809" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Hypoxic-ischemic structural brain abnormalities include loss of cerebral volume and scarring ('gliosis'). Acute seizures typically occur, maximal in the first 24 hours of the hypoxic-ischemic event. If epilepsy occurs following hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, there is typically a latent period after the hypoxic-ischemic event, followed by emergence of seizures."; rdfs:label "hypoxic-ischemic"; true . _:3ebb03 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Hypoxic-ischemic structural brain abnormalities include loss of cerebral volume and scarring ('gliosis'). Acute seizures typically occur, maximal in the first 24 hours of the hypoxic-ischemic event. If epilepsy occurs following hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, there is typically a latent period after the hypoxic-ischemic event, followed by emergence of seizures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/hypoxic-ischemic-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury can occur due to many causes and at any age in life. It can cause acute seizures at the time of the injury, as well as epilepsy as a longer-term complication."; "Hypoxic Ischemic Injury"; rdfs:label "hypoxic and ischemic injury"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#HypoxicIschemicInjury"; ""; true . _:3ebb13 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury can occur due to many causes and at any age in life. It can cause acute seizures at the time of the injury, as well as epilepsy as a longer-term complication."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/hypoxic-ischemic-injury-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26038597"; "Seizure-related cardiac arrhythmias are frequently reported and have been implicated as potential pathomechanisms of Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP). Sinus tachycardia is the most common cardiac consequence of epileptic seizures and may occur in up to 80% of seizures. It may be associated with palpitations, but not with clinical signs such as syncope. Of all clinically relevant ictal arrhythmias, ictal asystole has gained much attention as it may cause syncope and subsequent falls, fractures and traffic accidents."; "Seizure-related cardiac arrhythmias"; rdfs:label "ictal or post-ictal cardiac abnormality"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizure-related respiratory dysfunction may play a critical role in the pathophysiology of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). In the majority of observed SUDEP cases, there is some evidence of breathing difficulty prior to death. In addition, simultaneous recording of respiratory function in patients undergoing video-EEG monitoring has shown that abnormalities, such as hypoxemia, apnea, and hypercarbia, are commonly seen following seizures"; "Seizure-related respiratory dysfunction"; rdfs:label "ictal or post-ictal respiratory abnormality"; true . _:3ebb23 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Seizure-related respiratory dysfunction may play a critical role in the pathophysiology of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). In the majority of observed SUDEP cases, there is some evidence of breathing difficulty prior to death. In addition, simultaneous recording of respiratory function in patients undergoing video-EEG monitoring has shown that abnormalities, such as hypoxemia, apnea, and hypercarbia, are commonly seen following seizures"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsy.com/article/2015/9/breathing-problems-and-sudep" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26304794"; "EEG pattern of an ictal event"; rdfs:label "ictal pattern"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#IctalPattern"; ""; true . _:3ebb33 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "EEG pattern of an ictal event"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4375749/" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizures and epilepsy are common sequelae of acute brain insults such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and central nervous system infections. Early, or acute symptomatic, seizures occur at the time of the brain insult and may be a marker of severity of injury."; rdfs:label "immediate and early post cerebral insult seizure"; true . _:3ebb43 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Seizures and epilepsy are common sequelae of acute brain insults such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and central nervous system infections. Early, or acute symptomatic, seizures occur at the time of the brain insult and may be a marker of severity of injury."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12428028" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Posttraumatic seizures are commonly derived into three classes: ‘immediate seizures’, ‘early seizures’, and ‘late seizures’. Immediate seizures refer to those that happen at or minutes after impact; seizures that occur one week after head injury are called early seizures, and late posttraumatic seizures are defined as those occurring >1 week after injury."; rdfs:label "immediate and early post traumatic seizure"; true . _:3ebb53 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Posttraumatic seizures are commonly derived into three classes: ‘immediate seizures’, ‘early seizures’, and ‘late seizures’. Immediate seizures refer to those that happen at or minutes after impact; seizures that occur one week after head injury are called early seizures, and late posttraumatic seizures are defined as those occurring >1 week after injury."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26015908" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Immune epilepsies are conceptualized as having a distinct immune-mediated etiology with evidence of central nervous system inflammation, that has been demonstrated to be associated with a substantially increased risk of developing epilepsy."; rdfs:label "immune etiology"; true . _:3ebb63 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Immune epilepsies are conceptualized as having a distinct immune-mediated etiology with evidence of central nervous system inflammation, that has been demonstrated to be associated with a substantially increased risk of developing epilepsy."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/immune-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22995680"; "In silico modelling, in which computer models are developed to model a pharmacologic or physiologic process, is a logical extension of controlled in vitro experimentation."; rdfs:label "in silico model"; true . _:3ebb73 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "In silico modelling, in which computer models are developed to model a pharmacologic or physiologic process, is a logical extension of controlled in vitro experimentation."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22099916" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Like, suitable for, or characteristic of an infant; babyish; childish or childlike; immature"; "infantile"; rdfs:label "infantile behavior"; true . _:3ebb83 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Like, suitable for, or characteristic of an infant; babyish; childish or childlike; immature"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.yourdictionary.com/infantile" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26423537"; rdfs:label "infectious cause of seizure"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Immune epilepsies are conceptualized as having a distinct immune-mediated etiology with evidence of central nervous system inflammation, that has been demonstrated to be associated with a substantially increased risk of developing epilepsy."; rdfs:label "infectious etiology"; true . _:3ebb93 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Immune epilepsies are conceptualized as having a distinct immune-mediated etiology with evidence of central nervous system inflammation, that has been demonstrated to be associated with a substantially increased risk of developing epilepsy."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/immune-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Inhibitory motor seizures are ictal motor epileptic events of central paresis usually unilateral mono- or hemiparesis while consciousness is intact. They are reported under a number of different names, which may be confusing. Inhibitory motor seizures are contralateral to the epileptogenic region, and they are usually associated with other subjective or objective manifestations (predominantly sensory or motor clonic), which mainly precede but may also occur concurrently with the paresis."; rdfs:label "inhibitory motor seizure"; true . _:3ebba3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Inhibitory motor seizures are ictal motor epileptic events of central paresis usually unilateral mono- or hemiparesis while consciousness is intact. They are reported under a number of different names, which may be confusing. Inhibitory motor seizures are contralateral to the epileptogenic region, and they are usually associated with other subjective or objective manifestations (predominantly sensory or motor clonic), which mainly precede but may also occur concurrently with the paresis."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://www.medlink.com/article/inhibitory_motor_seizures" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Insular epilepsy can mimic features of frontal, parietal, or temporal seizures. Insular epilepsy should be considered when a combination of somatosensory, visceral, and motor symptoms is observed early in a seizure."; rdfs:label "insular epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#InsularEpilepsy"; "" . _:3ebbb3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Insular epilepsy can mimic features of frontal, parietal, or temporal seizures. Insular epilepsy should be considered when a combination of somatosensory, visceral, and motor symptoms is observed early in a seizure."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28386920" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15329073"; "Seizures that arise from any part of the insula and frequently spread to adjacent medial opercular regions which share some functional commonalities with the insula. The best example is the painful seizure, where the ictal discharges often involve the posterior insula as well as the medial parietal operculum and such functional commonality is well supported by the neurophysiological evidence. Therefore, it is often more accurate to describe these as insulo-opercular seizures, rather than strictly insular seizures."; rdfs:label "insular lobe seizure"; true . _:3ebbc3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Seizures that arise from any part of the insula and frequently spread to adjacent medial opercular regions which share some functional commonalities with the insula. The best example is the painful seizure, where the ictal discharges often involve the posterior insula as well as the medial parietal operculum and such functional commonality is well supported by the neurophysiological evidence. Therefore, it is often more accurate to describe these as insulo-opercular seizures, rather than strictly insular seizures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0035378718308117" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20161538"; "A distinct syndrome of interictal behavior changes occurs in many patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. These changes include alterations in sexual behavior, religiosity, and a tendency toward extensive, and in some cases compulsive, writing and drawing."; "Interictal Behavior Syndrome"; rdfs:label "interictal behavior disorder"; true; true . _:3ebbd3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A distinct syndrome of interictal behavior changes occurs in many patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. These changes include alterations in sexual behavior, religiosity, and a tendency toward extensive, and in some cases compulsive, writing and drawing."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/491470" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20161538"; "Interictal dysphoric disorder is a proposed epilepsy-specific psychiatric condition characterized by a conglomerate of symptoms such as depression, irritability, euphoria, and anxiety."; rdfs:label "interictal dysphoric disorder"; true . _:3ebbe3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Interictal dysphoric disorder is a proposed epilepsy-specific psychiatric condition characterized by a conglomerate of symptoms such as depression, irritability, euphoria, and anxiety."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29414382" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A slow activity that occurs intermittently and is not caused by drowsiness. Intermittent slow can be irregular or rhythmical."; rdfs:label "intermittent slow activity"; true . _:3ebbf3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A slow activity that occurs intermittently and is not caused by drowsiness. Intermittent slow can be irregular or rhythmical."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/ESSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticweb.org%2Frjyy%2Fontologies%2F2015%2F5%2FESSO%23Intermittent_Slow_Activity&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28637636"; "intracranial infections progress rapidly and result in significant morbidity and mortality if appropriate therapies are not initiated promptly. Clinical presentations of intracranial infection vary significantly. Common manifestations include altered mental status, seizures, as well as more subtle focal deficits, such as cranial nerve palsies"; rdfs:label "intracranial infection"; true . _:3ebc03 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "intracranial infections progress rapidly and result in significant morbidity and mortality if appropriate therapies are not initiated promptly. Clinical presentations of intracranial infection vary significantly. Common manifestations include altered mental status, seizures, as well as more subtle focal deficits, such as cranial nerve palsies"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17924219" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Invasive evaluations play important roles in identifying epileptogenic zones and functional areas in patients with intractable focal epilepsy."; rdfs:label "invasive preoperative exploration"; true . _:3ebc13 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Invasive evaluations play important roles in identifying epileptogenic zones and functional areas in patients with intractable focal epilepsy."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26948700" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12744361"; "Subdural grid recordings provide more accurate delineation of regions of eloquent cortex and epileptogenic foci than do noninvasive strategies or awake craniotomy. The information derived from chronic subdural recordings can be used to plan an aggressive approach to the epileptogenic focus to maximize favorable outcomes"; rdfs:label "invasive subdural grid monitoring"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6149233"; "Jitteriness is common in the newborn period, commonly occurring in an otherwise well-appearing infant on the first day of life as a transient, self-limiting finding. Medical causes of jitteriness may include hypocalcemia and neonatal abstinence syndrome. Jitteriness can be distinguished from epileptic seizures as it can be increased when the infant is unwrapped, stimulated, startled or crying, but suppresses when the infant is wrapped or the affected limb is held gently."; rdfs:label "jitteriness"; true . _:3ebc23 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Jitteriness is common in the newborn period, commonly occurring in an otherwise well-appearing infant on the first day of life as a transient, self-limiting finding. Medical causes of jitteriness may include hypocalcemia and neonatal abstinence syndrome. Jitteriness can be distinguished from epileptic seizures as it can be increased when the infant is unwrapped, stimulated, startled or crying, but suppresses when the infant is wrapped or the affected limb is held gently."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#misc" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Kainic-acid-induced seizures are associated with massive increases in parasympathetic (vagus nerves) and sympathetic (cervical sympathetic ganglion, renal sympathetic nerve, splanchnic nerve, cardiac sympathetic nerve) activity."; rdfs:label "kainic acid-induced seizure"; true . _:3ebc33 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Kainic-acid-induced seizures are associated with massive increases in parasympathetic (vagus nerves) and sympathetic (cervical sympathetic ganglion, renal sympathetic nerve, splanchnic nerve, cardiac sympathetic nerve) activity."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/kainic-acid-induced-seizure" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25228809"; "In this model, kainic acid, an L-glutamate analog, the systemic or intracerebral administration of which causes neuronal depolarization and seizures, preferentially targeting the hippocampus."; rdfs:label "kainic acid model"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Lambda waves refer to the sharp, transient waves with a duration of 160 to 250 milliseconds, occuring when an individual's eye is open, coming from occipital regions bilaterally when the individual's eyes are focused on an illuminated or patterned visual field."; rdfs:label "lambda wave"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#LambdaWave", "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1139332-overview#a1"; "" . _:3ebc43 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Lambda waves refer to the sharp, transient waves with a duration of 160 to 250 milliseconds, occuring when an individual's eye is open, coming from occipital regions bilaterally when the individual's eyes are focused on an illuminated or patterned visual field."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23LambdaWave&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; """The LTG-resistant kindled model is one of the most recently and widely investigated for the kindling process and drug resistance. The kindling process depicts epileptogenesis that could be achieved from stimulation either by a low-intensity electric current at the amygdala or by the administration of a subconvulsive dose of a CNS stimulant such as pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), picrotoxin or strychnine once daily or every other day over a period of time to induce a permanent alteration in the epileptogenic sensitivity of the brain"""; "LTG-resistant kindled model"; rdfs:label "lamotrigine resistant kindled model"; true . _:3ebc53 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget """The LTG-resistant kindled model is one of the most recently and widely investigated for the kindling process and drug resistance. The kindling process depicts epileptogenesis that could be achieved from stimulation either by a low-intensity electric current at the amygdala or by the administration of a subconvulsive dose of a CNS stimulant such as pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), picrotoxin or strychnine once daily or every other day over a period of time to induce a permanent alteration in the epileptogenic sensitivity of the brain"""; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24674593" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3420488/"; "The use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which is a non-invasive mapping method, to investigate patients’ language function."; "language fMRI"; rdfs:label "language functional magnetic resonance imaging"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00183/full"; "Modified definition"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "language regression due to other etiology"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/lks-diffdiagnoses.html"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizures manifest with visual hallucinations and/or blindness, they are frequent, mainly diurnal lasting from seconds to less than three minutes. They may progress to other seizure manifestations, mainly hemiconvulsions. Loss of consciousness may occur with or without convulsions. A postictal headache occurs in 30% of patients. Mean age at onset is 7–8 years, and prognosis is usually good with remission often occurring within two to three years."; "Late onset childhood occipital epilepsy (Gastaut type)"; rdfs:label "late-onset benign occipital seizure"; true . _:3ebc63 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Seizures manifest with visual hallucinations and/or blindness, they are frequent, mainly diurnal lasting from seconds to less than three minutes. They may progress to other seizure manifestations, mainly hemiconvulsions. Loss of consciousness may occur with or without convulsions. A postictal headache occurs in 30% of patients. Mean age at onset is 7–8 years, and prognosis is usually good with remission often occurring within two to three years."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://adc.bmj.com/content/78/1/3" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A seizure more than seven days after a brain injury is called a late post-traumatic seizure. About 80% of people who have a late post-traumatic seizure will have another seizure (epilepsy)."; rdfs:label "late post-traumatic seizure"; true . _:3ebc73 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A seizure more than seven days after a brain injury is called a late post-traumatic seizure. About 80% of people who have a late post-traumatic seizure will have another seizure (epilepsy)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://msktc.org/tbi/factsheets/seizures-after-traumatic-brain-injury" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19286474"; rdfs:label "lateral frontal epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#LateralFrontalEpilepsy"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15788545"; rdfs:label "lateral occipital epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#LateralOccipitalEpilepsy"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23872083"; rdfs:label "lateral parietal epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#LateralParietalEpilepsy"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Anaplastic astrocytomas developed in the left frontal lobe of the cerebrum. A tumor in the frontal lobe may cause memory problems, changes in personality and mood, and paralysis (hemiplegia) on the side of the body opposite of the tumor."; rdfs:label "left frontal astrocytoma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#LeftFrontalAstrocytoma", "https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/anaplastic-astrocytoma/"; "Modified definition"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26317672"; rdfs:label "left hemisphere tumor resection"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#LeftHemisphereTumorResection"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21896690"; rdfs:label "left mesial temporal lesion"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#LeftMesialTemporalLesion"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Lethargic (lh) mice are spontaneous mutant mice presenting a loss of β4 subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) due to a mutation in the gene encoding for β4, Cacnb4. These lh mice are characterized by a complex phenotype with notably severe neurobehavioral defects."; rdfs:label "lethargic mouse"; true . _:3ebc83 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Lethargic (lh) mice are spontaneous mutant mice presenting a loss of β4 subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) due to a mutation in the gene encoding for β4, Cacnb4. These lh mice are characterized by a complex phenotype with notably severe neurobehavioral defects."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://www.novapublishers.org/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=33768" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31846897"; rdfs:label "limbic epilepsy"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25667835"; "displaying or expressing enjoyment or pleasure, esp at the taste of food or drink"; rdfs:label "lip smacking"; true . _:3ebc93 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "displaying or expressing enjoyment or pleasure, esp at the taste of food or drink"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/lip-smacking" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1324090"; "In this model, lithium is used to potentiate the ability of pilocarpine to induce status epilepticus in rats. Lithium followed by pilocarpine, induced hyperactivity, tremor, loss of postural control and scratching but no electrographic seizures in rats."; rdfs:label "lithium-pilocarpine model"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "loss of awareness"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/focal-onset-impaired-awareness-seizures-aka-complex-partial-seizures"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Low or zero-Mg2+ is a commonly used in vitro model of epileptiform activity in entorrhinal-hippocampal slices used to determine the effect of drugs on seizure activity and mechanisms of antiepileptiform activity."; rdfs:label "low magnesium slice model"; true . _:3ebca3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Low or zero-Mg2+ is a commonly used in vitro model of epileptiform activity in entorrhinal-hippocampal slices used to determine the effect of drugs on seizure activity and mechanisms of antiepileptiform activity."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24013377" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Macroscale models attempt to model the averaged activity an ensemble of neural populations, involving multiple brain regions at the expense of the biophysical realism of the underlying networks."; rdfs:label "macro-scale model"; true . _:3ebcb3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Macroscale models attempt to model the averaged activity an ensemble of neural populations, involving multiple brain regions at the expense of the biophysical realism of the underlying networks."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22995680" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Malaria-associated seizures (MAS) can occur within two settings, either as isolated seizures within the setting of fever or in the setting of cerebral malaria. In cerebral malaria, other severe neurological symptoms such as coma and cerebral edema are observed, which are probably due to impaired capillary perfusion. In cerebral malaria, seizures can also occur without fever."; rdfs:label "malaria-related seizure"; true . _:3ebcc3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Malaria-associated seizures (MAS) can occur within two settings, either as isolated seizures within the setting of fever or in the setting of cerebral malaria. In cerebral malaria, other severe neurological symptoms such as coma and cerebral edema are observed, which are probably due to impaired capillary perfusion. In cerebral malaria, seizures can also occur without fever."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://epilepsygenetics.net/2013/08/19/malaria-seizures-and-genes/" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23027093"; "Mesial frontal lobe epilepsies are epilepsies arising from the anterior cingulate gyrus and those of the supplementary sensorimotor area."; rdfs:label "mesial frontal epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#MesialFrontalEpilepsy"; "Modified definition"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15788545"; rdfs:label "mesial occipital epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#MesialOccipitalEpilepsy"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23872083"; rdfs:label "mesial parietal epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#MesialParietalEpilepsy"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23027091"; rdfs:label "mesial temporal lobe epilepsy by specific etiology"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizures that arise in the mesial temporal lobe may be characterized by distinctive seizure onset features such as an autonomic seizure with rising epigastric sensation or abdominal discomfort, or cognitive seizure with deja vu/jamais vu, or emotional seizure with fear. Unpleasant olfactory and gustatory sensory seizures may also occur. These focal seizure types may occur in isolation or may be followed by the onset of behavioral arrest with slowly progressive impairment of awareness and oral (chewing, lip-smacking, swallowing, tongue movements) and manual automatisms."; rdfs:label "mesial temporal lobe seizure including hippocampus"; true . _:3ebcd3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Seizures that arise in the mesial temporal lobe may be characterized by distinctive seizure onset features such as an autonomic seizure with rising epigastric sensation or abdominal discomfort, or cognitive seizure with deja vu/jamais vu, or emotional seizure with fear. Unpleasant olfactory and gustatory sensory seizures may also occur. These focal seizure types may occur in isolation or may be followed by the onset of behavioral arrest with slowly progressive impairment of awareness and oral (chewing, lip-smacking, swallowing, tongue movements) and manual automatisms."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/temporal-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Metabolic epilepsies are conceptualized as having a distinct metabolic abnormality that has been demonstrated to be associated with a substantially increased risk of developing epilepsy in appropriately designed studies."; "Metabolic Cause"; rdfs:label "metabolic etiology"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#MetabolicCause", "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/metabolic-groupoverview.html"; ""; true . _:3ebce3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Metabolic epilepsies are conceptualized as having a distinct metabolic abnormality that has been demonstrated to be associated with a substantially increased risk of developing epilepsy in appropriately designed studies."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/metabolic-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Metabolic imaging is a field of molecular imaging that focuses and targets changes in metabolic pathways for the evaluation of different clinical conditions"; rdfs:label "metabolic imaging"; true . _:3ebcf3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Metabolic imaging is a field of molecular imaging that focuses and targets changes in metabolic pathways for the evaluation of different clinical conditions"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26687855" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Metaldehyde-induced seizures."; rdfs:label "metaldehyde-induced seizure"; true . _:3ebd03 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Metaldehyde-induced seizures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7143555" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Metallic taste perceived in the oral cavity independent of any external stimuli."; rdfs:label "metallic taste hallucination"; true . _:3ebd13 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Metallic taste perceived in the oral cavity independent of any external stimuli."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/gustatory-hallucination" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6133913"; "Animal model in which generalized seizures are induced by methoxypyridoxine."; rdfs:label "methoxypyridoxine model"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Micro-scale models are typically confined to neuronal networks within a given brain region, such as the hippocampus and aim to preserve the biophysical reality of neuronal dynamics."; rdfs:label "micro-scale model"; true . _:3ebd23 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Micro-scale models are typically confined to neuronal networks within a given brain region, such as the hippocampus and aim to preserve the biophysical reality of neuronal dynamics."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22995680" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK390352/"; "Midline theta rhythm occurs as a focal rhythm over the midline region and usually is most prominant in the central vertex lead."; rdfs:label "midline theta rhythm"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#MidlineThetaRhythm"; ""; true . _:3ebd33 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Midline theta rhythm occurs as a focal rhythm over the midline region and usually is most prominant in the central vertex lead."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23MidlineThetaRhythm&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK98193/"; "Migraine associated with other illnesses."; rdfs:label "migraine associated disorder"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/resource-library/migraine-and-common-co-morbidities/", "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#migraine"; "Modified definition"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24632481"; "The Mini-international neuropsychiatric interview is a short structured clinical interview which enables researchers to make diagnoses of psychiatric disorders according to DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) or ICD-10. The administration time of the interview is approximately 15 minutes and was designed for epidemiological studies and multicenter clinical trials."; rdfs:label "mini-international neuropsychiatric interview"; true . _:3ebd43 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The Mini-international neuropsychiatric interview is a short structured clinical interview which enables researchers to make diagnoses of psychiatric disorders according to DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) or ICD-10. The administration time of the interview is approximately 15 minutes and was designed for epidemiological studies and multicenter clinical trials."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/EFO_0004786" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Mixed spasms are the most common type, consisting of flexion of the neck and arms and extension of the legs or of flexion of the legs and extension of the arms."; rdfs:label "mixed spasm"; true . _:3ebd53 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Mixed spasms are the most common type, consisting of flexion of the neck and arms and extension of the legs or of flexion of the legs and extension of the arms."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1176431-clinical" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20627816"; "To make a long, low sound of pain, suffering, or another strong emotion."; rdfs:label "moan"; true; true . _:3ebd63 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "To make a long, low sound of pain, suffering, or another strong emotion."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/moan" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1915173"; "Distinct EEG activity appearing to be composed of one dominant activity."; rdfs:label "monomorphic wave"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/physio/vlab/biomed_signals/eeg_n.htm"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Mu rhythm refers to central rhythm of alpha activity frequency (usually 8 to 10 hz) in which the individual waves have an arch like shape."; rdfs:label "mu rhythm"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#MuRhythm", "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1139332-overview#a1"; "" . _:3ebd73 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Mu rhythm refers to central rhythm of alpha activity frequency (usually 8 to 10 hz) in which the individual waves have an arch like shape."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23MuRhythm&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Multifocal epileptic activity is an unfavourable feature of a number of epileptic syndromes (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, West syndrome, severe focal epilepsies) which suggests an overall vulnerability of the brain to pathological synchronization."; rdfs:label "multifocal epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#MultiFocalEpilepsy"; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9757434"; "Multilobar resectionis a surgical option available for the treatment of medically intractable seizures arising from a diffuse area of epileptogenicity that remains unilateral but extends beyond one lobe."; rdfs:label "multilobar resection"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1758/8f2f2affb26e5ac437702e13af64499fd522.pdf"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8194189"; "The multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) tests for excessive daytime sleepiness by measuring how quickly you fall asleep in a quiet environment during the day."; "Daytime nap study"; rdfs:label "multiple sleep latency test"; true . _:3ebd83 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) tests for excessive daytime sleepiness by measuring how quickly you fall asleep in a quiet environment during the day."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://sleepeducation.org/disease-detection/multiple-sleep-latency-test/overview-and-facts" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Multiple subpial transection (MST) is a novel technique in surgery for epilepsy, employed in patients where some or all of the epileptogenic zone cannot be resected because it lies in a vital cortical area."; rdfs:label "multiple subpial transection"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/guide/multiple-subpial-transection-mst"; true; true . _:3ebd93 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Multiple subpial transection (MST) is a novel technique in surgery for epilepsy, employed in patients where some or all of the epileptogenic zone cannot be resected because it lies in a vital cortical area."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7897419" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Musical hallucination (MH) is the experience of hearing music when none is being played."; rdfs:label "music hallucination"; true . _:3ebda3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Musical hallucination (MH) is the experience of hearing music when none is being played."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.tinnitus.org.uk/musical-hallucination" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "music tone"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Myoclonic absence status epilepticus consists of proximal, predominantly upper extremity myoclonic jerks corresponding with 3 Hz spike-wave discharges in the EEG. It can last hours or even days and is usually resistant to therapy."; rdfs:label "myoclonic absence status epilepticus"; true . _:3ebdb3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Myoclonic absence status epilepticus consists of proximal, predominantly upper extremity myoclonic jerks corresponding with 3 Hz spike-wave discharges in the EEG. It can last hours or even days and is usually resistant to therapy."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.medlink.com/article/absence_status_epilepticus" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizure manifesting motor arrest, that is, negative motor seizure (NMS), is a rare epileptic condition in which only inability to conduct voluntary movements or praxis is produced, although consciousness is preserved. The negative motor area (NMA) seems to be responsible, but its generator mechanism has not yet been clarified."; rdfs:label "negative motor seizure"; true . _:3ebdc3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Seizure manifesting motor arrest, that is, negative motor seizure (NMS), is a rare epileptic condition in which only inability to conduct voluntary movements or praxis is produced, although consciousness is preserved. The negative motor area (NMA) seems to be responsible, but its generator mechanism has not yet been clarified."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19453721" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12908748"; rdfs:label "negative visual illusion"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Neocortical epilepsy is a type of seizure disorder that can be either partial (focal) or generalized, in which the seizures originate in the neocortex, part of the external surface layer of the brain. Neocortical epilepsy differs from other kinds of epilepsy because often there is no clearly defined area from which the seizures originate."; rdfs:label "neocortical epilepsy"; true . _:3ebdd3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Neocortical epilepsy is a type of seizure disorder that can be either partial (focal) or generalized, in which the seizures originate in the neocortex, part of the external surface layer of the brain. Neocortical epilepsy differs from other kinds of epilepsy because often there is no clearly defined area from which the seizures originate."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.columbianeurosurgery.org/conditions/neocortical-epilepsy/" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25228809"; "In this model neonatal animals were exposed to graded global hypoxia to develop spontaneous seizures later in life, as well as mossy fiber sprouting and long-term behavioral alterations, including social deficits, memory impairments, and aggressiveness. Despite the lack of early neuronal injury, hypoxia-induced seizures promote hyperexcitability immediately after seizure recovery, facilitating long-term potentiation induction and generating longer ADs. Increased excitability persists in the adult hippocampus, suggesting that the epileptogenic effects of hypoxia are mediated by permanent effects on excitability and plasticity within hippocampal networks."; rdfs:label "neonatal hypoxia model"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E) was developed and proven efficient for the rapid detection of a major depressive episode in people with epilepsy."; rdfs:label "neurological disorders depression inventory for epilepsy"; true . _:3ebde3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E) was developed and proven efficient for the rapid detection of a major depressive episode in people with epilepsy."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26900772" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Neurological causes of syncope include Chiari malformation, hyperekplexia (startle disease) and paroxysmal extreme pain disorder. With a Chiari malformation, coughing and straining on the toilet may trigger a transient loss of consciousness similar to a syncope. The exact mechanism is uncertain but increased downward herniation of the brain may compress the vertebro-basilar arteries and cranial nerves IX and X. A history of chronic headache and sensory symptoms associated with the collapse should lead to consideration of neuroimaging as decompression surgery can be curative."; rdfs:label "neurological syncope"; true . _:3ebdf3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Neurological causes of syncope include Chiari malformation, hyperekplexia (startle disease) and paroxysmal extreme pain disorder. With a Chiari malformation, coughing and straining on the toilet may trigger a transient loss of consciousness similar to a syncope. The exact mechanism is uncertain but increased downward herniation of the brain may compress the vertebro-basilar arteries and cranial nerves IX and X. A history of chronic headache and sensory symptoms associated with the collapse should lead to consideration of neuroimaging as decompression surgery can be curative."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#neurosyncope" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22995680"; "Non-deterministic models comes under the category of computaional model that aims to capture the inherent variability of the recorded brain activity."; rdfs:label "non-deterministic model"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23531441", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2369876"; "Non-epileptic head drops can occur in infants and may mimic epileptic spasms or atonic seizures. Infants typically experience frequent (more than a hundred) events per day, the head drop can be intense, may occur in a series (resulting in head bobbing) and may be accompanied by crying. The fall of the head (flexion of the neck) and rise of the head occur at the same velocity unlike in an epileptic seizure where the fall of the head is typically more rapid than the rise of the head. Non-epileptic head drops begin between age 3 - 6 months, and resolve by 12 months. Infants develop normally."; rdfs:label "non-epileptic head drop"; true; true . _:3ebe03 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Non-epileptic head drops can occur in infants and may mimic epileptic spasms or atonic seizures. Infants typically experience frequent (more than a hundred) events per day, the head drop can be intense, may occur in a series (resulting in head bobbing) and may be accompanied by crying. The fall of the head (flexion of the neck) and rise of the head occur at the same velocity unlike in an epileptic seizure where the fall of the head is typically more rapid than the rise of the head. Non-epileptic head drops begin between age 3 - 6 months, and resolve by 12 months. Infants develop normally."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#head-drops" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Non-epileptic seizures (previously known as non-epileptic attacks, psychogenic seizures and pseudoseizures) resemble epileptic seizures, but have no electrophysiological correlate or clinical evidence for epilepsy. The etiology of non-epileptic seizures is heterogeneous, with different predisposing, precipitating and promoting factors in different affected individuals. Psychogenic factors may promote the emergence of non-epileptic seizures, but psychogenic factors may not be able to be identified in all cases. The seizure-like event may include movement or impaired awareness, and can imitate focal motor seizures or focal impaired awareness seizures. Motor features that distinguish these attacks from seizures include a prominence of proximal or truncal movements, waxing and waning pattern of movements, variable rate and direction of jerking, horizontal movements of the head, crying during or after the event, and eye closure with resistance to passive eye opening. Diagnosing non-epileptic seizures is important because of the potential serious side effects of anti-seizure medications and associated procedures for treating epilepsy such as intubation and ventilation. The failure to recognize the psychological factors contributing to these events also delays implementation of appropriate psychological treatment. Video EEG monitoring and concomitant psychological evaluation is typically required to establish the diagnosis and the treatment plan."; rdfs:label "non-epileptic seizure"; true . _:3ebe13 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Non-epileptic seizures (previously known as non-epileptic attacks, psychogenic seizures and pseudoseizures) resemble epileptic seizures, but have no electrophysiological correlate or clinical evidence for epilepsy. The etiology of non-epileptic seizures is heterogeneous, with different predisposing, precipitating and promoting factors in different affected individuals. Psychogenic factors may promote the emergence of non-epileptic seizures, but psychogenic factors may not be able to be identified in all cases. The seizure-like event may include movement or impaired awareness, and can imitate focal motor seizures or focal impaired awareness seizures. Motor features that distinguish these attacks from seizures include a prominence of proximal or truncal movements, waxing and waning pattern of movements, variable rate and direction of jerking, horizontal movements of the head, crying during or after the event, and eye closure with resistance to passive eye opening. Diagnosing non-epileptic seizures is important because of the potential serious side effects of anti-seizure medications and associated procedures for treating epilepsy such as intubation and ventilation. The failure to recognize the psychological factors contributing to these events also delays implementation of appropriate psychological treatment. Video EEG monitoring and concomitant psychological evaluation is typically required to establish the diagnosis and the treatment plan."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#psychogenic" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9109891", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9832214"; "Non-invasive method to assess the hemispheric dominance for language."; rdfs:label "non-invasive assessment of language dominance"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Non-invasive localization of focal epileptogenic discharges in patients considered for surgical treatment."; rdfs:label "non-invasive epileptic focus localization"; true . _:3ebe23 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Non-invasive localization of focal epileptogenic discharges in patients considered for surgical treatment."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9741750" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7631075"; rdfs:label "non-invasive multichannel magnetoencephalography"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27627857"; "Non-invasive pre-surgical evaluation."; rdfs:label "non-invasive preoperative evaluation"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Non-pharmacological treatment of epilepsy includes surgery, vagal nerve stimulation, ketogenic diet, and other alternative/complementary therapies. Alternative therapies include techniques such as yoga, acupuncture, chiropractic, massage therapy, EEG biofeedback, aromatherapy, homeopathy, herbal remedies (traditional Chinese medicine), etc. Most people with epilepsy need to take antiepileptic medication to control their seizures and alternative therapies are more often complementary."; rdfs:label "non-pharmacological treatment of epilepsy"; true . _:3ebe33 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Non-pharmacological treatment of epilepsy includes surgery, vagal nerve stimulation, ketogenic diet, and other alternative/complementary therapies. Alternative therapies include techniques such as yoga, acupuncture, chiropractic, massage therapy, EEG biofeedback, aromatherapy, homeopathy, herbal remedies (traditional Chinese medicine), etc. Most people with epilepsy need to take antiepileptic medication to control their seizures and alternative therapies are more often complementary."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22028523" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24163755"; "Non-surgical brain stimulation refers to techniques that use electrical currents or magnetic fields to change brain activity"; rdfs:label "non-surgical stimulation"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizures may be characterized by body image distortions with feelings of movement (e.g. floating) or altered posture (e.g. twisting movement) in a stationary limb. Somatic illusions such as feeling of a body part being enlarged (macrosomatognosia), shrunken (microsomatognosia) or absent (asomatognosia), or elongated (hyperschematica) or shortened (hyposchematica) may also occur. Distal body parts and the tongue are more commonly affected."; rdfs:label "non dominant parietal cortex seizure"; true; true . _:3ebe43 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Seizures may be characterized by body image distortions with feelings of movement (e.g. floating) or altered posture (e.g. twisting movement) in a stationary limb. Somatic illusions such as feeling of a body part being enlarged (macrosomatognosia), shrunken (microsomatognosia) or absent (asomatognosia), or elongated (hyperschematica) or shortened (hyposchematica) may also occur. Distal body parts and the tongue are more commonly affected."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/parietal-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK390343/"; """The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a recording of the electrical activity of the brain from the scalp. The recorded waveforms reflect the cortical electrical activity.Signal intensity: EEG activity is quite small, measured in microvolts (mV). Signal frequency: the main frequencies of the human EEG waves are, Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta."""; rdfs:label "normal EEG pattern"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#NormalEEGPattern"; "" . _:3ebe53 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget """The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a recording of the electrical activity of the brain from the scalp. The recorded waveforms reflect the cortical electrical activity.Signal intensity: EEG activity is quite small, measured in microvolts (mV). Signal frequency: the main frequencies of the human EEG waves are, Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta."""; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/physio/vlab/biomed_signals/eeg_n.htm" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "object distortion"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "object spatial inclination"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12684556"; "Fairly regular or approximately sinusoidal waves, mostly occurring in bursts at 2-3 Hz over the occipital areas of one or both sides of the head.", "Occipital intermittent rhythmic delta activity (OIRDA) is described as an intermittent, sawtooth shaped, unilateral or bilateral, symmetrical, medium or high amplitude, paroxysmal and regular delta frequency activity occurring in the occipital region during electroencephalography (EEG) monitorization"; rdfs:label "occipital intermittent rhythmic delta activity"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#OccipitalIntermittentRythmicDeltaActivity"; true; ""; true . _:3ebe63 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Fairly regular or approximately sinusoidal waves, mostly occurring in bursts at 2-3 Hz over the occipital areas of one or both sides of the head."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/ESSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticweb.org%2Frjyy%2Fontologies%2F2015%2F5%2FESSO%23Occipital_Intermittent_Rhythmic_Delta_Activity_OIRDA&jump_to_nav=true" . _:3ebe73 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Occipital intermittent rhythmic delta activity (OIRDA) is described as an intermittent, sawtooth shaped, unilateral or bilateral, symmetrical, medium or high amplitude, paroxysmal and regular delta frequency activity occurring in the occipital region during electroencephalography (EEG) monitorization"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://www.journalagent.com/epilepsi/pdfs/JTES-27146-CASE_REPORT-CABALAR.pdf" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Occipital lobe epilepsy is a relatively rare form of focal epilepsy, with a variety of causes. Paroxysmal visual manifestations are the hallmark of epileptic seizures arising from the occipital lobe."; rdfs:label "occipital lobe epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#LateralFrontalEpilepsy"; true; "" . _:3ebe83 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Occipital lobe epilepsy is a relatively rare form of focal epilepsy, with a variety of causes. Paroxysmal visual manifestations are the hallmark of epileptic seizures arising from the occipital lobe."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15489401" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15489401", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23027097"; "Seizures arising in the occipital lobe are characterized by focal sensory visual seizures that are subjective experiences, leading to difficulty in diagnosis in young children. Oculomotor features may also occur such as forced eye closure, eyelid fluttering, eye deviation and nystagmus. There is often involvement of other lobes as the seizure spreads."; rdfs:label "occipital lobe seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/about-epilepsy-seizures/symptomatic-and-probably-symptomatic-focal-epilepsies-1"; true . _:3ebe93 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Seizures arising in the occipital lobe are characterized by focal sensory visual seizures that are subjective experiences, leading to difficulty in diagnosis in young children. Oculomotor features may also occur such as forced eye closure, eyelid fluttering, eye deviation and nystagmus. There is often involvement of other lobes as the seizure spreads."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/occipital-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9128446"; rdfs:label "occipital pole epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#OccipitalPoleEpilepsy"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/835966"; rdfs:label "occular oscillation"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2909707"; "The oligoantigenic diet was developed at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, London and at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, as a means of identifying foods which might be causing or aggravating the conditions of young patients."; rdfs:label "oligoantigenic diet"; true . _:3ebea3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The oligoantigenic diet was developed at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, London and at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, as a means of identifying foods which might be causing or aggravating the conditions of young patients."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ndhealthfacts.org/wiki/Oligoantigenic_Diet" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Orbitofrontal epilepsy presents with either frontal lobe type seizures with hypermotor automatism or temporal lobe type seizures with oroalimentary and manual automatisms depending on the spread pattern."; "Hypermotor Seizure"; rdfs:label "orbito frontal epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#HypermotorSeizure", "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#OrbitoFrontalEpilepsy"; "" . _:3ebeb3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Orbitofrontal epilepsy presents with either frontal lobe type seizures with hypermotor automatism or temporal lobe type seizures with oroalimentary and manual automatisms depending on the spread pattern."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23027095" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Impaired awareness, initial repetitive automatisms, olfactory hallucinations and illusions and autonomic features may be seen."; rdfs:label "orbitofrontal cortex seizure"; true . _:3ebec3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Impaired awareness, initial repetitive automatisms, olfactory hallucinations and illusions and autonomic features may be seen."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/frontal-lobe-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24881594"; "In vitro models generated to study the toxic effects of various types of organophosphate (OP) neurotoxicants on cell and tissue culture."; rdfs:label "organophosphates model"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23384238"; "Organotypic brain slice cultures (BSCs) represent a physiologically relevant three-dimensional model of the brain."; rdfs:label "organotypic slice cultures"; true . _:3ebed3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Organotypic brain slice cultures (BSCs) represent a physiologically relevant three-dimensional model of the brain."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://molecularneurodegeneration.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13024-019-0346-0" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24592228"; "Out of body experiences are described in childhood and adulthood. In the episodes a person appears to lose immediate contact with their bodies and may see himself or herself from above. Such hallucinations have been described in epileptic seizures, anoxic seizures, migraine and as a 'normal' phenomenon."; rdfs:label "out of body experience"; true; true . _:3ebee3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Out of body experiences are described in childhood and adulthood. In the episodes a person appears to lose immediate contact with their bodies and may see himself or herself from above. Such hallucinations have been described in epileptic seizures, anoxic seizures, migraine and as a 'normal' phenomenon."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#oob-experiences" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Palinopsia is a distortion of processing in the visual system in which images persist or recur after the visual stimulus has been removed. It is a dysfunction of the association areas at the junction of temporal, occipital and parietal lobes and can be triggered by any lesion or dysfunction in this region."; rdfs:label "palinopsia"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Palinopsia"; "" . _:3ebef3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Palinopsia is a distortion of processing in the visual system in which images persist or recur after the visual stimulus has been removed. It is a dysfunction of the association areas at the junction of temporal, occipital and parietal lobes and can be triggered by any lesion or dysfunction in this region."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22714609" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizures arising in the non-dominant hemisphere may be characterized by sexual sensations affecting the genitalia. The subsequent phase of the seizure may be accompanied by sexualized behavior."; rdfs:label "paracentral lobule seizure"; true . _:3ebf03 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Seizures arising in the non-dominant hemisphere may be characterized by sexual sensations affecting the genitalia. The subsequent phase of the seizure may be accompanied by sexualized behavior."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/parietal-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19453720"; rdfs:label "parahippocampal epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#ParaHippocampalEpilepsy"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5321155/"; rdfs:label "parasitic cyst"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#ParasiticCysts"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Parietal lobe epilepsy is a relatively rare form, occurring in about 5 percent of all epilepsy patients, and affects the part of the brain responsible for touch perception, sensory information and visual perception (distinguishing amongst objects). The parietal lobe also is involved in language, writing and math skills. It can occur at any age and affects males and females at an equal rate. Causes of parietal lobe epilepsy include head trauma, difficulties during childbirth, stroke and tumor, though as many as 20 percent of parietal lobe epilepsy outcomes are of unknown origin."; rdfs:label "parietal lobe epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#ParietalLobeEpilepsy"; true; "" . _:3ebf13 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Parietal lobe epilepsy is a relatively rare form, occurring in about 5 percent of all epilepsy patients, and affects the part of the brain responsible for touch perception, sensory information and visual perception (distinguishing amongst objects). The parietal lobe also is involved in language, writing and math skills. It can occur at any age and affects males and females at an equal rate. Causes of parietal lobe epilepsy include head trauma, difficulties during childbirth, stroke and tumor, though as many as 20 percent of parietal lobe epilepsy outcomes are of unknown origin."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.uwhealth.org/epilepsy-seizures/parietal-lobe-epilepsy/40341" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizures with onset in the parietal lobe."; rdfs:label "parietal lobe seizure"; true . _:3ebf23 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Seizures with onset in the parietal lobe."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/parietal-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , ; "Epileptic nystagmus may be seen. If nystagmus is seen, this is typically with the fast component to the side contralateral to the hemisphere of seizure onset and the slow component returning to the ipsilateral side. Eye movements typically occur with retained awareness, and may be accompanied by head or trunk version. There may also be eyelid flutter or forced eyelid closure."; rdfs:label "parieto-occipital junction seizure"; true . _:3ebf33 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Epileptic nystagmus may be seen. If nystagmus is seen, this is typically with the fast component to the side contralateral to the hemisphere of seizure onset and the slow component returning to the ipsilateral side. Eye movements typically occur with retained awareness, and may be accompanied by head or trunk version. There may also be eyelid flutter or forced eyelid closure."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/occipital-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30909077"; "Seizures with a parietal and/or occipital onset."; rdfs:label "parieto occipital epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#ParietoOccipitalEpilepsy"; "Modified definition"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2779593"; "Animal models characterized by abnormal co-contractions of antagonistic muscle groups that produce twisting movements and abnormal postures."; rdfs:label "paroxysmal dystonia model"; true . _:3ebf43 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Animal models characterized by abnormal co-contractions of antagonistic muscle groups that produce twisting movements and abnormal postures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16389314" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Paroxysmal exercise induced dyskinesia represents a genetically heterogenous group of conditions in which dystonia or choreoathetosis are triggered by exercise. It may be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner or present as a sporadic case. Attacks may last several minutes to half an hour and more frequently affect the lower than upper limbs. This is one of the many phenotypes associated with glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) deficiency which is typically caused by mutations in the SLC2A1 gene."; rdfs:label "paroxysmal exercise induced dyskinesia"; true . _:3ebf53 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Paroxysmal exercise induced dyskinesia represents a genetically heterogenous group of conditions in which dystonia or choreoathetosis are triggered by exercise. It may be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner or present as a sporadic case. Attacks may last several minutes to half an hour and more frequently affect the lower than upper limbs. This is one of the many phenotypes associated with glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) deficiency which is typically caused by mutations in the SLC2A1 gene."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#paro-exercise" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterised by brief (less than 1 minute) attacks of abnormal movements triggered by a sudden normal movement. The triggering movements are typically whole body movements and can include standing up from sitting or getting out of a car. Some individuals describe a feeling prior to the abnormal movement. This may be described as a \"rush\" through the body or a feeling of tightness or numbness. The abnormal movements are usually dystonic in nature, though they can appear choreiform, and can affect limbs on one or both sides of the body. Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia can be sporadic or familial, inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, and may co-exist with epilepsy in the syndrome of familial infantile epilepsy (familial infantile epilepsy and paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia syndrome, also known as ICCA syndrome). The movement disorder typically has its onset in mid-childhood or adolescence and may remit in the third decade. Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia with or without associated epilepsy is associated with mutations in the PRRT2 gene. Attacks may mimic frontal lobe seizures however movement as a trigger is the key differentiating feature in the history. Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia can respond dramatically to low dose carbamazepine."; rdfs:label "paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia"; true . _:3ebf63 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterised by brief (less than 1 minute) attacks of abnormal movements triggered by a sudden normal movement. The triggering movements are typically whole body movements and can include standing up from sitting or getting out of a car. Some individuals describe a feeling prior to the abnormal movement. This may be described as a \"rush\" through the body or a feeling of tightness or numbness. The abnormal movements are usually dystonic in nature, though they can appear choreiform, and can affect limbs on one or both sides of the body. Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia can be sporadic or familial, inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, and may co-exist with epilepsy in the syndrome of familial infantile epilepsy (familial infantile epilepsy and paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia syndrome, also known as ICCA syndrome). The movement disorder typically has its onset in mid-childhood or adolescence and may remit in the third decade. Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia with or without associated epilepsy is associated with mutations in the PRRT2 gene. Attacks may mimic frontal lobe seizures however movement as a trigger is the key differentiating feature in the history. Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia can respond dramatically to low dose carbamazepine."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#paro-kin" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterised by mixed dystonia, choreoathetosis and dysarthria which last from a few minutes to several hours. The attacks may be triggered by emotional stress, alcohol or coffee. Attacks typically start in infancy or early childhood and can be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner associated with mutations in the myofibrillogenesis (MR-1) gene. The retained awareness and history of triggers should prevent misdiagnosis as focal seizures."; rdfs:label "paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia"; true . _:3ebf73 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterised by mixed dystonia, choreoathetosis and dysarthria which last from a few minutes to several hours. The attacks may be triggered by emotional stress, alcohol or coffee. Attacks typically start in infancy or early childhood and can be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner associated with mutations in the myofibrillogenesis (MR-1) gene. The retained awareness and history of triggers should prevent misdiagnosis as focal seizures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#paro-nonkin" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Amnesia affecting only certain memories."; rdfs:label "partial amnesia"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.verywellhealth.com/amnesia-and-memory-loss-2161855"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Pedaling movements of both feet."; rdfs:label "pedaling"; true . _:3ebf83 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Pedaling movements of both feet."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1760211" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29151098"; "A vision perception disorder in which objects appear closer than they actually are."; rdfs:label "pelopsia"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Pelopsia"; ""; true . _:3ebf93 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A vision perception disorder in which objects appear closer than they actually are."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.yourdictionary.com/pelopsia" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18762233", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21939841"; "Penicillin-induced epilepsy model is an animal model in which penicillin used to induce epilepsy seizure on hippocampal neuron number and hippocampal volume."; "penicillin-induced epilepsy model"; rdfs:label "penicillin model"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20868357", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25228809"; "Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), a GABA receptor antagonist, is used to create a common chemically- induced seizure model. Amongst all animal models of seizure and epilepsy, the pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures are categorized as a model of generalized seizure (versus partial or focal seizure). It produces a myoclonic seizure that models absence (petit mal) seizures."; rdfs:label "pentylenetetrazol model"; true . _:3ebfa3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), a GABA receptor antagonist, is used to create a common chemically- induced seizure model. Amongst all animal models of seizure and epilepsy, the pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures are categorized as a model of generalized seizure (versus partial or focal seizure). It produces a myoclonic seizure that models absence (petit mal) seizures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.meliordiscovery.com/in-vivo-efficacy-models/pentylenetetrazole-induced-seizure-ptz/" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29804730", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8330586"; "Perinatal insults are defined as insults which likely occurred between 28 weeks of gestation to 28 days after birth."; rdfs:label "perinatal insult"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Periodic pattern (PP) refers to relative stereotypical waveforms which are frequently epileptiform and have a relatively periodic repetition rate."; rdfs:label "periodic pattern"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#PeriodicPattern"; "" . _:3ebfb3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Periodic pattern (PP) refers to relative stereotypical waveforms which are frequently epileptiform and have a relatively periodic repetition rate."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23PeriodicPattern&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19333408"; "Person hallucination is a form of visual hallucinations ranging from seeing a person in the absence of an external stimulus."; rdfs:label "person hallucination"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20618423", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24251565"; "In vitro or in vivo models developed in research of pharmacoresistant epilepsy."; rdfs:label "pharmacoresistant epilepsy model"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2924747"; "Seizures induced when toxic concentrations of phenytoin an anti-epileptic drug is administered."; rdfs:label "phenytion-induced seizure"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11956004"; "In-vivo model in which seizures are induced by giving picrotoxin a GABAA receptor/chloride channel antagonist. Picrotoxin model is useful for screening of putative anti-epileptic drugs. Picrotoxin can be administered subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, or intravenously, because it dissolves readily in saline. Seizures occur within 30–40 minutes, showing all behavioral phenomena."; rdfs:label "picrotoxin-induced seizure"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11762207", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11956004", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1396544"; "Animal models in which administration of picrotoxin, the GABAA receptor antagonist into the medial PFC has been shown to reduce prepulse inhibition."; rdfs:label "picrotoxin model"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18550176"; "Animal models in which injection of pilocarpine inducing status epilepticus that is characterized by tonic–clonic generalized seizures."; rdfs:label "pilocarpine model"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Distinct EEG activity composed of multiple frequencies that combine to form a complex waveform."; rdfs:label "polymorphic wave"; true . _:3ebfc3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Distinct EEG activity composed of multiple frequencies that combine to form a complex waveform."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/physio/vlab/biomed_signals/eeg_n.htm" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Sharp transient maximal over the occipital regions, positive relative to other areas, apparently occurring spontaneously during sleep. May be single or repetitive. Amplitude varies but is generally below 50µV."; rdfs:label "positive occipital sharp transients of sleep"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1139332-overview#a1"; true . _:3ebfd3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Sharp transient maximal over the occipital regions, positive relative to other areas, apparently occurring spontaneously during sleep. May be single or repetitive. Amplitude varies but is generally below 50µV."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/ESSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticweb.org%2Frjyy%2Fontologies%2F2015%2F5%2FESSO%23Positive_Occipital_Sharp_Transient_of_Sleep_POST&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12908748"; """Positive visual hallucinations overrides attention to external stimuli rather than competing with them. Those instructions that have the effect of reducing perception by creating an illusory obstruction to it reduce brain response to perception in the cognate sensory cortex, as measured by ERP amplitude and regional blood flow."""; rdfs:label "positive visual hallucination"; "Modified definition" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3ebfe3; "postictal"; "The postictal state is an abnormal condition that lasts for a period that begins when a seizure subsides and ends when the patient returns to baseline."; rdfs:label "post-ictal"; true . _:3ebfe3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . _:3ebff3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The postictal state is an abnormal condition that lasts for a period that begins when a seizure subsides and ends when the patient returns to baseline."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30252260" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16954451"; "Seizure after stroke."; rdfs:label "post stroke seizure"; true . _:3ec003 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Seizure after stroke."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://svn.bmj.com/content/4/1/48" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23926279"; "Posterior cingulate epilepsy (PCE) is rare form of epilepsy where the seizure onset is located at an anatomically deep and semiologically silent area.", "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#PosteriorCingulateEpilepsy"; rdfs:label "posterior cingulate epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#PosteriorCingulateEpilepsy"; "Modified definition"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8154869"; "Posterior temporal epilepsy seizures are likely to arise from basal rather than lateral convexity neocortex, and to have a reliably stereotyped ictal semiology. In the awake state, posterior temporal seizures begin with sudden behavioral arrest followed by secondary motor convulsive activity, usually in the form of tonic contraversive movement."; "Basal Temporal Epilepsy"; rdfs:label "posterior temporal epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#BasalTemporalEpilepsy", "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#PosteriorTemporalEpilepsy"; "Modified definition"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25228809"; "An animal model of posttraumatic epilepsy that reliably reproduces the clinical sequelae of human traumatic brain injury is essential to identify the molecular and cellular substrates of posttraumatic epileptogenesis, and perform preclinical screening of new antiepileptogenic compounds."; rdfs:label "posttraumatic epilepsy model"; true . _:3ec013 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "An animal model of posttraumatic epilepsy that reliably reproduces the clinical sequelae of human traumatic brain injury is essential to identify the molecular and cellular substrates of posttraumatic epileptogenesis, and perform preclinical screening of new antiepileptogenic compounds."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17260063" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Prefrontal epilepsy was considered as one variation of frontal-lobar epilepsy with prefrontal location of the focus."; rdfs:label "prefrontal epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#PrefrontalEpilepsy"; "" . _:3ec023 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Prefrontal epilepsy was considered as one variation of frontal-lobar epilepsy with prefrontal location of the focus."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9511207" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23027094"; "Seizures originating from the premotor cortex."; rdfs:label "premotor epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#PremotorEpilepsy"; "Modified definition"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10908200"; "Primary sensorimotor cortex seizures are focal motor seizures characterized by localized clonic, tonic-clonic, tonic or myoclonic activity. They may exhibit features of a Jacksonian march where unilateral tonic-clonic movements start in one muscle group and spread systematically to adjacent groups reflecting the spread of ictal activity through the motor cortex according to the homunculus. There may be focal somatosensory features alone, such as unilateral tingling, or in combination with motor features. Negative motor features such as focal atonic features may also occur."; rdfs:label "primary sensorimotor cortex seizure"; true; true . _:3ec033 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Primary sensorimotor cortex seizures are focal motor seizures characterized by localized clonic, tonic-clonic, tonic or myoclonic activity. They may exhibit features of a Jacksonian march where unilateral tonic-clonic movements start in one muscle group and spread systematically to adjacent groups reflecting the spread of ictal activity through the motor cortex according to the homunculus. There may be focal somatosensory features alone, such as unilateral tingling, or in combination with motor features. Negative motor features such as focal atonic features may also occur."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/frontal-lobe-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizures in this area result in focal sensory visual seizures, these may be positive visual phenomena (typically multi-colored shapes such as circles, flashes), or negative phenomena such as loss of a part of a visual field or blindness (amaurosis). Bilateral loss of vision may occur and this may be in the form of a black-out or a white-out. More complex formed visual images, considered focal cognitive seizures, are not seen in seizures arising in this area. The visual phenomenon is seen in the contralateral visual field to the hemisphere of seizure onset."; rdfs:label "primary visual cortex seizure"; true . _:3ec043 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Seizures in this area result in focal sensory visual seizures, these may be positive visual phenomena (typically multi-colored shapes such as circles, flashes), or negative phenomena such as loss of a part of a visual field or blindness (amaurosis). Bilateral loss of vision may occur and this may be in the form of a black-out or a white-out. More complex formed visual images, considered focal cognitive seizures, are not seen in seizures arising in this area. The visual phenomenon is seen in the contralateral visual field to the hemisphere of seizure onset."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/occipital-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Primitive behavior includes some behavior that seems to originate from early developmental stages of human instinctive behavior as a reaction pattern in response to danger and stress that also can be observed in animals."; rdfs:label "primitive behavior"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1385/1-59259-872-2:189"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Pseudostatus epilepticus is common in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and it is often misdiagnosed as genuine and life-threatening convulsive status epilepticus. These patients commonly have multiple episodes of ‘status’ and receive intensive care unit management. They usually have a history of other unexplained illness and of deliberate self-poisoning. Episodes of anticonvulsant-induced respiratory arrest may occur."; rdfs:label "pseudostatus epilepticus"; true . _:3ec053 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Pseudostatus epilepticus is common in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and it is often misdiagnosed as genuine and life-threatening convulsive status epilepticus. These patients commonly have multiple episodes of ‘status’ and receive intensive care unit management. They usually have a history of other unexplained illness and of deliberate self-poisoning. Episodes of anticonvulsant-induced respiratory arrest may occur."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2609/" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10924866"; "The QOLIE-31 is a 31- item self-administered questionnaire for adults (18 years or older) with epilepsy."; "QUOLIE-31"; rdfs:label "quality of life in epilepsy inventory - 31"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/sites/core/files/atoms/files/QOLIE-31%20for%20web-USA.pdf"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12639061"; "QOLIE-89 contains 17 multi-item measures of overall quality of life, emotional well-being, role limitations due to emotional problems, social support, social isolation, energy/fatigue, worry about seizure, medication effects, health discouragement, work/driving/social function, attention/concentration, language, memory, physical function, pain, role limitations due to physical problems, and health perceptions."; rdfs:label "quality of life in epilepsy inventory - 89"; true . _:3ec063 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "QOLIE-89 contains 17 multi-item measures of overall quality of life, emotional well-being, role limitations due to emotional problems, social support, social isolation, energy/fatigue, worry about seizure, medication effects, health discouragement, work/driving/social function, attention/concentration, language, memory, physical function, pain, role limitations due to physical problems, and health perceptions."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.rand.org/health-care/surveys_tools/qolie.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Muscle atonia during REM sleep.", "http://www.semanticweb.org/rjyy/ontologies/2015/5/ESSO#REM_Atonia"; "REM atonia"; rdfs:label "rapid eye movement atonia" . _:3ec073 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Muscle atonia during REM sleep."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24127148" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Reading epilepsy is characterized by seizures that start between 12 and 19 years of age. There is a male predominance (1.8M:F). Seizures are elicited by reading (aloud or silently). Prognosis is good as seizures are usually minor and can be avoided through reducing exposure to the stimulus."; "Primary Reading Epilepsy"; rdfs:label "reading epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#PrimaryReadingEpilepsy"; ""; true . _:3ec083 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Reading epilepsy is characterized by seizures that start between 12 and 19 years of age. There is a male predominance (1.8M:F). Seizures are elicited by reading (aloud or silently). Prognosis is good as seizures are usually minor and can be avoided through reducing exposure to the stimulus."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/reflex-epilepsies-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30215021"; "Responsive neurostimulation (RNS) is a breakthrough surgical approach to treating seizures that are not controlled by medication."; rdfs:label "responsive neurostimulation"; true . _:3ec093 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Responsive neurostimulation (RNS) is a breakthrough surgical approach to treating seizures that are not controlled by medication."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.neurosurgery.pitt.edu/centers/epilepsy/responsive-neurostimulation" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK390352/"; "Rhythmic benign variants consist of rhythmic activity that may be in the theta, alpha, or beta frequency ranges."; rdfs:label "rhythmic benign variant"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#RhythmicBenignVariant"; ""; true . _:3ec0a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Rhythmic benign variants consist of rhythmic activity that may be in the theta, alpha, or beta frequency ranges."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23RhythmicBenignVariant&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK390352/"; "Rhythmic temporal theta bursts of drowsiness (psychomotor variant) is characterized by bursts or serial trains of rhythmic theta waves ranging from 5 to 7 hz with a flat-topped, sharp-contoured, or notched appearance."; "Rhytmic Temporal Theta Bursts of Drowsiness"; rdfs:label "rhythmic temporal theta of drowsiness"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#RhytmicTemporalThetaBurstsofDrowsiness"; ""; true . _:3ec0b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Rhythmic temporal theta bursts of drowsiness (psychomotor variant) is characterized by bursts or serial trains of rhythmic theta waves ranging from 5 to 7 hz with a flat-topped, sharp-contoured, or notched appearance."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23RhytmicTemporalThetaBurstsofDrowsiness" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Encephalomalacia in the right frontal lobe."; rdfs:label "right frontal encephalomalacia"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#RightFrontalEncephalomalacia"; "" . _:3ec0c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Encephalomalacia in the right frontal lobe."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22134284" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "right fronto parietal abscess"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#RightFrontoParietalAbcess"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "right fronto temporal glioma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#RightFrontoTemporalGlioma"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A right hemispheric stroke happens when blood cannot flow to the right hemisphere (half) of your brain."; rdfs:label "right hemispheric stroke"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#RightHemisphericStroke", "https://mrri.org/right-hemisphere-stroke-center/"; "" . _:3ec0d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A right hemispheric stroke happens when blood cannot flow to the right hemisphere (half) of your brain."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.drugs.com/cg/right-hemispheric-stroke.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Lesions in Mesial temporal lobe."; "Mesial temporal lobe lesion"; rdfs:label "right mesial lesion"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#RightMesialLesion"; "" . _:3ec0e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Lesions in Mesial temporal lobe."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29916782" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Rotational horizontal vertigo is defined when the nystagmus is purely horizontal and rotational."; rdfs:label "rotational horizontal"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0115/p244.html"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Rotational vertical vertigo is defined when the nystagmus is purely vertical and rotational."; rdfs:label "rotational vertical"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0115/p244.html"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Prolonged or repetitive cutaneous stimulation in a circumscribed area of the body."; rdfs:label "rubbing"; true; true . _:3ec0f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Prolonged or repetitive cutaneous stimulation in a circumscribed area of the body."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11254785" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "rushing noise"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3195159/"; rdfs:label "scenery hallucination"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12427900"; "To make an unpleasant, loud, high noise."; rdfs:label "screeching"; true . _:3ec103 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "To make an unpleasant, loud, high noise."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/screech" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "second line immunotherapy"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.j-epilepsy.org/journal/view.php?number=151"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26063964"; "Occipital seizures arising in this area tend to spread to the temporal lobe producing a focal impaired awareness seizure."; "inferior to the calcarine fissure"; rdfs:label "seizure arising inferior to the calcarine fissure"; true . _:3ec113 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Occipital seizures arising in this area tend to spread to the temporal lobe producing a focal impaired awareness seizure."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/occipital-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26063964"; "Occipital seizures arising in this area can spread to the parietal lobe, fronto-parietal operculum or frontal lobes. Focal atonic motor seizures can occur if the seizure spreads rapidly to frontal regions."; rdfs:label "seizure arising superior to the calcarine fissure"; true . _:3ec123 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Occipital seizures arising in this area can spread to the parietal lobe, fronto-parietal operculum or frontal lobes. Focal atonic motor seizures can occur if the seizure spreads rapidly to frontal regions."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/occipital-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10474720"; "Seizures occuring during the course of HIV infection."; "Seizure associated with HIV infection"; rdfs:label "seizure associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23959883"; """Specific focal seizure features are useful in lateralizing the seizure onset or network to one hemisphere. Features that suggest lateralization of the seizure are outlined below. These features provide strong evidence for lateralization, but it should be noted that occasionally they can be falsely lateralizing. Unilateral ictal clonic activity or ictal dystonia suggests lateralization of the seizure to the contralateral hemisphere. Early forced head version suggests lateralization to the hemisphere contralateral to the direction of the head version i.e. if the head turns to the right, the seizure onset is in the left hemisphere. Ictal speech lateralizes to the non-dominant hemisphere. Ictal aphasia lateralizes to the dominant hemisphere. Postictal dysphasia lateralizes to the dominant hemisphere. Preserved awareness during ictal automatisms lateralizes to the non-dominant hemisphere. Post-ictal nose-wiping lateralizes to the hemisphere ipsilateral to the hand used for nose-wiping. Unilateral eye-blinking lateralizes to the hemisphere ipsilateral to the eye-blinking. Ictal vomiting lateralizes to the non-dominant hemisphere"""; rdfs:label "seizure based on hemispheric lateralization"; true . _:3ec133 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget """Specific focal seizure features are useful in lateralizing the seizure onset or network to one hemisphere. Features that suggest lateralization of the seizure are outlined below. These features provide strong evidence for lateralization, but it should be noted that occasionally they can be falsely lateralizing. Unilateral ictal clonic activity or ictal dystonia suggests lateralization of the seizure to the contralateral hemisphere. Early forced head version suggests lateralization to the hemisphere contralateral to the direction of the head version i.e. if the head turns to the right, the seizure onset is in the left hemisphere. Ictal speech lateralizes to the non-dominant hemisphere. Ictal aphasia lateralizes to the dominant hemisphere. Postictal dysphasia lateralizes to the dominant hemisphere. Preserved awareness during ictal automatisms lateralizes to the non-dominant hemisphere. Post-ictal nose-wiping lateralizes to the hemisphere ipsilateral to the hand used for nose-wiping. Unilateral eye-blinking lateralizes to the hemisphere ipsilateral to the eye-blinking. Ictal vomiting lateralizes to the non-dominant hemisphere"""; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/hemispheric-localization-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Localization-related epilepsies are characterized by partial seizures arising from one part of the brain. Seizure semiology correlates with initial activation of only part of one cerebral hemisphere and categorized by cerebral lobe of seizure onset."; rdfs:label "seizure based on lobar localization"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/focal-seizure-overview.html#"; true; true . _:3ec143 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Localization-related epilepsies are characterized by partial seizures arising from one part of the brain. Seizure semiology correlates with initial activation of only part of one cerebral hemisphere and categorized by cerebral lobe of seizure onset."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/localization-related-epilepsy" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3ec153; "A seizure is a transient occurrence of symptoms and/or signs due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. In EpilepsyDiagnosis.Org, the term 'features' will be used to describe both the symptoms and signs that occur during seizures. These features can be used to classify seizures. A seizure does not necessarily mean that a person has epilepsy, unless the criteria for diagnosis of epilepsy are met."; rdfs:label "seizure classification"; true . _:3ec153 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . _:3ec163 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A seizure is a transient occurrence of symptoms and/or signs due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. In EpilepsyDiagnosis.Org, the term 'features' will be used to describe both the symptoms and signs that occur during seizures. These features can be used to classify seizures. A seizure does not necessarily mean that a person has epilepsy, unless the criteria for diagnosis of epilepsy are met."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/seizure-classification-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizures induced by chlorinated hydrocarbon."; rdfs:label "seizure induced by chlorinated hydrocarbon"; true . _:3ec173 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Seizures induced by chlorinated hydrocarbon."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4104375" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "seizure not necessarily requiring a diagnosis of epilepsy"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4375749/", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25012363"; "EEG patterns encountered during seizures."; rdfs:label "seizure pattern"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SeizurePattern"; "Modified definition"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22957229"; "Selective amygdalohippocampectomy is a surgical procedure employed in cases of medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy of mesial temporal origin."; rdfs:label "selective amygdalohippocampectomy"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Familial (and non-familial) infantile epilepsy, formerly called benign familial (and non-familial) infantile seizures, is a syndrome characterized by the onset of seizures in the infantile period. Seizures are often frequent and intractable at onset but spontaneously resolve. The child is expected to have normal developmental progress. Familial and non-familial forms of infantile epilepsy are identical except for the presence of a family history. Familial cases show autosomal dominant inheritance and have genetic etiologies in common with self-limited familial neonatal and self-limited familial neonatal-infantile epilepsies, thus these epilepsy syndromes are likely related disorders."; rdfs:label "self-limited familial and non-familial infantile epilepsy"; true . _:3ec183 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Familial (and non-familial) infantile epilepsy, formerly called benign familial (and non-familial) infantile seizures, is a syndrome characterized by the onset of seizures in the infantile period. Seizures are often frequent and intractable at onset but spontaneously resolve. The child is expected to have normal developmental progress. Familial and non-familial forms of infantile epilepsy are identical except for the presence of a family history. Familial cases show autosomal dominant inheritance and have genetic etiologies in common with self-limited familial neonatal and self-limited familial neonatal-infantile epilepsies, thus these epilepsy syndromes are likely related disorders."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/benign-fam-nonfam-infantile-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Self-limited neonatal seizures and familial neonatal epilepsy may have similar clinical and electrical features, but can be distinguished on the basis of family history. These entities may have similar genetic etiologies, with de novo mutations responsible for the lack of family history in self-limited neonatal seizures."; rdfs:label "self-limited neonatal seizure and self-limited familial neonatal epilepsy"; true . _:3ec193 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Self-limited neonatal seizures and familial neonatal epilepsy may have similar clinical and electrical features, but can be distinguished on the basis of family history. These entities may have similar genetic etiologies, with de novo mutations responsible for the lack of family history in self-limited neonatal seizures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/self-limited-neonatal-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Self-gratification or self-stimulation includes behavior which may be seen from infancy onwards, more so in pre-school girls. Rhythmic hip flexion and adduction may be accompanied by a distant expression, a flushed face and sometimes followed by sleepiness. The distant expression, sometimes associated with straining and head turning, may be confused with a focal impaired awareness seizure. The diagnosis is more difficult when the infant or young child seems unhappy during or after the rhythmic movements. The relative frequency of events and occurrence in specific circumstances, such as when bored or in a car seat or high chair, lends this behavior to home video recording. Self-gratification or self-stimulation rather than terms such as masturbation are preferred by parents and better reflect the mechanism."; "Benign idiopathic infantile dyskinesia", "Gratification disorder", "Self Stimulation"; rdfs:label "self gratification"; true . _:3ec1a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Self-gratification or self-stimulation includes behavior which may be seen from infancy onwards, more so in pre-school girls. Rhythmic hip flexion and adduction may be accompanied by a distant expression, a flushed face and sometimes followed by sleepiness. The distant expression, sometimes associated with straining and head turning, may be confused with a focal impaired awareness seizure. The diagnosis is more difficult when the infant or young child seems unhappy during or after the rhythmic movements. The relative frequency of events and occurrence in specific circumstances, such as when bored or in a car seat or high chair, lends this behavior to home video recording. Self-gratification or self-stimulation rather than terms such as masturbation are preferred by parents and better reflect the mechanism."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#infant-gratification" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "self limited seizure"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Phenomenon of orgasm being a trigger for reflex seizures."; rdfs:label "sexual seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SexualSeizure", "https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/sex-in-the-brain/202001/what-happens-during-sexual-seizure"; true; ""; true . _:3ec1b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Phenomenon of orgasm being a trigger for reflex seizures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27057393" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A sequence of a sharp wave and a slow wave."; rdfs:label "sharp and slow wave complex"; true . _:3ec1c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A sequence of a sharp wave and a slow wave."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/ESSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticweb.org%2Frjyy%2Fontologies%2F2015%2F5%2FESSO%23Sharp_and_Slow_Wave_Complex&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A transient, clearly distinguished from background activity, with pointed peak at a conventional paper speed or time scale and duration of 70-200 ms, i.e. over 1/4-1/5 s approximately."; rdfs:label "sharp wave"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SharpWave"; true; "" . _:3ec1d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A transient, clearly distinguished from background activity, with pointed peak at a conventional paper speed or time scale and duration of 70-200 ms, i.e. over 1/4-1/5 s approximately."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23SharpWave&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "sialorrheic seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SialorrheicSeizure"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The person may have different symptoms depending on which area of the brain is involved. If the abnormal electrical brain function is in the occipital lobe (the back part of the brain that is involved with vision), sight may be altered, but muscles are more commonly affected. The seizure activity is limited to an isolated muscle group, such as the fingers, or to larger muscles in the arms and legs. Consciousness is not lost in this type of seizure. The person may also experience sweating, nausea, or become pale."; "Single Focal Epilepsy"; rdfs:label "simple focal seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SingleFocalEpilepsy"; true; "" . _:3ec1e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The person may have different symptoms depending on which area of the brain is involved. If the abnormal electrical brain function is in the occipital lobe (the back part of the brain that is involved with vision), sight may be altered, but muscles are more commonly affected. The seizure activity is limited to an isolated muscle group, such as the fingers, or to larger muscles in the arms and legs. Consciousness is not lost in this type of seizure. The person may also experience sweating, nausea, or become pale."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/brain-and-nerves/epilepsy/types/focal-partial-seizures.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2660156/"; "Brief, stereotyped unformed flashes of light and color or indistinct forms may reflect stimulation or irritation of primary visual areas, for example by tumor, migraine, or focal epileptogenic lesions."; rdfs:label "simple visual hallucination"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SimpleVisualHallucination"; ""; true . _:3ec1f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Brief, stereotyped unformed flashes of light and color or indistinct forms may reflect stimulation or irritation of primary visual areas, for example by tumor, migraine, or focal epileptogenic lesions."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "http://www.ajnr.org/content/37/5/774" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "simple visual pattern"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)63178-9/fulltext"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "single seizure or isolated clusters of seizure"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Waves resembling sine waves."; rdfs:label "sinusoidal wave"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/physio/vlab/biomed_signals/eeg_n.htm"; true . _:3ec203 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Waves resembling sine waves."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/ESSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticweb.org%2Frjyy%2Fontologies%2F2015%2F5%2FESSO%23Sinusoidal_Wave&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "situational cicardian rhythm sleep disorder"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SituationalCicardianRhythmSleepDisorder"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A sleep-deprived EEG, or an electroencephalogram, is a type of EEG that requires the patient to acquire less sleep than usual before undergoing the test."; "sleep deprived EEG"; rdfs:label "sleep deprived electroencephalography"; true . _:3ec213 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A sleep-deprived EEG, or an electroencephalogram, is a type of EEG that requires the patient to acquire less sleep than usual before undergoing the test."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.verywellhealth.com/sleep-deprived-eeg-for-seizures-4628312" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A sleep EEG is a type of EEG carried out while someone is asleep."; "sleep EEG"; rdfs:label "sleep electroencephalography"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/electroencephalogram/"; "Modified definition" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Sleep-onset rapid eye movement (SOR) refers to the occurence of REM sleep less than 15 minutes after falling sleep."; rdfs:label "sleep onset rapid eye movement"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SleepOnsetRapidEyeMovement"; "" . _:3ec223 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Sleep-onset rapid eye movement (SOR) refers to the occurence of REM sleep less than 15 minutes after falling sleep."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23SleepOnsetRapidEyeMovement&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Burst at 11-15 Hz but mostly at 12-14 Hz generally diffuse but of higher voltage over the central regions of the head, occurring during sleep. Amplitude varies but is mostly below 50 pV in the adult."; rdfs:label "sleep spindle"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1139332-overview#a1"; true . _:3ec233 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Burst at 11-15 Hz but mostly at 12-14 Hz generally diffuse but of higher voltage over the central regions of the head, occurring during sleep. Amplitude varies but is mostly below 50 pV in the adult."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/ESSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticweb.org%2Frjyy%2Fontologies%2F2015%2F5%2FESSO%23Sleep_Spindle&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK390352/"; "Small sharp spikes (SSS) consist of single monophasic or diphasic spikes with an abrupt ascending limb and a steep descending limb, are generally of low voltage and short duratiopn, usually less than 50 ms."; "Benign Epileptiform Transients of Sleep", "SSS"; rdfs:label "small sharp spike"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SmallShartSpike", "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1140563-overview#a1"; ""; true . _:3ec243 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Small sharp spikes (SSS) consist of single monophasic or diphasic spikes with an abrupt ascending limb and a steep descending limb, are generally of low voltage and short duratiopn, usually less than 50 ms."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23SmallShartSpike&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24861272"; "The 20-item Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire evaluates the severity of somatoform dissociation. The SDQ-20 items were derived from a pool of 75 items describing clinically observed somatoform dissociative symptoms that in clinical settings had appeared upon activation of particular dissociative parts of the personality and that could not be medically explained. The items pertain to both negative (e.g., analgesia) and positive dissociative phenomena (e.g., site-specific pain)."; "SDQ-20"; rdfs:label "somatoform dissociation questionnaire"; true . _:3ec253 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The 20-item Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire evaluates the severity of somatoform dissociation. The SDQ-20 items were derived from a pool of 75 items describing clinically observed somatoform dissociative symptoms that in clinical settings had appeared upon activation of particular dissociative parts of the personality and that could not be medically explained. The items pertain to both negative (e.g., analgesia) and positive dissociative phenomena (e.g., site-specific pain)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781118093146.app2" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "spark"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/brains-gilal-cells-spark-seizures/"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26365965"; "EEG patterns other than normal ones."; rdfs:label "special pattern"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SpecialPattern"; "Modified definition"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "special seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SpecialSeizure"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2605/", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6537832"; rdfs:label "speech arrest"; true; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "speech interrupted"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/article/2014/3/types-language-problems-epilepsy"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A pattern consisting of a spike followed by a slow wave."; rdfs:label "spike and slow wave complex"; true . _:3ec263 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A pattern consisting of a spike followed by a slow wave."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/ESSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticweb.org%2Frjyy%2Fontologies%2F2015%2F5%2FESSO%23Spike-and-Slow-Wave_Complex&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Spindle stupor (SS) refers to an EEG recording of coma where the record is like that of a typical stage-II sleep pattern."; rdfs:label "spindle stupor"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SpindleStupor"; "" . _:3ec273 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Spindle stupor (SS) refers to an EEG recording of coma where the record is like that of a typical stage-II sleep pattern."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23SpindleStupor&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "status pattern"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#StatusPattern"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32144451"; rdfs:label "status semiology"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#StatusSemiology"; ""; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29755904"; "A specialized type of external beam radiation therapy called stereotactic radiation uses focused radiation beams targeting a well-defined tumor. It relies on detailed imaging, computerized three-dimensional treatment planning and precise treatment set-up to deliver the radiation dose with extreme accuracy."; "Stereotactic Radiation Therapy"; rdfs:label "stereotactic radiotherapy"; true . _:3ec283 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A specialized type of external beam radiation therapy called stereotactic radiation uses focused radiation beams targeting a well-defined tumor. It relies on detailed imaging, computerized three-dimensional treatment planning and precise treatment set-up to deliver the radiation dose with extreme accuracy."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.rtanswers.org/How-does-radiation-therapy-work/Stereotactic-Radiation-Therapy" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A class of multivariate regression models that are used for causal interpretation of qualitative observational data, for instance, to evaluate the relationship between physical and psychosocial factors and the quality of life among adults with epilepsy."; rdfs:label "structural equation model"; true . _:3ec293 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A class of multivariate regression models that are used for causal interpretation of qualitative observational data, for instance, to evaluate the relationship between physical and psychosocial factors and the quality of life among adults with epilepsy."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22995680" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Structural epilepsies are conceptualized as having a distinct structural brain abnormality that has been demonstrated to be associated with a substantially increased risk of epilepsy in appropriately designed studies. The structural brain abnormality can be acquired (such as due to stroke, trauma or infection) or may be of genetic origin; however, as we currently understand it, the structural brain abnormality is a separate disorder interposed between the acquired or genetic defect and the epilepsy."; "Structural Cause"; rdfs:label "structural etiology"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#StructuralCause"; ""; true . _:3ec2a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Structural epilepsies are conceptualized as having a distinct structural brain abnormality that has been demonstrated to be associated with a substantially increased risk of epilepsy in appropriately designed studies. The structural brain abnormality can be acquired (such as due to stroke, trauma or infection) or may be of genetic origin; however, as we currently understand it, the structural brain abnormality is a separate disorder interposed between the acquired or genetic defect and the epilepsy."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/structural-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164293/"; "A seizure model in which administration of strychine induces generalized tonic-clonic seizures."; rdfs:label "strychnine model"; "Modified definition" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2511/"; "To pull in liquid or air through your mouth without using your teeth, or to move the tongue and muscles of the mouth around something inside your mouth, often in order to dissolve it."; "Suck"; rdfs:label "sucking"; true; true . _:3ec2b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "To pull in liquid or air through your mouth without using your teeth, or to move the tongue and muscles of the mouth around something inside your mouth, often in order to dissolve it."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/suck" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Focal seizures arising from the supplementary motor area (SMA), a region anterior to the motor cortex in the midline, is a type of frontal lobe epilepsy that typically involves unilateral or asymmetrical bilateral tonic posturing and may be associated with facial grimacing, vocalization, or speech arrest."; rdfs:label "supplementary motor area seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#SupplementaryMotorAreaEpilepsy"; "Modified definition"; true; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Symptomatic generalized epilepsy (SGE) encompasses a group of challenging epilepsy syndromes. As a group, SGE has 3 main features: (1) multiple seizure types, especially generalized tonic and atonic seizures; (2) brain dysfunction other than the seizures, in the intellectual domain (mental retardation or developmental delay) and in the motor domain (cerebral palsy); and (3) EEG evidence of diffuse brain abnormality."; "symptomatic focal epilepsy"; rdfs:label "symptomatic epilepsy"; true . _:3ec2c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Symptomatic generalized epilepsy (SGE) encompasses a group of challenging epilepsy syndromes. As a group, SGE has 3 main features: (1) multiple seizure types, especially generalized tonic and atonic seizures; (2) brain dysfunction other than the seizures, in the intellectual domain (mental retardation or developmental delay) and in the motor domain (cerebral palsy); and (3) EEG evidence of diffuse brain abnormality."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1851206-overview" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Attacks of sustained dystonic postures of limbs and trunk can be initiated by mild environmental stimuli in an inbred line of Syrian hamsters. The trait is determined by an autosomal simple recessive genetic mutation, originally designated by the gene symbol sz, because the abnormal movements were thought to represent epileptic seizures."; rdfs:label "sz mutant hamster"; true . _:3ec2d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Attacks of sustained dystonic postures of limbs and trunk can be initiated by mild environmental stimuli in an inbred line of Syrian hamsters. The trait is determined by an autosomal simple recessive genetic mutation, originally designated by the gene symbol sz, because the abnormal movements were thought to represent epileptic seizures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2779593" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Tantrums and rage reactions are almost never part of an epileptic seizure. Tantrums are common in young children and are usually easy to distinguish from an epileptic seizure. Rage reactions, episodic dyscontrol or intermittent explosive disorder describe situations in which there are recurrent episodes of rage which seem to be out of proportion to relatively minor stimuli. Sustained outbursts of aggression may occur for many minutes, sometimes for up to half an hour or longer. There may screaming, swearing, aggression, damage to property and physical violence. Through the event it may seem that the individual is not normally responsive. Individuals often report no memory for an event afterwards, and may express remorse for their actions. Rage reactions are usually much longer and are only very broadly stereotyped when compared to focal seizures. A rage reaction, when closely analysed is likely to include a series of complex directed motor tasks, which would be exceptionally rare for an epileptic seizure. Aggressive or violent behaviors in an epileptic seizure are very rare, and if seen are typically confused and non-directed actions."; "Tantrums", "rage"; rdfs:label "tantrum and rage reaction"; true . _:3ec2e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Tantrums and rage reactions are almost never part of an epileptic seizure. Tantrums are common in young children and are usually easy to distinguish from an epileptic seizure. Rage reactions, episodic dyscontrol or intermittent explosive disorder describe situations in which there are recurrent episodes of rage which seem to be out of proportion to relatively minor stimuli. Sustained outbursts of aggression may occur for many minutes, sometimes for up to half an hour or longer. There may screaming, swearing, aggression, damage to property and physical violence. Through the event it may seem that the individual is not normally responsive. Individuals often report no memory for an event afterwards, and may express remorse for their actions. Rage reactions are usually much longer and are only very broadly stereotyped when compared to focal seizures. A rage reaction, when closely analysed is likely to include a series of complex directed motor tasks, which would be exceptionally rare for an epileptic seizure. Aggressive or violent behaviors in an epileptic seizure are very rare, and if seen are typically confused and non-directed actions."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy-imitators.html#tantrums" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29763181"; "To hit something gently, and often repeatedly, especially making short, sharp noises."; "Tap"; rdfs:label "tapping"; true; true . _:3ec2f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "To hit something gently, and often repeatedly, especially making short, sharp noises."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/tap" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2804800"; "Occurrs more characteristically as trains of 50-100 µV sinusoidal or saw-toothed 1-4Hz activity, recorded predominantly from anterior temporal regions.", "Temporal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (TIRDA) is an EEG pattern characterized by intermittent rhythmic sinusoidal bursts and trains of delta activity localized over the temporal regions"; "TIRDA"; rdfs:label "temporal intermittent rythmic delta activity"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#TemporalIntermittentRythmicDeltaActivity"; "Modified definition"; "" . _:3ec303 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Temporal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (TIRDA) is an EEG pattern characterized by intermittent rhythmic sinusoidal bursts and trains of delta activity localized over the temporal regions"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1388245718313701" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Temporal lobe seizures are characterized by behavioral arrest and impaired awareness. Automatisms are common during the seizure, and include oral and/or manual automatisms. There may sensory (auditory), emotional (fear), cognitive (deja vu) or autonomic features (epigastric sensation, tachycardia, colour change) prior to onset of impaired awareness. Postictal confusion typically occurs."; rdfs:label "temporal lobe seizure"; true . _:3ec313 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Temporal lobe seizures are characterized by behavioral arrest and impaired awareness. Automatisms are common during the seizure, and include oral and/or manual automatisms. There may sensory (auditory), emotional (fear), cognitive (deja vu) or autonomic features (epigastric sensation, tachycardia, colour change) prior to onset of impaired awareness. Postictal confusion typically occurs."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/temporal-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21704564"; "Temporo-parieto-occipital (TPO) junction is a complex brain territory heavily involved in several high-level neurological functions, such as language, visuo-spatial recognition, writing, reading, symbol processing, calculation, self-processing, working memory, musical memory, and face and object recognition."; rdfs:label "temporo-parieto-occipital junction"; true . _:3ec323 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Temporo-parieto-occipital (TPO) junction is a complex brain territory heavily involved in several high-level neurological functions, such as language, visuo-spatial recognition, writing, reading, symbol processing, calculation, self-processing, working memory, musical memory, and face and object recognition."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24975421" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12615636"; "Epilepsy characterized by seizures arising from temporo-occipital cortex. Visual hallucinations are the hallmark of occipital seizures, the visual hallucinations become complex and colourful, and scenes of varying complexity may be ‘seen’"; rdfs:label "temporo occipital epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#TemporoOccipitalEpilepsy"; "Modified definition"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15632275"; "Epilepsy characterized by seizures arising from temporo-parietal junction"; rdfs:label "temporo parietal epilepsy"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#TemporoParietalEpilepsy"; "Modified definition"; "" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21939841"; "The model involves the stereotactic injection of a minute dose of the toxin (secreted by the bacterium Clostridium tetani) into the brain."; rdfs:label "tetanus toxin model"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Theta activity refers to activity with a frequency range of 4 to 8 Hz."; rdfs:label "theta activity"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#ThetaActivity", "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1139332-overview#a1"; "" . _:3ec333 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Theta activity refers to activity with a frequency range of 4 to 8 Hz."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23ThetaActivity&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Theta stuport (TS) / Theta Coma (TC) refers to predominance of theta waves in a comatose/stuporous patient."; "theta stupor"; rdfs:label "theta coma"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#ThetaComa"; "" . _:3ec343 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Theta stuport (TS) / Theta Coma (TC) refers to predominance of theta waves in a comatose/stuporous patient."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23ThetaComa&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26002462"; "The tottering mouse is the best characterized of the Cacna1a mutation, encodes a P601L missense mutation."; "Tottering mice"; rdfs:label "tottering mouse"; "modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Toxins cause seizures by altering the balance of excitation and inhibition in the nervous system or interfering with energy metabolism."; rdfs:label "toxic cause of seizure"; true . _:3ec353 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Toxins cause seizures by altering the balance of excitation and inhibition in the nervous system or interfering with energy metabolism."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1096286798800376" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "An isolated wave or pattern that is distinctly different from background activity."; rdfs:label "transient"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/physio/vlab/biomed_signals/eeg_n.htm"; true . _:3ec363 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "An isolated wave or pattern that is distinctly different from background activity."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/ESSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticweb.org%2Frjyy%2Fontologies%2F2015%2F5%2FESSO%23Transient&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26307329"; "The Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation (TNS) system is a type of treatment modality which is not yet FDA approved but is available in Europe and other countries. Its mechanism of action is similar to the VNS system and it also appears to have anti-depression effects in addition to anti-epileptic benefits."; rdfs:label "trigeminal nerve stimulation"; "modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Triggers are situations that can bring on a seizure in some people with epilepsy. Triggers can differ from person to person, but common triggers include tiredness and lack of sleep, stress, alcohol, and not taking medication."; "Trigger factor for seizure"; rdfs:label "trigger factor for seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/about-epilepsy-basics/what-are-risk-factors"; true . _:3ec373 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Triggers are situations that can bring on a seizure in some people with epilepsy. Triggers can differ from person to person, but common triggers include tiredness and lack of sleep, stress, alcohol, and not taking medication."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/seizure-triggers#.XI9qNygzbIU" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Triphasic waves (TW) refer to high amplitude (>70 µV) positive sharp transients which are preceded and followed by relatively low-amplitude negative waves."; rdfs:label "triphasic wave"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#TriphasicWave"; true; "" . _:3ec383 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Triphasic waves (TW) refer to high amplitude (>70 µV) positive sharp transients which are preceded and followed by relatively low-amplitude negative waves."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23TriphasicWave&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "twisting"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "A seizure may be unclassified due to inadequate information to allow it to be placed in the focal, generalized or unknown onset categories. This may occur if it was not witnessed at onset, and if results of investigations (such as EEG and imaging) are not yet available."; rdfs:label "unclassified seizure onset"; true . _:3ec393 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A seizure may be unclassified due to inadequate information to allow it to be placed in the focal, generalized or unknown onset categories. This may occur if it was not witnessed at onset, and if results of investigations (such as EEG and imaging) are not yet available."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/unknown-onset-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf , _:3ec3a3; "The term 'unknown' is used to denote where it is understood that the patient has epilepsy, but it is not possible to denote whether it is focal, generalized, or combined focal and generalized. This may occur due to insufficient information to classify the epilepsy, for example if the EEG is normal/uninformative."; rdfs:label "unknown epilepsy"; true . _:3ec3a3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . _:3ec3b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The term 'unknown' is used to denote where it is understood that the patient has epilepsy, but it is not possible to denote whether it is focal, generalized, or combined focal and generalized. This may occur due to insufficient information to classify the epilepsy, for example if the EEG is normal/uninformative."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/epilepsy/unknown-epilepsy-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "'Unknown' is meant to be viewed neutrally and to designate that the nature of the underlying cause of the epilepsy is as yet unknown; it may have a fundamental genetic defect at its core or there may be a separate as yet unrecognized disorder."; rdfs:label "unknown etiology"; true . _:3ec3c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "'Unknown' is meant to be viewed neutrally and to designate that the nature of the underlying cause of the epilepsy is as yet unknown; it may have a fundamental genetic defect at its core or there may be a separate as yet unrecognized disorder."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/unknown-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "For everyday purposes seizures are broadly categorized as either generalized or focal in onset, these terms can be used where appropriate, but there are seizures that cannot be categorized in this manner and are classified as having unknown onset. Seizures with unknown onset can be further classified as motor (for example epileptic spasm, tonic-clonic), or non-motor (for example, behavior arrest) in type."; rdfs:label "unknown onset seizure"; true . _:3ec3d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "For everyday purposes seizures are broadly categorized as either generalized or focal in onset, these terms can be used where appropriate, but there are seizures that cannot be categorized in this manner and are classified as having unknown onset. Seizures with unknown onset can be further classified as motor (for example epileptic spasm, tonic-clonic), or non-motor (for example, behavior arrest) in type."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/unknown-onset-groupoverview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Not worthy; lacking worth or excellence."; rdfs:label "unworthiness"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-282X2011000600009"; true; true . _:3ec3e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Not worthy; lacking worth or excellence."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.dictionary.com/browse/unworthiness" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Uremic encephalopathy is a metabolic disorder that occurs in patients with acute or chronic renal failure. This toxic-metabolic encephalopathy is a complication resulting from endogenous uremic toxins in patients with severe renal failure. The pathogenesis is complex and unclear."; rdfs:label "uremic encephalopathy"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/239191-overview", "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/professionals/co-existing-disorders/renal-disorders/uremic-encephalopathy"; true; true . _:3ec3f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Uremic encephalopathy is a metabolic disorder that occurs in patients with acute or chronic renal failure. This toxic-metabolic encephalopathy is a complication resulting from endogenous uremic toxins in patients with severe renal failure. The pathogenesis is complex and unclear."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27127003" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26167207"; "Urine organic acid analysis detects a wide range of compounds. It is an excellent diagnostic test for the organic acidemias involving propionic, methylmalonic, and isovaleric acids. It also detects glutaric acid, which is a progressive neurotoxic defect in biomolecule conversion."; rdfs:label "urine organic acid test"; true . _:3ec403 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Urine organic acid analysis detects a wide range of compounds. It is an excellent diagnostic test for the organic acidemias involving propionic, methylmalonic, and isovaleric acids. It also detects glutaric acid, which is a progressive neurotoxic defect in biomolecule conversion."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/urine-organic-acids" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; """The predominant symptoms of the patients in this group were dizziness, sweating, nausea, and weakness which came on suddenly and usually without any obvious cause. These might be described as periodic episodes of vasomotor hyperactivity, and it was often accompanied by subjective anxiety"""; rdfs:label "vasomotor seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#VasomotorSeizure"; "" . _:3ec413 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget """The predominant symptoms of the patients in this group were dizziness, sweating, nausea, and weakness which came on suddenly and usually without any obvious cause. These might be described as periodic episodes of vasomotor hyperactivity, and it was often accompanied by subjective anxiety"""; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/jnnp/12/1/25.full.pdf" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=%27vertical+occular+oscillation%27+epilepsy"; rdfs:label "vertical occular oscillation"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5308014/"; "An aura is usually considered to be the initial clinical sign of a seizure.Vertigo auras may be associated with the areas near the temporal lobe or parietal lobe."; rdfs:label "vertigo aura"; "modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Video telemetry, also called video EEG, is a special type of EEG, where the patient is filmed while an EEG recording is taken. This can help provide more information about the brain activity."; rdfs:label "video telemetry"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/eeg-electroencephalogram#.XFE6tFwzbIU"; true . _:3ec423 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Video telemetry, also called video EEG, is a special type of EEG, where the patient is filmed while an EEG recording is taken. This can help provide more information about the brain activity."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/electroencephalogram/" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; """Antibodies directed against the voltage gated potassium channels bind to other proteins including LGI1 (leucine-rich, glioma-inactivated 1 protein) and CASPR2 (contactin-associated protein 2) resulting in a complex antibody. These antibodies cause limbic encephalitis with the following common features: Short term memory loss Intractable focal seizures with a high frequency, these commonly have temporal lobe features; however focal sensory olfactory seizures or focal autonomic seizures with piloerection (with shivering phenomena) are distinctive seizure types in this etiology Focal motor seizures with dystonia in face and arm (brief episodes of unilateral facial grimace and arm posturing) - these are characteristic of antibody to LGI1 Hyponatremia Dysautonomia Sleep disturbance Psychiatric symptoms"""; rdfs:label "voltage-gated potassium channel antibody"; true . _:3ec433 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget """Antibodies directed against the voltage gated potassium channels bind to other proteins including LGI1 (leucine-rich, glioma-inactivated 1 protein) and CASPR2 (contactin-associated protein 2) resulting in a complex antibody. These antibodies cause limbic encephalitis with the following common features: Short term memory loss Intractable focal seizures with a high frequency, these commonly have temporal lobe features; however focal sensory olfactory seizures or focal autonomic seizures with piloerection (with shivering phenomena) are distinctive seizure types in this etiology Focal motor seizures with dystonia in face and arm (brief episodes of unilateral facial grimace and arm posturing) - these are characteristic of antibody to LGI1 Hyponatremia Dysautonomia Sleep disturbance Psychiatric symptoms"""; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/aetiology/antibody-mediated-overview.html#voltage-gated" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK390352/"; "Wicket spikes consist of intermittent trains or clusters of monophasic arciform waveform or single spike-like waveform that look like a Greek mu or wicket."; "wicket spike"; rdfs:label "wicket wave"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#WicketSpike", "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1140563-overview#a1"; ""; true . _:3ec443 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Wicket spikes consist of intermittent trains or clusters of monophasic arciform waveform or single spike-like waveform that look like a Greek mu or wicket."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23WicketSpike&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Worthiness is a quality of being suitable or having some kind of value."; rdfs:label "worthiness"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-282X2011000600009"; true; true . _:3ec453 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Worthiness is a quality of being suitable or having some kind of value."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/worthiness" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Elevated concentrations of zinc (Zn2+) (>100 mM) may contribute to neuronal cell death during, seizures, Seizures produced by the intracerebral injection of zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) have proven that it is a convulsant capable of inducing an experimental model of chronic epilepsy; when 600 pg/kg of ZnSO4 are applied via intracerebral injection to experimental animals, typical clonic seizures are observed"; rdfs:label "zinc model"; true . _:3ec463 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Elevated concentrations of zinc (Zn2+) (>100 mM) may contribute to neuronal cell death during, seizures, Seizures produced by the intracerebral injection of zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) have proven that it is a convulsant capable of inducing an experimental model of chronic epilepsy; when 600 pg/kg of ZnSO4 are applied via intracerebral injection to experimental animals, typical clonic seizures are observed"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20868357" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23002376", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28324301"; "MRI scanners built around 1.5 Tesla (T) magnet."; "1.5 Tesla (1.5 T) MRI", "Magnetic Resonance Imaging (1.5 Tesla)"; rdfs:label "1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/585216"; "Modified definition"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK390352/"; "Consist of short trains of arch-shaped waveforms with alternating postive spiky components and a negative, smooth, rounded waveforms that occur at a rate of 14 Hz or 6-7 Hz and last from 0.5 to 1 second."; "Fourteen-SixHertzPositiveBurst"; rdfs:label "14Hz and 6Hz positive spike"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Fourteen-SixHertzPositiveBurst", "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1140563-overview#a1"; ""; true . _:3ec473 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Consist of short trains of arch-shaped waveforms with alternating postive spiky components and a negative, smooth, rounded waveforms that occur at a rate of 14 Hz or 6-7 Hz and last from 0.5 to 1 second."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23Fourteen-SixHertzPositiveBurst&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15572277"; "3-nitropropionic acid evoked seizures."; rdfs:label "3-nitropropionic acid-induced seizure"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20955719"; "Epilepsy in-vitro model induced by 4-aminopyridine."; rdfs:label "4-aminopyridine-induced seizure"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24013377"; "In vivo and in vitro models to evoke epileptiform activity by applying or injecting 4-Aminopyridine in low concentrations."; rdfs:label "4-aminopyridine slice model"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK390352/"; "Six-hertz spike-and-wave bursts (phantom spike and wave) are brief bursts, lasting 1 to 2 seconds with a repitition rate of 6Hz with a range of 5-7 hz."; "Phantom spike and wave"; rdfs:label "6Hz phantom spike and wave"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.case.edu/EpSO.owl#Six-HertzSpikeWaveBurst", "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1140563-overview#a1"; ""; true . _:3ec483 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Six-hertz spike-and-wave bursts (phantom spike and wave) are brief bursts, lasting 1 to 2 seconds with a repitition rate of 6Hz with a range of 5-7 hz."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/EPSO/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.edu%2FEpSO.owl%23Six-HertzSpikeWaveBurst&jump_to_nav=true" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20951004"; "The 6 Hz Seizure Model is categorized as a partial or focal form of seizure (Psychomotor Seizure)."; rdfs:label "6 Hertz psychomotor"; true . _:3ec493 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The 6 Hz Seizure Model is categorized as a partial or focal form of seizure (Psychomotor Seizure)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.meliordiscovery.com/in-vivo-efficacy-models/6-hz-psychomotor-seizure-model-melior-discovery/" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24861272"; "The Ages & Stages Questionnaires®, Third Edition (ASQ®-3) pinpoints developmental progress in children between the ages of one month to 5 ½ years. Its success lies in its parent-centric approach and inherent ease-of-use—a combination that has made it the most widely used developmental screener across the globe."; "ASQ"; rdfs:label "age and sex questionnaire" . _:3ec4a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The Ages & Stages Questionnaires®, Third Edition (ASQ®-3) pinpoints developmental progress in children between the ages of one month to 5 ½ years. Its success lies in its parent-centric approach and inherent ease-of-use—a combination that has made it the most widely used developmental screener across the globe."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://agesandstages.com/products-pricing/asq3/" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2395534"; "C57BL/10Bg mice display behavioral arrest characterized by periods of marked inactivity, similar to generalized absence seizures."; "C57BL/10Bg mice"; rdfs:label "C57BL/10Bg sps/sps mouse"; true . _:3ec4b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "C57BL/10Bg mice display behavioral arrest characterized by periods of marked inactivity, similar to generalized absence seizures."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/030439409090077M" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31961886"; "The WHOQOL-BREF is a 26-item instrument consisting of four domains: physical health (7 items), psychological health (6 items), social relationships (3 items), and environmental health (8 items); it also contains QOL and general health items. Each individual item of the WHOQOL-BREF is scored from 1 to 5 on a response scale, which is stipulated as a five-point ordinal scale. The scores are then transformed linearly to a 0–100-scale."; "WHO-QOL BREF"; rdfs:label "World Health Organization quality of life instrument, short form"; true . _:3ec4c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The WHOQOL-BREF is a 26-item instrument consisting of four domains: physical health (7 items), psychological health (6 items), social relationships (3 items), and environmental health (8 items); it also contains QOL and general health items. Each individual item of the WHOQOL-BREF is scored from 1 to 5 on a response scale, which is stipulated as a five-point ordinal scale. The scores are then transformed linearly to a 0–100-scale."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22952508" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Familial (autosomal dominant) focal epilepsies are monogenic (single gene) forms of epilepsy identified in large families with an epileptic trait segregating in the absence of environmental factors."; rdfs:label "familial (autosomal dominant) focal epilepsy"; true . _:3ec4d3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Familial (autosomal dominant) focal epilepsies are monogenic (single gene) forms of epilepsy identified in large families with an epileptic trait segregating in the absence of environmental factors."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2595/" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizures with these features typically arise in the mesial temporal lobe."; rdfs:label "focal autonomic seizure with epigastric sensation or with nausea / vomiting"; true . _:3ec4e3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Seizures with these features typically arise in the mesial temporal lobe."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/autonomic-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; rdfs:label "focal autonomic seizure with hypoventilation/hyperventilation/altered respiration"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/autonomic-overview.html"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15562299"; "Seizures with cutaneous manifestations such as flushing (markedly red in the face) or pallor (pale color of the skin)."; rdfs:label "focal autonomic seizure with pallor/flushing"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://epilepsyontario.org/about-epilepsy/types-of-seizures/simple-partial-seizures/", "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/autonomic-overview.html"; "Modified definition"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23862049", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25988019", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26038597"; "Seizures with cardiac arrhythmias such as change in heart rate variability, ictal tachycardias, ictal bradycardia, atrioventricular (AV) block and asystole."; rdfs:label "focal autonomic seizure with palpitation/tachycardia /bradycardia/asystole"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/autonomic-overview.html"; "Modified definition"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22050551"; rdfs:label "focal autonomic seizure with pupillary dilation/constriction"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://epilepsyontario.org/about-epilepsy/types-of-seizures/simple-partial-seizures/", "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/autonomic-overview.html"; true; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10932282", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16060951", "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29686574"; "These are focal onset seizures with autonomic phenomena. The epigastric aura, an urge to urinate has been associated with a seizure focus in the right hemisphere. The ictal urge to defecate has been reported rarely and has not been lateralized."; rdfs:label "focal autonomic seizure with urge to urinate/defecate"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/autonomic-overview.html"; "Modified definition"; true; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2605"; "The onset of inability to repeat speech that is heard, due to failure to encode phonological information, in the setting of intact auditory comprehension (full understanding of what is heard), and fluent speech production (subject to paraphrasic errors)."; rdfs:label "focal cognitive seizure with conduction dysphasia/aphasia"; true; true . _:3ec4f3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The onset of inability to repeat speech that is heard, due to failure to encode phonological information, in the setting of intact auditory comprehension (full understanding of what is heard), and fluent speech production (subject to paraphrasic errors)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/cognitive-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22957231"; "Characterized by memory phenomena such as feelings of familiarity (deja vu) and unfamiliarity (jamais vu)."; rdfs:label "focal cognitive seizure with de javu / jamais vu"; true; true; true . _:3ec503 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by memory phenomena such as feelings of familiarity (deja vu) and unfamiliarity (jamais vu)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/cognitive-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21478188"; "Characterized by difficulty completing or understanding mathematical calculation. This seizure type is seen in seizures involving the dominant hemisphere parieto-temporal lobe region."; rdfs:label "focal cognitive seizure with dyscalculia/acalculia"; true; true . _:3ec513 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by difficulty completing or understanding mathematical calculation. This seizure type is seen in seizures involving the dominant hemisphere parieto-temporal lobe region."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/cognitive-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14667072"; "Characterized by difficulty in writing. This seizure type is seen in seizures involving the dominant hemisphere parieto-temporal lobe region."; rdfs:label "focal cognitive seizure with dysgraphia/agraphia"; true; true . _:3ec523 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by difficulty in writing. This seizure type is seen in seizures involving the dominant hemisphere parieto-temporal lobe region."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/cognitive-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The seizure onset is associated with inability to read, due to impairment in understanding written words. This seizure type is seen in seizures involving the dominant hemisphere parieto-temporal lobe region."; rdfs:label "focal cognitive seizure with dyslexia/alexia"; true . _:3ec533 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The seizure onset is associated with inability to read, due to impairment in understanding written words. This seizure type is seen in seizures involving the dominant hemisphere parieto-temporal lobe region."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/cognitive-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16563807"; "The onset of inability to speak, in a patient who reports being aware of what they wished to say but being unable to express this. This seizure type is to be distinguished from a focal motor seizure with dysarthria/anarthria in which the patient speaks but speech is poorly articulated (a speech motor disorder)."; rdfs:label "focal cognitive seizure with expressive dysphasia/aphasia"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1176568-clinical"; true; true; true . _:3ec543 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The onset of inability to speak, in a patient who reports being aware of what they wished to say but being unable to express this. This seizure type is to be distinguished from a focal motor seizure with dysarthria/anarthria in which the patient speaks but speech is poorly articulated (a speech motor disorder)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/cognitive-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The onset of inability to understand language in the absence of general confusion. This seizure type is seen in seizures involving the dominant hemisphere parieto-temporal lobe region."; rdfs:label "focal cognitive seizure with receptive dysphasia/aphasia"; true . _:3ec553 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The onset of inability to understand language in the absence of general confusion. This seizure type is seen in seizures involving the dominant hemisphere parieto-temporal lobe region."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/cognitive-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11039971"; "Characterized by the presence of fear, worry, anxiety or panic as an expressed or observed emotion, at the outset of the seizure. Because of the unpleasant nature of these seizures, patients may also have anticipatory anxiety about having seizures. These seizures arise in mesial temporal networks, especially the amygdala. They can be distinguished from panic attacks, by the presence of impaired awareness, automatisms and other features of an epileptic seizure appearing in a stereotyped manner. They are also distinguished from a focal autonomic seizure with epigastric sensation, where the onset seizure feature is an autonomic epigastric sensation, and fear may be present as a secondary feature."; rdfs:label "focal emotional seizure with fear/anxiety/panic"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/challenges-epilepsy/moods-and-behavior/mood-and-behavior-101/anxiety"; true; true; true . _:3ec563 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Characterized by the presence of fear, worry, anxiety or panic as an expressed or observed emotion, at the outset of the seizure. Because of the unpleasant nature of these seizures, patients may also have anticipatory anxiety about having seizures. These seizures arise in mesial temporal networks, especially the amygdala. They can be distinguished from panic attacks, by the presence of impaired awareness, automatisms and other features of an epileptic seizure appearing in a stereotyped manner. They are also distinguished from a focal autonomic seizure with epigastric sensation, where the onset seizure feature is an autonomic epigastric sensation, and fear may be present as a secondary feature."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/emotional-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2598"; "The onset of the seizure is characterized by difficulty with articulation of speech, due to impaired coordination of muscles involved in speech sound production. Receptive and expressive language functions are intact, however speech is poorly articulated and is less intelligible."; rdfs:label "focal motor seizure with dysarthria / anarthria"; true; true . _:3ec573 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The onset of the seizure is characterized by difficulty with articulation of speech, due to impaired coordination of muscles involved in speech sound production. Receptive and expressive language functions are intact, however speech is poorly articulated and is less intelligible."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/motor-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "The seizure onset is characterized by weakness or complete paralysis of a muscle or group of muscles."; rdfs:label "focal motor seizure with paresis/paralysis"; true; true . _:3ec583 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "The seizure onset is characterized by weakness or complete paralysis of a muscle or group of muscles."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/motor-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15562304"; "Lateral temporal lobe seizures may have an initial focal seizure with auditory or vertiginous features. The focal sensory auditory seizure is usually a basic sound such as buzzing or ringing (rather than formed speech). If the sound is heard in only one ear it suggests the seizure is in the contralateral hemisphere"; rdfs:label "lateral / neocortical temporal lobe seizure"; rdfs:seeAlso "http://www.medlink.com/article/neocortical_temporal_lobe_seizures"; true; true . _:3ec593 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Lateral temporal lobe seizures may have an initial focal seizure with auditory or vertiginous features. The focal sensory auditory seizure is usually a basic sound such as buzzing or ringing (rather than formed speech). If the sound is heard in only one ear it suggests the seizure is in the contralateral hemisphere"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/temporal-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24967532"; "Animal models of seizures evoked by the beta-carboline DMCM (methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-β-carboline-3-carboxylate)."; rdfs:label "methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate model"; "Modified definition"; true . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Seizures onset with contralateral (or rarely ipsilateral or bilateral) focal somatosensory seizure, most commonly paraesthesias with tingling and/or numbness. There may be prickling, tickling, crawling or electric-shock sensations in the affected body part. The sensory abnormality may spread sequentially along a body part as the seizure spreads on the cortex according to the sensory homunculus (Jacksonian march), when this occurs motor activity in the affected body part commonly follows. Less common sensory features include pain and thermal perceptions (such as sensations of burning or cold)."; rdfs:label "primary sensory area (post-central gyrus) seizure"; true . _:3ec5a3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Seizures onset with contralateral (or rarely ipsilateral or bilateral) focal somatosensory seizure, most commonly paraesthesias with tingling and/or numbness. There may be prickling, tickling, crawling or electric-shock sensations in the affected body part. The sensory abnormality may spread sequentially along a body part as the seizure spreads on the cortex according to the sensory homunculus (Jacksonian march), when this occurs motor activity in the affected body part commonly follows. Less common sensory features include pain and thermal perceptions (such as sensations of burning or cold)."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/occipital-overview.html" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27657542"; "A form of epilepsy in which the patient has only a few seizures"; "Oligoepilepsy"; rdfs:label "rarely repeated seizure (oligo-epilepsy)"; true; true . _:3ec5b3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "A form of epilepsy in which the patient has only a few seizures"; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oligoepilepsy" . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Focal cognitive seizures are seen, followed by a feeling of inability to move which may spread sequentially through body parts in a Jacksonian march (ictal paralysis), this may be followed by clonic jerking in affected body parts."; rdfs:label "secondary sensory area (parietal upper bank of the sylvian fissure) seizure"; true . _:3ec5c3 a owl:Axiom; owl:annotatedSource ; owl:annotatedProperty ; owl:annotatedTarget "Focal cognitive seizures are seen, followed by a feeling of inability to move which may spread sequentially through body parts in a Jacksonian march (ictal paralysis), this may be followed by clonic jerking in affected body parts."; rdfs:isDefinedBy "https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/seizure/parietal-overview.html" . a owl:Class; owl:equivalentClass _:3ec5d3; rdfs:label "Brain connectivity TM_BIN"^^rdfs:Literal . _:3ec5d3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; owl:equivalentClass _:3ec5e3; "The 'epilepsy classification TM_BIN' concept enables a compilation of diverse concepts that are related to classificactions in Epilepsy via the Axiome 'isClassificationFor some epilepsy'. Thus enables the adaptation of the ontology for text mining purposes for Epilepsy related information retrieval and information extraction."; rdfs:label "epilepsy classification TM_BIN"^^rdfs:Literal . _:3ec5e3 a owl:Restriction; owl:onProperty ; owl:someValuesFrom . a owl:Class; rdfs:subClassOf ; "Cognitive symptoms involve problems with concentration and memory and can be just as disabling as the other types of symptoms. The onset of cognitive symptoms is usually realised in the same way as negative symptoms in that they only begin to be noticeable after the dominance of psychotic episodes or positive symptoms have either been controlled with medication or diminished with age."; rdfs:label "cognitive symptom"; rdfs:seeAlso "https://livingwithschizophreniauk.org/cognitive-symptoms-schizophrenia/"; "Modified Defintion"; true . a owl:NamedIndividual; rdfs:label "medicinal plant disposition"; ; "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25856437"; ; "The disposition of a plant or its parts to be used to cure disease or relieve pain."; "2012-02-24T12:05:43Z"; "idomal_namespace"; "IDOMAL:6000062"; true; "IDOMAL:6000062"; "louis" . _:3ec5f3 . _:3ec603 . _:3ec613 . _:3ec623 . _:3ec633 owl:minQualifiedCardinality "1"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:3ec643 . _:3ec653 . _:3ec663 . _:3ec673 . _:3ec683 . _:3ec693 . _:3ec6a3 owl:minQualifiedCardinality "1"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger . rdfs:label "lead site I" .